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Abstrak :
Taman Nasional merupakan salah satu tipe kawasan konservasi yang telah di bangun di Indonesia dan merupakan satu-satunya kawasan yang telah dikelola secara khusus oleh unit pengelola tersendiri di bawah Kementerian Kehutanan. Pengelolaan kawasan didukung oleh Pemerintah Pusat baik dari segi anggaran maupun sumber daya manusia. Pemerintah daerah memiliki kewenangan yang berbeda, antara lain sebagai mitra pengelolaan dan penerima manfaat. Pengelolaan taman nasional secara efektif memerlukan ketersediaan dana yang cukup. Data yang ada menunjukkan adanya selisih antara ketersediaan dengan kebutuhan pendanaan untuk pengelolaan kawasan konservasi yang sampai saat ini sebagian besar masih ditanggung oleh pemerintah pusat. Kekurangan ketersediaan pendanaan pemerintah tersebut telah memicu pencarian alternatif pendanaan dari sumber-sumber lain. Penghapusan utang (DNS) merupakan salah satu alternatif yang memperoleh banyak dukungan pemerintah dan berbagai organisasi sejak dimulainya program tersebut pada tahun 1981. DNS juga merupakan salah satu alternatif pendanaan yang dianggap berhasil dan terus dikembangkan untuk pendukung pelaksanaan kegiatan konservasi. Memperhatikan tuntutan terhadap efektivitas pengelolaan kawasan konservasi dan keterbatasan sumberdaya yang dapat disediakan oleh Pemrintah, maka pengukuran efektivitas pengelolaan Taman Nasional menjadi salah satu hal yang penting untuk dilakukan. Studi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) dengan analisa yang ditujukan terhadap substansi/kontek, perencanaan, input, proses, keluaran dan dampak. Analisa juga ditujukan untuk menunjukan korelasi efektivitas dengan ketersediaan anggaran dan sumber daya manusia sebagai input utama dalam pencapaian efektivitas pengelolan taman nasional. Penilaian menunjukkan bahwa TN Gunung Gede Pangrango memiliki rasio jumlah staff terhadap kawasan paling tinggi, yaitu 6 orang per luas 1000 ha dan telah menyediakan anggaran $ 63.36/ha dengan alokasi untuk kegiatan yang bersifat intervensi sebesar 60%. Dukungan sumberdaya manusia dan anggaran di TN Gunung Gede Pangrango relatif lebih tinggi dibanding dengan taman nasional lain. Kondisi tersebut didukung dengan distribusi staf dan alokasi kegiatan yang bersifat intervensi terhadap habitat, biodiversitas habitat, pengembangan masyarakat dan pemanfaatan taman nasional telah membuat TN Gunung Gede Pangrango dikelola paling efektif. Di sisi lain, TN Way Kambas yang menghadapi tekanan paling tinggi akibat perambahan, perburuan, dan lain-lain telah mengalokasikan anggaran paling besar untuk pengamanan kawasan. Kegiatan lain yang bersifat pemanfaatan bagi masyarakat sekitar dan pelibatan pemangku kepentingan lain kurang terlalu diakomodir dalam alokasi pendanaan dengan jumlah staff yang kurang memadai. Strategi tersebut telah membuat pengelolaan TN Way Kambas kurang efektif, walau pendanaan ditingkatkan. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas tidak hanya didukung dengan jumlah dana, namun juga di dukung oleh kegiatan yang strategis yang dapat memberikan kontribusi manfaat langsung terhadap ekonomi masyarakat. Peningkatan penyediaan anggaran Ditjen PHKA dari Rp. 441 milyar pada tahun 2006 menjadi Rp 731 milyar tahun 2009 telah membatu meningkatkan pendanaan terhadap taman nasional dari US$ 2.35 per ha menjadi US$ 3.19 di tahun 2009. Secara total, nilai tersebut juga telah mengurangi adanya selisih antara kebutuhan dengan ketersediaan dana sebesar US$ 81,94 juta. Analisa lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa skema peghapusan utang (DNS) menjadi salah satu opsi untuk mengisi selisih pendanaan tersebut. Total utang pemerintah Indonesia yang harus dibayar pada tahun 2010 adalah US$ 180,834 juta. Nilai utang tersebut termasuk yang berasal dari program ODA yang harus dibayar melalui skema bilateral sebesar US$ 32,932 juta dan US$ 24,824 melalui skema multilateral. Bilateral merupakan cara yang paling sering digunakan dalam proses persetujuan DNS. Proses tersebut dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan keseimbangan manfaat bagi para pihak, kepentingan debitor, aturan dan ketentuan setiap kreditor. Sebagian besar program DNS ditujukan untuk pendidikan, kesehatan dan program lingkungan hidup. Dua program DNS yang telah disepakati adalah DNS III-Green program dengan pemerintah Jerman dan TFCA Sumatera dengan Pemerintah Amerika Serikat. Beberapa isu yang muncul dalam pelaksanaan DNS adalah mekanisme pembayaran dan transparansi serta keterlibatan pemangkukepentingan lain. Mekanisme reimbursement untuk pelaksanaan program DNS III dilakukan dengan menyediakkan anggaran kegiatan dalam anggaran kementerian teknis pelaksana setiap tahun. Sedangkan TFCA menggunakan mekanisme trust-fund untuk penyediaan dan pembayaran dana sehingga memungkinkan untuk melibatkan banyak pihak lain dalam pelaksanaan kegiatannya. Belajar dari berbagai program penghapusan utang yang telah dan sedang berjalan, maka beberapa isu yang disampaikan di atas perlu dipertimbangkan dalam pengembangan program DNS selanjutnya. Selain itu pengelolaan kegiatan DNS yang efektif akan membantu meningkatkan kepercayaan dan peluang untuk mengembangkan prospek program selanjutnya. ...... National Park is one of the many types of protected areas