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Abstrak :
Saat ini, masih banyak potensi energi terbarukan (seperti tanaga surya, angin dan biogas) yang belum dimanfaatkan pada bangunan komersil di perkotaan. Mal atau pusat perbelanjaan, sebagai salah satu bangunan komersil memiliki potensi biogas yang cukup besar dan belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Dengan jumlah sampah organik yang mencapai rata-rata 2,8 ton perhari dan penggunaan energi listrik sampai bulan Oktober 2009 telah mencapai 1.904 MWh, mal Metropolitan tentu memiliki potensi energi biogas yang layak untuk dianalisis. Potensi limbah organik yang dianalisis dalam tulisan ini adalah limbah organik yang berasal dari sanitasi toilet dan sampah organik yang berasal dari sisa supermarket atau rumah makan yang banyak terdapat di mal tersebut. Dalam tulisan ini, dengan melakukan segmentasi beban maka dapat diperoleh kebutuhan energi termal pertahun sebesar 2.228.599 kWhth dan kebutuhan energi listrik pertahun mencapai 89.628 kWhe. Sementara itu, berdasarkan hasil kuisioner yang dilakukan terhadap pengunjung toilet dan pengukuran potensi sampah organik sisa rumah makan/super market/restoran hotel diperoleh potensi biogas pada mal sebesar 204,658.93 M3/Kg TS pertahun atau yang setara dengan 1.153.253,1 KWh. Dengan mempertimbangkan tingginya biaya pembelian energi listrik, bahan bakar solar untuk water heater serta biaya pembuangan limbah ke tempat pembuangan akhir sampah maka pemanfaatan limbah organik yang terbuang di mal sangat potensial untuk dikaji dan dianalisis. Kajian ini merupakan studi yang akan menghitung dan menganalisis pemanfaatan energi terbarukan biogas baik dari sisi teknik maupun dari sisi ekonomi. Pembahasanpembahasan aspek teknis seperti kebutuhan energi listrik saat ini, segmentasi beban yang ada, rancangan perangkat biogas digester anaerob, pemilihan teknologi konversi biogas menjadi energi termal dan listrik, serta potensi teknis energi terbarukan yang ada. Pembahasan-pembahasan aspek ekomoni meliputi kelayakan investasi pembangunan pembangkit listrik tenaga biogas di lokasi mal dan manfaat ekonomi keberadaannya untuk mengurangi biaya penyediaan energi listrik dan panas pada mal Metropolitan Bekasi.

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Currently, there are many potential renewable energy (such as solar, wind and biogas), which has not been used in commercial buildings in urban areas. Mall or shopping center, as one of the commercial buildings have the large potencial of biogas and have not used optimally. With the number of organic waste which reach the average 2.8 tonnes per day and use of electrical energy to October 2009 has reached 1.904 MWh, the Metropolitan mall has the potential of biogas energy is worth to analyze. The potential of organic wastes that are analyzed in this paper is organic waste from sanitation toilets and organic waste from the rest of the supermarkets or restaurants that are scattered throughout the mall. In this paper, by doing load segmentation can be obtained thermal energy needs for 2,228,599 kWhth per year and electrical energy demand reached 89,628 per year kWhe. Meanwhile, based on questionnaire results conducted on the measurement of visitor toilets and the potential organic waste from restaurant / super market / restaurant obtained the potential for biogas in the mall 204.658,93 per year M3/Kg TS or the equivalent of 1.153.253,1 kWh. By considering the high costs of purchasing electricity, diesel fuel for the water heater and the cost of waste disposal to garbage landfills then the utilization of organic waste at the mall is very potential to be studied and analyzed. This study is a study that will calculate and analyze the utilization of biogas as renewable energy both from the technical and economic side. Discussions on technical aspects such as electrical energy needs at the moment, the existing load segmentation, design of anaerobic digester biogas devices, selection of biogas conversion technology into thermal energy and electricity, as well as the technical potential of renewable energy available. Discussions on economic aspects including the feasibility of the investment economic of development Biogas power plant in the mall and existence of economic benefits to reduce the cost of providing electricity and heat energy in the mall Metropolitan Bekasi.

