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"Ca2+ - ATP ase enzyme is transmembrane protein which found in membrane cell. This protein works as a pump in many cases such as thalassemia which causes leakage of the cell as there is oxidation of sulphidril chain from amino acid in membrane. The calcium-ion intake must be pumped out to get red blood cell homeostatic condition. The aim of this paper is to determine the activity of Ca2+ - ATPase enzyme as a pump of Ca ion in membrane cell."

"Telah dilakukan pencangkokan monomer stirena pada film ETFE dengan teknik iradiasi awal. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara meradiasi film ETFE dengan sinar-γ pada variasi dosis total radiasi dari 2,5 sampai 12,5 kGy dan variasi laju dosis dari 1,3 sampai 1,9 kGy/jam. Kemudian kopolimer teriradiasi dicangkok menggunakan monomer stirena dalam berbagai pelarut etanol, 2-propanol, dan toluena dengan variasi konsentrasi dari 20 sampai 70% volume, suhu pencangkokan dari 50 sampai 90oC, dan waktu pencangkokan dari 2 sampai 12 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persen pencangkokan meningkat dengan meningkatnya dosis total radiasi dan menurunnya laju dosis radiasi. Diperoleh kondisi optimum percobaan pada dosis total 10 kGy, laju dosis 1,9 kGy/jam, pelarut 2-propanol, stirena 40%.

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Synthesis of Fuel Cell Membrane: Copolymerization of Styrene on ETFE Film by Grafted pre-Irradiation. Preirradiation Grafting styrene monomer on ETFE film has been prepared. Research has been performed by γ-ray radiation at various total dose from 2.5 ? 12.5 kGy and various dose rate from 1.3 ? 1.9 kGy/hour. Irradiated copolymer is then grafted by styrene monomer in various solvent: ethanol, 2-propanol, and toluene, various concentration from 20 ? 70% volume, various temperature from 50 ? 90oC, and various grafting time from 2 ? 12 hours. The results showed that percent of grafting is increase with increase of total dose and decrease of rate dose. The optimum experiment conditions are obtained at total dose 10 kGy, dose rate 1,9 kGy/hour, 2-propanol solvent, 40% volume styrene, 4 hours grafting time, and 70oC grafting temperature."

"This book provides a detailed account of the physico-chemical properties and biological functions of the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of different pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. It also includes an authentic record of the first systematic study that discovered the mechanism of OMV formation by a pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, and proposed that the process represented a novel secretory activity of bacteria. Furthermore, the authors present clinical and laboratory data on the use of OMVs as immunogens, as effective and licensed vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B infections and on the development of more effective vaccines against other human and animal pathogens including Vibrio cholerae. This volume thus bears witness to the emerging revolution in the field of vaccines against pathogens and closes with a discussion of open questions and future research on OMVs."