established in Indonesia. It is the only protected area category which has been fully managed by national park implementing unit (authority) under the Ministry of Forestry. The management included budget and human resources was set up by central government while local government has different roles, which are as a partner and beneficaries. Effective management of protected areas requires sufficient funding as the main input for the management. It is well documented, however, that there have been obvious shortage of funding for the management of protected areas in Indonesia, which rely heavily on government budget. Due to this shortage funding availability from the government, many organizations have been trying to find new alternative ways of funding. Debt for nature swap (DNS) is one alternative that has gained many supporters since the inception in 1981 either from government, non government organization (NGO)s or even private sectors. It has been one of the most successful funding opportunity created to date and many donors have used it in many ways by giving more allocated funds to be swaped. Due to to growing concerns over the global obligation to effectively managed protected areas and the limited resources of the government to meet the obligation, it is important to assess how the national parks in Indonesia have been financed and staffed to the endeavour to achieve the management effectiveness. This study using the existing developed criterias such as Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) to show the differences of the analyzed substances or contex, planning, input, process, output and outcome. Analysis were also done to correlate the effectiveness measurement with financial and human resources provision. These two variables were used as the most important inputs contributing to the effectiveness of the national park?s management. The assessment showed that the ratio between rangers and its forest was six per 1,000 ha in Gunung Gede Pangrango is highest. The measurement on the highest allocated budget among those seven national parks were Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park ($63.36/ha) which more than 60% allocated for management activities of the park. It was obvious that the inputs, in term of budget and human resources for Gunung Gede Pangrango NP were much higher among other national park. It was also support by higher distribution staff and activities on the intervention on habitat, biodiversity, community development and utilization of national park become better startegic to acheived the highes effectiveness management in Gunung Gede National Park. On the other side, Way Kambas National Park which had the highest threat from encroachment, poaching and others, have been allocated most of the fund in mitigating the threats and none in others related to the direct benefits of community surrounded the park. In regard to the limitation of number of personnel, strategic activities to involve other resource in dealing the threat is not well addressed. The condition lead into less effectiveness of management the national park eventhough the total budget provided is increased. Total amount of budget has strongly correlates with management effectiveness. However to improve the effectiveness in managing national park, it should improve other strategic activities on sharing benefit and community development instead of only focussing on the reducing/mitigating threat. Considering the increasing of budget providing by Government from Rp. 441 bilion in 2006 to Rp 731 bilion in 2009, it has been contributed the increasing financing for national park from US$ 2.35 per ha in 2006 became US$ 3.19 per ha in 2009. In totally, it was also reduced the gap of financed alocated up to US$ 81,94 milion which faced on 2006. Further analysis revealed that debt swap for nature (DNS) scheme would be one of the best sources to fill the financial gap for the protected areas management. The total debt Indonesia should be pay on 2010 is US$ 180,834 milion. Under the ODA scheme, the debt amount should be pay under the bilateral scheme is US$ 32,932 milion and US$ 24,824 through the multilateral scheme. In term of negotiation, bilateral (between states) is the most common process to deal with DNS program with special attention to the balancing benefit for all stakeholder, preference of debitor, role and regulation of each creditor. Mostly the swap creditor prefers to work on the education, health and environment programs. Two programs have been agreed for nature, namely Germany-DNS III green program and US Government-TFCA (Tropical Forest Conservation Action)-Sumatera. There are also issues and challenges in term of implementation of DNS especially on the payment and disbursement mechanism, transparancy and other stakeholder involvement. Inserted into the government budget with the reimbursement system applied for German-DNS and trust-fund mechanism applied for TFCA. Higher stakeholder involvement is highly consider in TFCA implementation. Learning from the past and on going debt swap programs, some issues mentioned above will need to be taken into consideration as well as improving the trust and efective management of the DNS program to enlarge the impact on the program and prospective for other future agreement.

