Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
Kerugian jatuh tekanan (pressure drop) berkaitan dengan koefisien gesek dan merupakan hal yang penting dari sistem aliran fluida di dalam pipa karena berhubungan dengan penggunaan energi. Air murni merupakan salah satu dari fluida-fluida sederhana yang digunakan pada penelitian kerugian jatuh tekan. Air merupakan fluida newtonian dimana viskositasnya hanya berpengaruh oleh perubahan temperatur. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan biopolimer xanthan gum terhadap nilai jatuh tekanan pada pipa spiral Ø 27mm dengan berbagai variasi konsentrasi yang berbeda, yaitu 150 ppm, 250 ppm dan 350 ppm. Aliran fluida memiliki karakteristik pokok (laminer atau turbulen). Didapat bahwa larutan xanthan gum mengalami pengurangan hambatan pada aliran turbulen. Percobaan dilakukan dari bilangan Reynolds rendah sampai tertinggi yaitu 25861 dengan rasio penurunan hambatan maksimumnya adalah 62,60%. Nilai Bilangan Reynolds yang tinggi berarti ada kecepatan aliran yang tinggi, perluasan fluida dan viskositas yang kecil. Gesekan antara fluida dan dinding pipa mengalami penurunan mengindikasikan keefektifan bahan uji sebagai drag reduction agent yang dapat dilihat dari koefisien gesek terhadap grafik Blasius. Dari pengujian ini didapatkan data debit aliran, perbedaan ketinggian air dan kecepatan aliran. Spesifikasi dari alat pengujian yang diperlukan juga didapatkan untuk diolah menggunakan persamaan-persamaan empiris sehingga didapatkan hasil pengolahan, tampilan grafik hasil pengolahan yang akan dibandingkan dengan grafik secara teoritis. Grafik yang ditampilkan merupakan hubungan antara Bilangan Reynolds dan koefisien gesek dimana semakin kecil Bilangan Reynolds (laminer) maka akan semakin tinggi koefisien gesek pada. Perbedaan ketinggian air melalui alat ukur (pressure gauge) juga menunjukan besar kecilnya kerugian energi tersebut. Semakin tinggi perbedaan ketinggian air antar tiap titik alat pengukur tekanan maka kerugian energi semakin besar. ......Pressure drop has a relavancy with the coefficient of friction and it's significant case of the system of fluid rate in the pipeline as it’s related with energy consumption. Pure water is one of plain fluids used on pressure drop research. Water is newtonian fluid which the viscosity depends is one of them affected temperature change. This research done in order to determine the effect of biopolymer xanthan gum to pressure drop at spiral pipe Ø 27mm with a variety of different concentrations 150 ppm, 250 ppm and 350 ppm. Fluid rate has a fundamental characteristic (laminar or turbulent). Found that xanthan gum is solution a reduction for turbulent flow. The experiment was performed from low to high Reynolds number to 25861 with the highest ratio of drag reduction is 62.6%. High value of Reynolds Number appears high velocity of fluid rate, fluid expansion and low viscosity. The Friction between the fluid and the pipe wall can neglected it mean the effectiveness of material (xanthan gum) as drag reduction agent which can be seen on grapich drag coefficient curve compare to blasius curve. From the research obtains the capacity of rate, difference of water height, velocity of rate. Specification of the equipment required is also getting to processing that uses empirical equations, so it will get the processing result, processing result graphic will be compared with the theoritical graphic. The graphic being appeared is relation between Reynolds Number and coefficient of the friction, where on teh wane of Reynolds Number (laminar), so then the coefficient of friction increased. A difference of water height through the measuring instrument (pressure gauge) also appears amount of losses. The higher a difference of water height inter each point of pressure gauge, so the losses become bigger.

