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"Semenjak abad pencerahan dimulai, Bangsa Barat yang mulai mengedepankan akal dan menjadikan eksplorasi dunia sebagai fokus mereka. Tiongkok yang kala itu berada di bawah pemerintahan Dinasti Qing dan memegang teguh konsep zhongguo, dihadapkan dengan kehadiran Bangsa Barat yang telah menganut nilai-nilai sosial hasil dari abad pencerahan. Intensi untuk berniaga dengan Tiongkok direspon dengan pemberlakuan sistem cohong, yang membatasi ruang gerak Bangsa Barat. Banyak upaya dilakukan untuk membatasi, namun justru berdampak negatif bagi Tiongkok. Mengakibatkan pecahnya Perang Candu I dan mengancam kedaulatan Tiongkok. Penelitian ini meneliti sejauh mana penerapan konsep zhongguo pada sistem cohong dalam perekonomian Dinasti Qing (1757-1842), dan akan membahas mengenai konsep zhongguo dan perannya dalam pemerintahan kekaisaran Tiongkok, sistem cohong dan bagaimana pelaksanaannya, situasi dan kondisi Tiongkok sebelum dan saat masuknya Bangsa Barat, dan menganalisis mengapa Tiongkok menerapkan sistem cohong dan sejauh mana sistem cohong menjadi wujud nyata dari penerapan konsep zhongguo.

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Since the era of enlightenment began, Western nations who began to prioritize ratio made world exploration as their focus. China, which at that time was under the reign of the Qing Dynasty and adhered to the concept of zhongguo, was faced with the presence of Western nations who had embraced social values ​​as a result of the Enlightenment. The intention to trade with China was responded by the implementation of cohong system, which limited the space for Western nations to move. Many attempts were made to limit it, but it had a negative impact on China. Resulted in the outbreak of the Opium War I and threatened China's sovereignty. This study examines the extent of the application of the zhongguo concept to the cohong system in the economy of the Qing Dynasty (1757-1842), and will discuss the zhongguo concept and its role in the Chinese imperial government, the cohong system and how it was implemented, the situation and condition of China before and during the entry of the West, and analyze why China implements the cohong system and the extent to which the cohong system becomes a concrete manifestation of the application of the zhongguo concept.

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"Chinese Artists Today: Zeng Hao introduces the artist Zeng Hao. Critics of Zeng Haos works have not been included in the Document Award, Art Award and Excellence Award set by the exhibition, although some critics are already sensitive to the particularity of Zeng Haos works. But they have not been able to find out quickly. In fact, this type of work is the result of a general trend. The spiritual content of this trend is: no existing things are meaningful, and no definite ideas are valuable. , Even the meaning of this world itself has been seriously questioned again. Different from the previous modernist tragedy, the new art shows that even the tragedy itself is meaningless. Gradually, people in the field of culture and art discovered that a period called post-modernism has arrived, but this period, expressed in Western terms, is itself complicated and confusing. In 1992 in Beijing, Liu Xiaodong had completed a large number of new generation works. The previous Pastoral Pastoral (1989) had already used skilled academy skills to show a daze beyond the performance of the academy, even in July 1991. In May, an exhibition called New Generation has been exhibited. Critics (Yin Jinan) have used the term close distance. Critics have discovered that the artist only focuses on the things in front of him. Besides, nothing is worthy of attention."

"Gelombang demokratisasi semakin meningkat di abad 20-an. Gelombang tersebut menyentuh Cina sebagai salah satu negara komunis di dunia. Praktik pemilu komite desa menjadi justifikasi pemerintahan Partai Komunis Cina (PKC) bahwa Cina turut serta mempraktikkan deliberasi sebagai proses konsultasi publik. Deliberasi menjadi salah satu aspek penting dalam praktik demokrasi. Salah satu kasus di suatu desa kecil bernama Wukan  menjadi sorotan dunia internasional di akhir tahun 2011. Dunia internasional menyoroti Wukan sebagai salah satu model demokrasi bagi negara Cina. Sorotan media fokus pada protes yang berhasil melahirkan pemilihan komite desa secara langsung lengkap dengan surat dan kotak suara di tahun 2012. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari faktor signifikan keberhasilan pelaksanaan pemilu komite desa Wukan secara langsung dan memahami apakah pemilu tersebut dapat diasumsikan sebagai salah satu bentuk demokratisasi Cina ke arah demokrasi liberal.  Metode kualitatif dengan instrumen studi literatur digunakan penulis sebagai metode penelitian. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah tekanan otoritas pejabat politik di atas pejabat desa menjadi faktor signifikan perubahan kebijakan. Selanjutnya, fenomena di Wukan tidak dapat dijustifikasi sebagai model demokratisasi di Cina karena fenomena Wukan merupakan suatu pengecualian. Kasus di Wukan justru menguatkan asumsi bahwa deliberasi di bawah pemerintahan PKC menjadi alat penguatan autokrasi ke pemerintahan lokal.