Abstrak :
Kelompok hutan Tesso Nilo merupakan salah satu blok hutan yang terbesar yang tersisa di Provinsi Riau. Meskipun demikian, perubahan tutupan hutan alam kelompok hutan ini sangat cepat, khususnya karena keberadaan jalan yang dibangun oleh perusahaan untuk memperpendek jarak pengangkutan hasil produksi kayu HTI ke pabrik pulp and paper. Kami menilai dampak akses jalan yang membelah kawasan hutan Tesso Nilo (377.387 hektar) dari Selatan Ke Utara (jalan HTI Baserah sepanjang 50 km) dan dari Timur ke Barat (jalan HTI Ukui sepanjang 28 km) sebagai sarana pengangkutan kayu bagi industri pulp and paper. Analisis dilakukan melalui tumpang tindih data digital penutupan lahan hasil penafsiran citra landsat sebelum dan sesudah jalan akses HTI dibangun. Berdasarkan laju deforestasi yang terjadi antara tahun 2000 dan 2012 dilakukan proyeksi kecenderungan deforestasi Tahun 2018 dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Idrisi dengan tool Land Change Modeler. Untuk membangun model harmonisasi ruang antara konservasi dan produksi di kawasan Hutan Tesso Nilo, dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis spatial multi criteria menggunakan ArcGis 10. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan periode 2000-2002 laju deforestasi ratarata tahunan mencapai 3.530 ha, dan meningkat drastis menjadi 13.903 ha tahun 2002-2007 setelah kedua jalan dibangun. Secara keseluruhan, laju deforestasi rata-rata tahunan periode 2000-2012 adalah 9,28 persen (8.156,97 ha hutan), atau penurunan perkiraan total 97.883,64 hektar selama 12 tahun. Hasil proyeksi kecenderungan deforestasi 2018 diperkirakan hutan alam Tesso Nilo hanya 28.017 ha dan non-hutan alam 335.930 ha. Hasil skoring dan pembobotan untuk pilihan skenario optimum produksi dan konservasi menjadi pilihan model harmonisasi ruang antara konservasi dan produksi di kelompok hutan Tesso Nilo. Model ini dapat menjamin keberadaan kawasan konservasi di masa mendatang, menjadikan distribusi satwa liar di konsesi HTI menjadi koridor satwaliar yang dilindungi. ...... Tesso Nilo forest block is one of the largest forest block remaining in the Riau Province. However, the forest changes rapidly, especially when roads were developed by company crisscrossing and transecting the area. This study is to reassess the impact of the access road development in terms of spatial differentiations. The roads crisscrossed Tesso Nilo forest area (377,387 hectares) from the South to the North (Baserah of HTI road along 50 km), and transects from East to West (Ukui of HTI road along 28 km) play very important function for a company to transport forest products of pulp and paper company. The study applies over-laying techniques of digital data for land cover landsat image in various periods, and interpretates before and after the road built. Based on the rate of deforestation between 2000 and 2012, deforestation trends model 2018 using the Idrisi software tool Land Change Modeler were carried out. To build the spatial harmonization model between conservation and production in Tesso Nilo forest areas, the study applied used a spatial multi criteria analysis using ArcGIS 10. The results showed that the average rate of annual deforestation period 2000-2002 reached to 3,530 ha, and increased dramatically after the second road was built to 13,903 ha for 2002-2007. Overall, the rate of deforestation annual average between 2000-2012 period is 9.28 percent (8,156.97 ha), or a reduction in the estimated total of 97,883.64 ha for 12 years. From our modeling study it shows that deforestation trends in 2018 is estimated that the remain of natural forests of Tesso Nilo area will be only 28,017 ha while non forested area increase to 335,930 ha. Using score and weight values of optimum production and conservation scenario to spatial harmonization model between conservation and production in Tesso Nilo Forest Block to ensure the existence of protected areas, wildlife corridors were proposed which connected Timber Plantation Forest concessions to the natural forest blocks and national park.