Abstrak :
Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) adalah sistem penghantaran obat yang digunakan pada permukaan kulit dengan tujuan sistemik. Untuk itu, diperlukan suatu eksipien pembentuk matriks transdermal yang dapat menghantarkan obat masuk ke dalam kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan eksipien koproses xanthan gum dan amilosa tersambungsilang-6 (Ko-CLA6-XG) sebagai matriks sediaan transdermal, kemudian dilakukan uji penetrasi secara in vitro dan in vivo. Ko-CLA6-XG diformulasikan dalam bentuk hidrogel dengan model obat natrium diklofenak. Uji penetrasi in vitro dilakukan menggunakan sel difusi Franz yang kemudian dianalisis dengan spektrofotometer UV. Uji in vivo dilakukan dengan cara mengaplikasikan satu gram hidrogel dengan luas aplikasi 1,13 cm2 di atas kulit tikus bagian abdomen, kemudian sampel darah dikumpulkan melalui sinus orbitalis mata dan dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT). Hasil uji penetrasi in vitro menunjukkan jumlah kumulatif obat yang terpenetrasi ke dalam kulit hingga 12 jam sebanyak 1435 ± 180 µg cm-2 dengan fluks total sebesar 118,55 ± 23,01 µg cm-2 jam-1 (r=0,0994) dan waktu tunda selama 48,6 ± 15,6 menit. Profil pelepasan natrium diklofenak selama 12 jam pada uji in vivo mencapai konsentrasi puncak plasma sebesar 2236 ± 398 ng/ml pada 0,86 ± 0,21 jam dengan AUC sebesar 25273 ± 4133 ng ml-1 jam. Kedua hasil uji memberikan gambaran bahwa hidrogel mengandung natrium diklofenak dengan Ko-CLA6-XG sebagai matriks dapat dikembangkan untuk sediaan transdermal. ......Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is the administration of therapeutic agents through the skin for systemic effect. Therefore, it requires an excipient for transdermal matrix-forming that can deliver drug across the skin. This present research was intended to develop the utilization of coprocessed excipient of xanthan gum and 6-cross-linked amylose (Co-CLA6-XG) as a matrix for transdermal and then evaluate the in vitro and in vivo penetration. Co-CLA6-XG was formulated as hydrogel with sodium diclofenac as a drug model. In vitro penetration study was evaluated using Franz diffusion cell analysed with spectrophotometre UV. The in vivo experiment was performed by applied one gram of hydrogel spread over 1,13 cm2 to the rat abdoment skin, then the blood samples were obtained from sinus orbitalis and analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro study records the cumulative drug permeated across the skin for 12 hours ranged 1435 ± 180 µg cm-2 and shows the transdermal flux 118,55 ± 23,01 µg cm-2 hours-1 (r = 0,994) with the lag time value ranged 48,6 ± 15,6 min. The release profile of sodium diclofenac for 12 hours in vivo reached a maximum peak of 2236 ± 398 ng/ml at 0,86 ± 0,21 hours with the AUC value was 25273 ± 4133 ng ml-1 hour. Thus diclofenaccontaining hydrogel using Co-CLA6-XG as a matrix could be developed as transdermal drug delivery.

Abstrak :
Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, eksipien sambung silang koproses xanthan gum-amilosa (CL-Ko-A-XG) berpotensi sebagai matriks dalam formulasi tablet lepas lambat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah eksipien yang terdegradasi oleh α-amilase dan pengaruh α-amilase terhadap profil disolusi dari tablet lepas lambat yang menggunakan matriks CL-Ko-A-XG. Eksipien disambungsilang dengan dua konsentrasi natrium trimetafosfat, yaitu 6% (CL6-Ko-A-XG) dan 12% (CL12-Ko-A-XG). Tiap eksipien dibuat dengan tiga perbandingan amilosa-xanthan gum, antara lain 1:1, 1:2 dan 2:1. Uji degradasi enzimatik dilakukan dilakukan terhadap serbuk eksipien selama 60 menit. Selain itu, eksipien digunakan sebagai matriks tablet lepas lambat dan diformulasi dengan metode kempa langsung. Kemudian, dilakukan uji disolusi dalam medium dapar fosfat pH 7,4 dengan dan tanpa α-amylase selama 8 jam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa eksipien CL6-Ko-A-XG dan CL12-Ko-A-XG terdegradasi sebesar 20% berturut-turut selama 10 dan 30 menit. Selain itu, tablet F1-F6 menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat diperlambat yang mengikuti kinetika pelepasan orde nol dan Korsmeyer-Peppas, dan tidak terpengaruh dengan adanya α-amylase. Dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa eksipien CL-Ko-A-XG lebih tahan terhadap degradasi enzimatik dibandingkan amilosa. Oleh karena itu, eksipien ini berpotensi sebagai matriks tunggal tablet lepas lambat. ...... Based on previous studies, cross-linked of coprocessed xanthan gum-amylose excipient (CL-Co-A-XG) has potential as a matrix in a sustained release tablet formulation. This study aims to determine amount of excipient that is degraded by α-amylase and influence of α-amylase to the dissolution profile of sustained release tablet that used matrix CL-Co-A-XG. Excipient is cross-linked with two concentration of sodium trimetaphospate, which is 6% (CL6-Co-A-XG) and 12% (CL12-Co-A-XG). Each excipient was made with ratio 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 amylose-xanthan gum. Enzymatic degradation testhas been performed on excipient powder for 60 minutes. Beside that, sustained release tablet with CL-Co-A-XG excipient as matrix was formulated by direct compression method. Then, performed drug dissolution test in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 using and without α-amylase as medium for 8 hours. The results of this study showed that CL6-Co-A-XG and CL12-Co-A-XG were degraded 20% for 10 and 30 minutes. In addition, the release profile of F1-F6 tablets showed the sustained release profile which follow zero-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic, and not affected by presence of α-amylase. From this study, it can be concluded that the CL-Ko-A-XG excipients is more resistant from enzymatic degradation than amylose. Therefore, this excipient potential as a single matrix sustained release tablets.