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The wave of democratization has increased in the 20s. It has also reached China as one of communist country in the world. Chinese Communist Party (CCP) use the practice of village committee election as a justification that China also participate in practicing deliberation as public consultation process. Deliberation is one of the important aspects in the practice of democracy. A case in a small village named Wukan became the international spotlight in the late of 2011. International media highlighted Wukan as one of the models of democracy in China. They highlighted the protest that succeeded in creating direct village committee election, fully equipped with its ballot. This research studies significant factor of the success of direct election in 2012 and understanding whether the election can be assumed as one of democratization in China toward liberal democracy. Qualitative method with literature review as an instrument used in this research.  The results of this research are the pressure of the higher official over local official as a determinant factor for changes in electoral policy. Furthermore, the phenomenon in Wukan cannot be justified as a model of democracy in China because Wukans case is an exception. The case in Wukan actually strengthen the assumption that deliberation under the Chinese Communist Partys government became control instrument in local government."

"China Islamic Association (zhongguo yisilan jiao xiehui) adalah asosiasi keagamaan nasional yang berperan penting sebagai jembatan penghubung antara partai dan masyarakat muslim di Tiongkok untuk urusan keagamaan. Etnis Hui adalah salah satu etnis minoritas Muslim terbesar di Tiongkok dan dapat hidup berdampingan dengan etnis mayoritas. Selama periode 2001-2010, Asosiasi Islam Tiongkok yang memiliki tokoh-tokoh dominan dari etnis Hui melaksanakan beberapa program baru sebagai respon atas kebijakan pemerintah dan permasalahan umat Islam di Tiongkok. Artikel ini akan membahas dinamika dan peran Asosiasi Islam Tiongkok, serta dampaknya terhadap etnis minoritas Hui pada tahun 2001-2010. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah, serta teknik pengumpulan data dengan metode kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peran-peran Asosiasi Islam Tiongkok sebagai dampak dari dinamika yang ada telah berhasil mewujudkan stabilitas bagi etnis Muslim Hui dan mengakomodasi kepentingan mereka, di sisi lain juga memberikan kesan bahwa pemerintah Tiongkok memperlakukan Muslim dengan baik, sehingga mendapat penerimaan internasional.

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China Islamic Association (CIA, zhongguo yisilan jiào xiehui) is the official national religious organization, that plays an important role as a bridge between Chinese Government and Muslim in China for religious matters. The Hui ethnic group is one of China's largest Muslim minorities ethnic. They have considered China as their homeland and can live side by side with the majority ethnic in China. The figures in the Chinese Islamic Association are predominantly Hui Muslims. During the period 2001-2010, the Chinese Islamic Association, dominated by Muslim leaders from the Hui ethnic group, launched several new programs in response to government policies and several problems of Muslims in China. This article describes the dynamics and role of China Islamic Association and its impact on the Hui ethnic minority from 2001-2010. This article was carried out through historical approach and literature review to gather the data. The results of this study showed that China Islamic Association's roles under the current dynamics have successfully achieved stability of the Hui Muslim community, and accommodate their needs. On the other hand, it also gives the impression that the Chinese government treat Muslims fairly, so they can obtain international recognition."

"This book is an authology of The Party and the World Dialogue whose content is about the characteristics and generality of Chinas reform, public opinions and competiton without zero or game result, analying profoundly the backgroud of reform, decision-making and implementation, the new reform and the role and responsibilities of Chinese Communist Party. This book serves as a dialogues authology which truly records politicians and scholars discussion about Chinas reform and Chinese Communist Party in various perspectives, having profound practical meaning and theoretial studying value."