Abstrak :
Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan untuk konservasi satwa adalah pemantauan lokasi hewan. Selain itu, pemantauan temperatur secara teratur penting dilakukan untuk menjaga kelestarian satwa. Pada penelitian ini, dirancang suatu sistem daya rendah yang dapat digunakan untuk melacak posisi serta mengukur suhu tubuh dari suatu hewan. Sistem yang diajukan menggunakan pelacakan dengan sistem Global Positioning System (GPS) serta melakukan pengukuran suhu tubuh menggunakan thermometer sentuh DS18B20. Data yang terbaca akan dikendalikan menggunakan mikrokontroler ESP32 dan akan disimpan dalam suatu cloud database yang berbasis ThingSpeak, sehingga dapat diintegrasikan dalam suatu sistem Internet of Things (IoT). Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, terdapat kesesuaian lokasi antara sistem ini dan platform pelacak lokasi konvensional. Pengukuran suhu tubuh hewan memberikan hasil dengan akurasi ±0,5ºC. Konsumsi daya dari sistem dengan menggunakan baterai LiPo 1500mAh diperkirakan bertahan selama lebih dari 88 jam. ......One of the efforts made for animal conservation is monitoring the location of animals. In addition, regular temperature monitoring is important to maintain the preservation of animals. In this study, a low-power system was designed that can be used to track the position and measure the body temperature of an animal. The proposed system uses tracking with the Global Positioning System (GPS) system and takes body temperature measurements using the DS18B20 touch thermometer. The readable data will be controlled using the ESP32 microcontroller and will be stored in a ThingSpeak-based cloud database so that it can be integrated in an Internet of Things (IoT) system. Based on GPS location test results, the recorded location matches between this system and location measured by a conventional location tracking platform. Temperature measurements yield a body temperature value with an accuracy of ±0.5ºC. Power consumption from the system using a 1500mAh LiPo battery is estimated to last for more than 88 hours.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini membahas mengenai penanganan benda sitaan negara yang berupa tumbuhan dan satwa liar dilindungi yang terkait dalam pelanggaran terhadap Undang-Undang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya beserta hambatan dalam pelaksanaannya. Masih maraknya perdagangan ilegal satwa liar dilindungi menciptakan keadaan yang memperihatinkan untuk disaksikan oleh pemerhati satwa liar. Tindakan penyitaan pun cukup sering dilakukan, tetapi perdagangan satwa liar tetap berlangsung. Seperti yang diketahui bahwa satwa liar pun merupakan mahluk hidup. Setelah dilakukan tindakan penyitaan oleh penegak hukum sudah seharusnya satwa liar tersebut diberikan tindakan lanjutan agar terhindar dari kepunahan. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana penanganan atas benda sitaan negara dan status hukumnya dalam sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia dan bagaimanakah penanganan benda sitaan negara dalam tindak pidana terhadap tumbuhan dan satwa liar dilindungi dalam rangka konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnnya beserta hambatan yang dihadapi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian metode penelitian kepustakaan yang bersifat yuridis-normatif, dimana sumber data diperoleh dari data primer maupun sekunder yang akan dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penanganan tumbuhan dan satwa liar dilindungi yang terkait dengan tindak pidana konservasi harus dilakukan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku, baik peraturan perundangundangan maupun peraturan pelaksanaanya. Namun demikian, masih terdapat hambatan yang cukup signifikan yang berpengaruh terhadap keberlangsungan hidup satwa liar dilindungi.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis describe and review about the handling of the confiscated goods such as protected plant and animal related to violation to conservation of natural resources and ecosystem law with hindrance in the implementation. Highly frequency of illegal wildlife trade being cause of poorly situation to be seen by wildlife observer. Confiscation had executed so often, but illegal wildlife trade still ongoing. As people know that animal is creature. Therefore, after confiscation had executed by law upholder, the animals ought to hand over to the next action in order that prevent extinction. The problems in this research are how handling of the confiscated goods and those law status in criminal justice system in Indonesia and how handling of the confiscated goods in wildlife crime in order that conservation of natural resources and ecosystem with hindrance to face of. This research is a juridical-normative research, which the source of data obtained from primary and secondary data that will be analyzed qualitatively. Results of this research showed that the handling of protected plant and animal related to wildlife crime have to implemented based on both regulation and implementation rules. However, there is still have significant hindrance that influential to long lived of wildlife.