Abstrak :
Eksipien koproses xanthan gum-amilosa tersambungsilang (Ko-CLA-XG) beresiko mengalami degradasi enzimatis oleh α-amilase. Hal ini dapat mempengaruhi pelepasan obat dalam matriks eksipien Ko-CLA-XG. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui degradasi enzimatis eksipien Ko-CLA-XG dan melihat pengaruh α-amilase pada profil disolusi tablet lepas lambat natrium diklofenak dengan matriks eksipien Ko-CLA-XG. Eksipien Ko-CLA-XG merupakan hasil koproses dari amilosa tersambungsilang dengan xanthan gum. Amilosa disambungsilang dengan menggunakan natrium trimetafosfat dalam konsentrasi 6% dan 12%. Eksipien Ko-CLA6-XG dan Ko-CLA12-XG dibuat dengan perbandingan 1:1, 1:2, dan 2:1 kemudian dilakukan uji degradasi enzimatis dengan metode iodin. Selanjutnya eksipien Ko-CLA-XG diformulasikan menjadi tablet lepas lambat dengan metode kempa langsung. Tablet lepas lambat yang dihasilkan dievaluasi dan dipelajari profil pelepasan obat dengan dan tanpa menggunakan α-amilase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan derajat substitusi CLA6 dan CLA12 adalah 0,204 dan 0,319. Waktu untuk mendegradasi CLA sebanyak 20% dari eksipien Ko-CLA6-XG 1:1, 1:2, dan 2:1 berturut-turut adalah 28 menit, 43 menit, dan 24 menit serta eksipien Ko-CLA12-XG 1:1, 1:2, dan 2:1 berturut-turut adalah 44 menit, 45 menit, dan 36 menit. Seluruh tablet lepas lambat yang diformulasikan memenuhi persyaratan evaluasi tablet. Profil pelepasan tablet dengan matriks eksipien Ko-CLA-XG tidak terpengaruh oleh adanya α-amilase. Oleh karena itu, eksipien Ko-CLAXG dapat digunakan sebagai matriks tablet lepas lambat. ......Coproccessed xanthan gum-crosslinked amylose (Co-CLA-XG) excipients are at risk of enzymatic degradation by α-amylase. It may affect the drug release of tablets with Co-CLA-XG excipients matrices. This study aims to know the enzymatic degradation of Co-CLA-XG excipients and to view α-amylase effect on dissolution profile of sodium diclofenac sustained release tablet with Co-CLA-XG excipients matrices. Co-CLA-XG excipients is the result of crosslinked amylose and coproccessed with xanthan gum. Amylose was crosslinked using sodium trimetaphosphate, which is 6% and 12%. Co-CLA6-XG and Co-CLA12-XG excipients were made with a ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 then evaluated for enzymatic degradation using iodine method. Afterward, Co-CLA-XG excipients were formulated into sustained release tablets by direct compression. Tablets were evaluated and studied drug release profile using and without α-amylase. The results showed substitution degree of CLA6 and CLA12 were 0.204 and 0.319. Time to degrade 20% CLA for Co-CLA6-XG excipients 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 were 28, 43, and 24 minutes with Co-CLA12-XG excipients 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 were 44, 45, and 36 minutes. Tablets fulfilled tablet evaluation requirements. The release profile of tablets with Co-CLA-XG excipients matrices were not affected by α-amylase. Therefore, Co-CLA-XG excipients can be used as a sustained-release tablet matrices.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Penghantaran insulin melalui paru merupakan rute alternatif penghantaran secara sistemik untuk mengatasi masalah injeksi insulin dan degradasi enzimatik pada bentuk sediaan oral. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan mikropartikel insulin menggunakan kompleks poliion kitosan dan xanthan gum yang kemudian ditambahkan dengan manitol untuk menjaga stabilitas insulin selama proses. Mikropartikel insulin dibuat dengan metode gelasi ionik antara kitosan dan xanthan gum yang kemudian dikeringkan dengan freeze dryer dengan penambahan larutan manitol. Mikropartikel insulin dikarakterisasi meliputi rendemen, ukuran dan morfologi partikel, spektrum inframerah (IR), efisiensi penjerapan, indeks polidispersitas, potensial zeta, dan stabilitas selama 12 minggu. Selain itu, uji pelepasan obat secara in vitro dilakukan dalam buffer.

