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Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Isolasi dan penapisan kapang dan khamir dari lima jenis ragi tapai asal beberapa kota di Jawa Barat telah dilakukan. Berdasarkan hasil isolasi, didapatkan tiga belas isolat kapang dan tujuh isolat khamir. Penapisan kapang amilolitik dilakukan secara kualitatif menggunakan uji iodin. Uji kualitatif dilakukan dengan mengukur zona bening pada medium starch agar yang telah ditumbuhi kapang dan kemudian ditetesi iodin. Hasil uji menunjukkan isolat (ZC1, ZC2, ZGJ2) memiliki diameter zona bening sebesar (69,95 mm, 58,73 mm, 56,85 mm). Aktivitas amilase ketiga isolat kapang terpilih diukur menggunakan metode DNS (Dinitrosalicylic Acid). Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa isolat ZGJ2 merupakan isolat kapang dengan aktivitas tertinggi (6,30 U/mL) sedangkan isolat kapang dengan aktivitas terendah (3,03 U/mL) dihasilkan oleh isolat ZC2. Penapisan khamir penghasil alkohol dilakukan berdasarkan pertumbuhan sel dan gas  yang terperangkap dalam tabung Durham, dalam medium PDB yang ditambah glukosa 5%, 10%, dan 15%. Ketiga isolat mampu tumbuh dengan baik pada medium dengan konsentrasi glukosa 15%. Namun pembentukan gas  hanya terjadi pada penambahan 10% glukosa oleh isolat YC1 (4+) dan YC3 (3+)  serta penambahan 5% glukosa oleh isolat YC2 (2+). Hasil pengamatan karakter makroskopis dan mikroskopis isolat ZC1 dan ZGJ2  diduga merupakan genus Rhizopus, sedangkan isolat ZC2 masuk ke dalam genus Mucor. Isolat khamir terpilih diduga termasuk ke dalam filum Ascomycota berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan fisiologi.

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ABSTRACT
Isolation and screening of molds and yeasts from five types of ragi tapai from several cities in West Java had been done. Based on the results of isolation, thirteen mold isolates and seven yeast isolates were obtained. Screening of amylolytic mold was done by qualitative assay using iodine. Iodine assay was done by measuring clear zones on starch agar medium which had been grown with mold and then flooded with iodine. The results of iodine assay showed that three isolates (ZC1, ZC2, ZGJ3) formed clear zones diameter (69.95, 58.73, 56.85). Amylase activity of the three selected mold isolates were measured using the DNS (Dinitrosalicylic Acid) method. The results showed that ZGJ2 had highest activity (6.30 U / mL) meanwhile the mold isolate with the lowest activity (3.03 U / mL) was ZC2. Alcohol-producing yeasts were screened based on cell growth and  trapped in Durham tubes, in the medium of PDB added with glucose 5%, 10%, and 15%. The best three isolates were able to grow in a medium with 15% glucose concentration. However the formation of  only occurs in the addition of 10% glucose by YC1 (4+) and YC3 (3+) and the addition of 5%  glucose by YC2 (2+). Based on observation of the macroscopic and microscopic characters, ZC1 and ZGJ2 assumed belong to the Rhizopus genus, meanwhile ZC2 belongs to the Mucor genus.The selected yeasts are assumed to belong to the Ascomycota phylum based on morphological and physiological characters.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Dua puluh satu isolat kapang dan tujuh isolat khamir telah diisolasi berdasarkan perwakilan morfologi koloni dari setiap jenis ragi tapai menggunakan metode tebar dan streak plate method. Beberapa sampel ragi tapai didapatkan dari lima daerah (Surakarta, Grobogan, Purwokerto, Klaten, dan Kalasan) di Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Penapisan aktivitas amilase dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan metode iodin dan hasil diekspresikan sebagai diameter zona bening. Isolat terpilih kemudian diukur aktivitas amilasenya menggunakan metode DNS pada panjang gelombang 540 nm. Penapisan khamir toleran terhadap konsentrasi gula tinggi dan penghasil alkohol dilakukan pada medium PDB yang ditambahkan 5%, 10%, dan 15% glukosa. Penapisan didasarkan atas pertumbuhan sel dan dan gas CO2 terbentuk dalam tabung Durham. Berdasarkan hasil penapisan kapang, tiga isolat dipilih berdasarkan diameter zona bening terbesar yaitu ZSL3 (57,52 mm), ZN1 (54,96 mm), dan ZGN1 (54,47 mm). Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa isolat ZGN1 memiliki aktivitas enzim amilase tertinggi (13,18 U/mL) dan isolat ZN1 memiliki aktivitas terendah (5,95 U/mL). Hasil penapisan khamir menunjukkan isolat YN1, YN2, dan YK1 merupakan tiga isolat khamir terpilih. Hasil tersebut juga menunjukkan bahwa YN1 adalah isolat terbaik berdasarkan pertumbuhan sel dan gas CO2 yang terbentuk pada medium uji dalam 24 jam. Berdasarkan karaktermorfologi makroskopis dan mikroskopis, Isolat kapang ZSL3 diduga merupakan genus Rhizopus, sedangkan isolat kapang ZGN1 dan ZN1 merupakan genus Mucor. Isolat khamir YN1, YN2, dan YK1 diduga merupakan filum Ascomycota berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan kemampuan memfermentasi gula untuk menghasilkan etanol dan CO2.

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ABSTRACT
Twenty one mould and seven yeast isolates have been isolated based on colony morphology that are representative from each ragi tapai sample using spread method and streak plate method. Ragi tapai samples were obtained from five regions (Surakarta, Grobogan, Purwokerto, Klaten, and Kalasan) in Central Java, Indonesia. Amylase enzyme activity was screened qualitatively using iodine method and the clear zone diameter was measured. Then, three isolates amylase activity was measured using DNS method on 540 nm wavelength. Sugar-tolerant and alcohol producing yeast screening was assayed in PDB + glucose (5%, 10%, and 15%). Screening was based on growth and gas produced in Durham tube. Based on the mould screening result, three isolates with the largest clear zone were selected. The selected isolates were ZSL3 (57,52 mm), ZN1 (54,96 mm), and ZGN1 (54,47 mm). The DNS assay resulted ZGN1 has the highest amylase enzyme activity (13,18 U/mL) and the ZN1 as the lowest (5,95 U/mL). The yeasts screening result showed that YN1, YN2, and YN3 were selected isolates. The result also showed that YN1 was the best isolate based on growth and gas produced in 24 hours. Isolate ZSL3 was assumed to belong to genus Rhizopus and isolate ZGN1 and ZN1 were assumed to belong to genus Mucor based on its morphological characters. Isolate YN1, YN2, and YK1 were assumed to belong to phylum Ascomycota based on its morphological characters and ability to ferment the sugar to produce ethanol and CO2.

Abstrak :
Interactions of yeasts, moulds, and antifungal agents : how to detect resistance covers the available antifungal agents, how to perform in vitro testing and how those results should be interpreted for the most common fungal pathogens.