Abstrak :
Perdagangan satwa ilegal merupakan salah satu kejahatan yang memiliki tingkat pertumbuhan tercepat. Hal ini kemudian menyebabkan dibuatnya berbagai peraturan yang melarang pelaksanaannya. Di Indonesia sendiri, perdagangan satwa ilegal merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang belum dapat ditangani secara efektif oleh pihak penegak hukum. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan besarnya angka perdagangan yang ditemukan oleh beberapa NGO terkait. Salah satu penyebab perdagangan satwa ilegal dapat berkembang dengan begitu cepat adalah kemampuan para pelakunya untuk beradaptasi dengan perkembangan zaman, yang salah satunya adalah media sosial facebook. Media sosial facebook menyediakan berbagai kemudahan bagi pelaku untuk melakukan perdagangan satwa ilegal. Berbagai kemudahan yang ditawarkan antara lain berupa anonimitas, pemasaran bebas biaya, dan juga grup dengan pengaturan privasi yang ketat. Grup ini lah yang kemudian menyebabkan para pelaku dapat melakukan perdagangan dengan leluasa tanpa adanya kekhawatiran akan pengawasan penegak hukum. Dan karena keuntungan dan kerugian yang mungkin didapatkan oleh pelaku sangat jauh berbeda, maka pelaku dan calon pelaku semakin tertarik untuk melakukan perdagangan satwa ilegal di facebook. ...... Illegal wildlife trafe is one of the fastest growing crimes. This led to the creation of regulations that prohibit its implementation. In Indonesia, illegal wildlife trade is one of the problems that can rsquo t be handled effectively by law enforcement agencies. This is evidenced by the trade statistics found by some NGO rsquo s that relevant to this problem. One of the causes of illegal wildlife trade can grow so quickly is the ability of the perpetrators to adapt to techonlogical advances, one of which is facebook itself. Facebook provides various facilities for these perpetrators that enables them to do illegal wildlife trade. The various conveniences offered by facebook include anonimity, free marketing, and also groups with strict privacy settings. This group is the one that enables these perpetrators to trade such goods freely without any worries of law enforcement supervision. And because of the advantages and disadvantages that may obtained by the perpetrators are very much different, these perpetrators and potential perpetrators increasingly interested to trade illegal wildlife on facebook.

Abstrak :
The number of primates on the brink of extinction continues to grow due to threats such as habitat loss, hunting, and disease. The need to respond with effective conservation measures has therefore never been greater. This edited book brings together an international team of contributing authors with wide-ranging expertise to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current research principles and management practices in primate conservation. The chapters are grouped into three sections: background and conceptual issues, threats, and solutions. In the first section, the authors consider why we should conserve primates, summarize the conservation status of primates, discuss species concepts and their relevance to conservation, review primate conservation genetics, and describe primate abundance and distributions. The second section includes discussion of threats from habitat destruction and degradation, primate trade, hunting, infectious diseases, and climate change. The third section considers solutions to primate conservation challenges from several perspectives: protected areas, landscape mosaics, human-primate conflict, reintroduction, ecosystem services, and evidence-based conservation. The book concludes with consideration of some future directions for primate conservation research.

Abstrak :
The green turtle, Chelonia my das, has suffered from population declines throughout its range, mainly due to a continuous over-exploitation of eggs and adults. To better understand the mating strategy of this endangered animal, paternity in egg clutches of 36 green turtles from two major rookeries in Malaysia were investigated using microsatellite markers. A high incidence of multiple paternity for the green turtles from Sabah was discovered, with 71% of egg clutches showing evidence of being sired by at least two different males. However, for the egg clutches from Terengganu, lower incidences I of multiple paternity (36%) were recorded. This study also documents the occurrence of sperm storage in the green turtles from both sites. Similar patterns of paternity were observed across successive clutches, consistent with the hypothesis of sperm being stored J from mating(s) prior to nesting and being used to fertilize all subsequent clutches of eggs for that season. These data provide the first examples of multiple paternity and sperm storage in the green turtle populations in Malaysia.