---

ABSTRACT
Delivery of insulin through the lungs is an alternative route of delivery systemically to overcome the problem of insulin injection and enzymatic degradation in oral dosage forms. The purpose of this study was to obtain insulin microparticles using the chitosan polyion complex and xanthan gum which were then added to mannitol to maintain insulin stability during the process. Insulin microparticles are made by the method of ionic gelation between chitosan and xanthan gum later dried with a freeze dryer with the addition of mannitol solution. Insulin microparticles characterized include yield, particle size and morphology, infrared spectrum (IR), adsorption efficiency, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and stability for 12 weeks. In addition, the drug release test in vitro was carried out in a buffer.

Abstrak :
Film transdermal merupakan sistem penghantaran obat yang diaplikasikan melalui kulit untuk menghantarkan obat ke sistemik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari eksipien kompleks polielektrolit kitosan-xanthan (KPKX) sebagai eksipien pembentuk film yang dibuat dengan mencampurkan larutan gum xanthan 1% ke dalam larutan kitosan 1% dengan cara diteteskan dan disertai pengadukan. KPKX yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi gugus fungsi, indeks mengembang, kekuatan gel, dan sifat mekanik filmnya. Film transdermal dibuat dengan menggunakan KPKX 1:1 sebagai matriks, propilenglikol-gliserol (8:2) 50% sebagai plasticizer, dan ketoprofen sebagai model obat. Film transdermal ketoprofen yang dihasilkan memiliki sifat mekanis yang baik dengan persentasi elongasi sebesar 108,70 ± 1,56% dan tensile strength sebesar 791,05 ± 5,30 N/m2. Uji disolusi in vitro menunjukkan pelepasan ketoprofen dari film transdermal ketoprofen sebesar 99,57 ± 4,67% selama 12 jam dengan mekanisme difusi terkendali. Uji penetrasi in vitro menunjukkan bahwa penetrasi in vitro dari film transdermal ketoprofen sebesar 12,34 ± 0,22 mg/cm2 selama 12 jam dengan kecepatan penetrasi 1,051 ± 0,074 mg/cm2.jam. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa KPKX merupakan eksipien yang baik digunakan sebagai pembentuk film transdermal.

---

Transdermal film is a drug delivery system that is applied through the skin to deliver drugs to the systemic. This present study was intended to evaluate the ability of chitosan-xanthan polyelectrolyte complex (CXPC) as film-forming excipient which were made by dropwise a solution of 1% xanthan gum in a solution of 1% chitosan and aided with stirring. The obtained CXPC was characterized, including its functional group, swelling index, gel strength, and film mechanical properties. Transdermal films made using CXPC 1:1 as matrix, propylene glycol-glycerine (8:2) 50% as plasticizer, and ketoprofen as model of drug. Ketoprofen transdermal film which were produced from CXPC possessed good mechanical properties with elongation percentage of 108.70 ± 1.56% and the tensile strength of 791.05 ± 5.30 N/mm2. The in-vitro drug release study showed that 99.57 ± 4.67% of ketoprofen has been released from transdermal film in 12 hours by diffusion-controlled mechanism. In-vitro drug release study showed that 12.34 ± 0.22 mg/cm2 of ketoprofen able to penetrate through skin membrane with the flux of 1.051 ± 0.074 mg/cm2.hour. Therefore, it can be concluded that CXPC had good characteristics to be applied as excipient transdermal film.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan kompleks polielektrolit kitosan-xanthan (KPKX) sebagai bahan penyalut tablet untuk memberikan pelepasan terkendali. Polielektrolit pada umumnya memiliki daya mengembang yang tinggi hanya pada pH tertentu sehingga kecepatan pelepasan obat menjadi tidak konstan selama berada di sepanjang saluran pencernaan. Melalui kompleksasi polielektrolit, didapatkan daya mengembang yang stabil pada rentang pH yang luas. Pada jam ke-12, KPKX memiliki daya mengembang dalam medium pH 1,2; 5,0; dan 7,4 berturut-turut sebesar 16,94 ± 1,47%; 18,01 ± 3,01%; dan 24,26 ± 2,14%. KPKX 1% menunjukkan kekuatan gel sebesar 7,13 ± 0,45 gF. KPKX menunjukkan adanya peningkatan tensile strength dibandingkan kedua senyawa asalnya. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan tensile strength film KPKX sebagai F1 sebesar 460 N/m2. Tablet inti dibuat dengan metode kempa langsung dengan verapamil HCl sebagai model obat. Penyalutan dilakukan pada tablet verapamil HCl hingga didapat penambahan bobot sebesar 5,4%. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, penggunaan KPKX sebagai bahan penyalut mampu memberikan pelepasan terkendali yang lebih baik dan stabil bila dibandingkan dengan kitosan dan gum xanthan. Dalam 12 jam, jumlah verapamil HCl yang dilepaskan adalah sebanyak 40,96 ± 4,58%. Pelepasan terkendali dari tablet salut KPKX mengikuti pelepasan orde nol dengan mekanisme pelepasan mengikuti prinsip difusi non-Fickian pada medium asam dan basa. ...... The study was intended to investigate the ability of chitosan-xanthan polyelectrolyte complex (CXPC) as coating material for tablets to provide sustained-release behavior. Polyelectrolytes usually have higher swelling index only at certain pH. Therefore, drug release rate becomes unstable along the gastrointestinal tract. Through polyelectrolyte complexation, the swelling index showed good stability in wide range of pH. After 12 hours, the swelling index of CXPC in medium of pH 1.2, 5.0, and 7.4 were 16.94 ± 1.47%, 18.01 ± 3.01%, and 24.26 ± 2.14% respectively. CXPC 1% showed the gel strength of 7,13 ± 0,45 gF. CXPC showed an increase in tensile strength compared to both the previous compounds. The test showed the tensile strength of CXPC film as F1 was 460 N/m2. Core tablets were made by using direct compression method and verapamil HCl was used as drug model. Verapamil HCl tablets were coated by CXPC until they got 5,4% additional weight. Based on the study, the use of CXPC as coating material was able to provide better and more stable sustained-release behavior compared to chitosan and xanthan gum. Within 12 hours, the amount of released verapamil HCl was 40,96 ± 4,58%. Sustained-release behavior of CXPC-coated tablets followed zero-order release with mechanism of non-Fickian diffusional release in acidic and basic medium.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Untuk memformulasikan serbuk inhalasi tertarget makrofag dibutuhkan eksipien dengan karakteristik yang sesuai untuk dapat membawa obat sampai makrofag. Penelitian sebelumnya membuktikan bahwa kombinasi kitosan dan gum xanthan memiliki indeks mengembang yang baik pada pH makrofag sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai eksipien tertarget makrofag. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat serbuk inhalasi menggunakan kitosan-xanthan KX sebagai pembawa yang dapat menahan pelepasan obat pada cairan paru pH 7,4 dan memfasilitasi pelepasan obat pada cairan makrofag paru pH 4,5 . KX dibuat dengan mencampurkan kitosan dan gum xanthan perbandingan 1:1, 1:2, dan 2:1. KX kemudian dikarakterisasi meliputi penampilan, bentuk morfologi, uji termal, spektrum inframerah, derajat keasaman, dan viskositas. Serbuk kering inhalasi dibuat dengan menggunakan rifampisin sebagai model obat dan lima eksipien berbeda yaitu kitosan, gum xanthan, KX l:1, 1:2, 2:1. Serbuk inhalasi dikarakterisasi penampilan, morfologi, kadar air, distribusi ukuran partikel, kadar zat aktif, efisiensi penjerapan, dan pelepasan obatnya. Serbuk inhlasi dengan karakteristik terbaik yaitu formula 3 dengan eksipien KX 1:1 yang menghasilkan rendemen 22,48 , rentang ukuran 1,106 ndash; 3,580 m, efisiensi penjerapan sebanyak 120,162 , dan dapat melepas obat sebanyak 3,145 dalam medium pH 7,4 dan sebanyak 23,774 dalam medium pH 4,5. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa eksipien KX 1:1 dapat digunakan sebagai pembawa dalam formulasi serbuk inhalasi rifampisin.

---

ABSTRACT
Suitable excipient with certain characteristics is required in formulating inhalation powder to deliver drug into macrophage. Previous study had shown that the combination of chitosan and gum xanthan had remarkable swelling properties at macrophage condition pH 4.5 , thus it is suitable to be used as a macrophage targeted excipient. This study aimed to produce dry powder inhalation of rifampicin using chitosan xanthan CX as a carrier that can sustain drug release in lung fluid pH 7.4 and facilitate drug release in pulmonary macrophage fluid pH 4,5 . CX was prepared by mixing the chitosan and xanthan gum with the ratio 1 1, 1 2, and 2 1. Physical appearance, morphology, thermal properties, functional group, acidity, and viscosity of CX were then characterized. The inhalation powder were formulated by using rifampicin as a drug model and five different excipients which were chitosan, gum xanthan, and CX 1 1, 1 2, 2 1. Physical appearance, morphology, moisture content, and drug release of each formula of inhalation powder was evaluated. This study showed that rifampicin CX 1 1 was the best formula with yield of 22.48 , partical size range of 1.106 ndash 3.580 m, entrapment efficiency of 120.162 , and release 3,145 of rifampicin at pH 7.4 and 23.774 of rifampicin at pH 4.5. Based on these results, it can be concluded that CX 1 1 is a suitable excipient to formulate dry powder inhalation of rifampicin.

Abstrak :
Peningkatan produksi minyak bumi di Indonesia menjadi hal mendesak mengingat target produksi 1 juta barrel perhari pada tahun 2030 di tengah penurunan produksi. Permasalahan tersebut memberikan insentif untuk menelusuri metode EOR non-konvensional, biopolymer flooding. Xanthan Gum merupakan biopolimer dengan ketahanan salting effect yang sangat baik sehingga memberikan potensi digunakan bersama air laut sebagai campuran driving fluid dalam metode injeksi kontinuous. Selain itu, HCPV injeksi meningkatkan performa pemulihan jika flooding berhasil . Maka dari itu, penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh penggunaan air laut sebagai fluida pendorong dan HCPV injeksi terhadap displacement sweep efficiency, recovery factor, serta harga minyak dan gas untuk IRR 15% mengikuti skema bisnis gross split. Penelitian dengan permodelan reservoir sintetik sandstone heterogen, dilanjutkan dengan permodelan EOR dengan membandingkan berbagai strategi injeksi EOR biopolymer flooding terhadap waterflooding, dan analisis ekonomi cashflow mengikuti skema bisnis gross split. Peningkatan HCPV injeksi dapat meningkatkan recovery factor hingga 22.26% dan displacement sweep efficiency 21.27%. Penggunaaan air laut sebagai campuran fluida pendorong mengurangi recovery factor hingga 0.55% dan displacement sweep efficiency 0.54%. Harga minyak minimum proyek dapat mencapai 45.75$ per barrel dengan cost of EOR sebesar 4.52$ per barrel.  ......Increasing Indonesian oil production is an urgent issue due fulfilling Indonesian production target of one million barrels per day in 2030 amidst production decline. This problem gives an incentive to explore non-conventional EOR method, biopolymer flooding. Xanthan gum biopolymer is resistant toward salting effect which has the potential to be used alongside brine as driving fluid mixture in a continuous injection. Moreover, HCPV injection increases oil field’s recovery rate only if the flooding succeeds. Therefore, this research’s purpose is to analyze the usage of brine as driving fluid and HCPV Injection toward partially depleted sandstone reservoir’s displacement sweep efficiency, recovery factor and oil and gas price in reaching IRR 15% following Indonesian gross split scheme. Research methodology includes modelling of synthetic partially depleted heterogenous sandstone reservoir, continued with EOR modelling comparing different biopolymer flooding injection strategy with waterflooding, and cashflow economic analysis following gross split scheme. The increase of HCPV injection could increase recovery factor up to 22.26% dan displacement sweep efficiency up to 21.27%. The usage of sea water as mixture in driving fluid could decrease recovery factor up to 0.55% and displacement sweep efficiency 0.54%. The minimum project oil price reaches 45.75$ per barrel with the cost of EOR 4.52$ per barrel.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Tablet mengapung lepas lambat membutuhkan eksipien yang berfungsi sebagai matriks yang mampu mengendalikan lepasnya obat dan menfasilitasi pengapungan tablet di lambung. Salah satu eksipien yang berpotensi untuk hal tersebut adalah eksipien koproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia yang merupakan hasil modifikasi fisik dari 2 jenis polimer alam, yaitu xanthan gum dan gum akasia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh eksipien koproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia yang kemudian digunakan sebagai matriks pada formulasi tablet mengapung. Pada penelitian ini dibuat eksipien koproses xanthan gum ? gum akasia dengan perbandingan 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 dan 3:1 dan eksipien yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi sifat fisik, kimia, dan fungsionalnya.Eksipien-eksipien koproses yang dihasilkan tersebut kemudian diformulasikan menjadi sediaan tablet mengapung dengan menggunakan famotidin sebagai model obat. Tablet mengapung yang dihasilkan dievaluasi, antara lain uji kemampuan mengapung serta pelepasan obat dalam medium HCl pH 1,2 selama 8 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eksipien koproses yang diperoleh berupa serbuk halus tidak berbau dan berwarna putih keabu-abuan. Selain itu eksipien koproses tersebut memiliki kemampuan mengembang yang baik, viskositas yang cukup besar dan kekuatan gel yang baik yang cocok untuk digunakan sebagai matriks tablet mengapung. Tablet mengapung F2 yang dibuat dengan menggunakan eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA 1:2 menunjukkan karakteristik yang terbaik dengan floating lag time 8,33± 0,58 menit dan kemampuan mengapung hingga 24 jam. Profil pelepasan famotidin dari tablet mengapung yang diformulasikan dengan eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA (F1 ? F5) menunjukkan profil pelepasan obat terkendali dengan model kinetika pelepasan orde nol dan dapat digunakan untuk pemakaian selama 32 jam. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa eksipien koproses Ko-XG-GA yang dihasilkan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai matriks sediaan tablet mengapung lepas terkendali.

---

ABSTRACT
Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix that can control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in the gastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum ? gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgum acacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. In this study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum and gum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients were characterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processed excipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drug model. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floating capabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The results showed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish white colour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity and good gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. The floating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA 1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lag time and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that the famotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA (F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kinetic and could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can be concluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied as matrices in controlled release floating tablets.;Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix that can control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in the gastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum – gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgum acacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. In this study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum and gum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients were characterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processed excipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drug model. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floating capabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The results showed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish white colour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity and good gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. The floating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA 1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lag time and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that the famotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA (F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kinetic and could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can be concluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied as matrices in controlled release floating tablets.;Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix that can control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in the gastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum – gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgum acacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. In this study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum and gum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients were characterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processed excipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drug model. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floating capabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The results showed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish white colour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity and good gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. The floating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA 1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lag time and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that the famotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA (F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kinetic and could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can be concluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied as matrices in controlled release floating tablets., Controlled release floating tablets required excipient which act as a matrix that can control the release of active drugs and facilitate the tablet floating in the gastric. One of the potential excipients is a co-processed excipient of xanthan gum – gum acacia, which is a physical modification of 2 natural polymers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce co-processed excipients of xanthan gumgum acacia, which were used as matrices in the floating tablet formulations. In this study, several co-processed excipients were prepared from xanthan gum and gum acacia in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1. The obtained excipients were characterized physically, chemically, and functionality. The co-processed excipients were then formulated as the floating tablets using famotidine as a drug model. The obtained floating tablets were evaluated in terms of the tablet floating capabilities and the drug release in HCl medium pH 1.2 for 8 hours. The results showed the co-processed excipients were fine powder, odorless and greyish white colour. The resulted excipients had good swelling index, fairly large viscosity and good gel strength; hence it was suitable applied as matrices of floating tablets. The floating tablets of F2 which was containing the co-processed excipient of Co-XGGA 1:2 had shown the best characteristics with 8.33 ± 0.58 minutes of floating lag time and 24 hours of total floating time. The release study revealed that the famotidine floating tablets which were using co-processed excipients of Co-XGGA (F1 - F5) as matrices could control drug release with zero order release kinetic and could be used for controlled release dosage forms for 32 hours. It can be concluded that the co-processed excipients of Co-XG-GA could be applied as matrices in controlled release floating tablets.]