Abstrak :
Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan selama delapan hari penelitian pula, diketahui bahwa timbulan sampah yang masuk ke TPA Sumur Batu adalah sebesar 266,88 ton/hari. Dengan komposisi sampah yang masuk ke TPA Sumur Batu yang berupa material mudah terbakar combustible material adalah sampah plastik, karet, kertas, kayu, dan tekstil yang masing-masing berjumlah 11,41 , 4,44 , 5,48 , 5,03 , dan 5,58 dari total keseluruhan sampah yang masuk ke TPA Sumur Batu. Dengan jumlah yang cukup besar tersebut, salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi jumlah sampah seperti jenis diatas dapat dilakukan dengan mengubah material sampah tersebut menjadi bahan baku Refuse Derived Fuel RDF. Potensi sampah dari tiap-tiap material tersebut ditinjau dari beberapa parameter penelitian. Parameter yang digunakan antara lain berupa kadar air, kadar volatil, kadar abu, serta nilai kalor. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa kadar air sampah yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku RDF sebesar 41,81 , kadar volatil sebesar 81,21 , dan kadar abu sebesar 12,09, serta nilai kalor sebesar 2.365,27 ndash; 3.967,12 kCal/kg. ......Based on the eight day of observation, the generation of solid waste that enter TPA Sumur Batu was as many as 266,88 tones day. With solid waste composition that enter TPA Sumur Batu consists of combustible materials which is plastic, rubber, paper, wood, and textile each with 11,41 , 4,44 , 5,48 , 5,03 , and 5,58 from the total amount of solid waste generation.With such a considerable amount of solid waste, one of the efforts that could be done to reduce the amount of solid waste varieties as mentioned above is convert the waste materials into Refuse Derived Fuels RDF. Waste potential from each materials reviewed by several research parameters.Parameters used in this research are water content, volatile content, ash content, and calorific value. Based on the research results obtained that the water content amount of solid waste which can be used as Refuse Derived Fuel RDF raw material is 41,81 , the volatile content amount is 81,21 , the ash content amount is 12,09 , and the calorific value is as much as 2.365,27 ndash 3.967,12 kCal kg.

Abstrak :
Saat ini upaya pembangkitan listrik sebagian besar masih menggunakan bahan bakar fosil yang tidak dapat diperbaharui dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Padahal potensi sumber energi terbarukan (renewable energy) yang tersedia sangat melimpah namun hingga kini belum tergarap secara optimal. Salah satu sumber energi terbarukan (renewable energy) tersebut adalah sampah. Dikarenakan pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk yang sangat tinggi sebanding dengan volume sampah yang dihasilkan oleh sebab itu dipilih lokasi DKI Jakarta. Untuk dianalisis potensi sampah seoptimal mungkin menjadi energi, yang dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan perhitungan proses konversi termokimia untuk sampah yang memiliki persentase material organik (non biodegradable/ tidak mudah terurai) yang tinggi serta kadar air yang rendah. Dan proses konversi biokimia untuk sampah yang memiliki persentase material organik (biodegradable/ mudah terurai) yang tinggi dan kadar air tinggi. Suatu metodologi diperlukan untuk melakukan penelitian baik kajian secara teknis maupun kelayakan keekonomian konsep tersebut dapat menghasilkan suatu model management tools, untuk menentukan kelayakan keekonomiannya sekaligus untuk melakukan pengujian sensitivitas setiap parameter yang berkaitan, termasuk menganalisis penerimaan tipping fee serta hasil analisis strategi lingkungan harus sesuai dengan peraturan yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah pusat, yang menyatakan pembangkit perencanaan PLTSa layak digunakan untuk membangkitkan listrik dan mereduksi sampah.

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Currently the electricity generation mainly still use fossil fuels that can not be renewed and not environmentally friendly. The potential for renewable energy sources provided abundant but until now has not been explored optimally. One of the sources of renewable energy is waste. Due to the growth of population is very high in proportion to the volume of waste generated therefore been the location in DKI Jakarta. An analysis of potential waste into energy as possible as optimal , which can be done by calculating the thermochemical conversion of waste that has percentage of organic material (non biodegradable) high with low water levels. And biochemical conversion processes for waste that have a percentage of organic material (biodegradable) high with high water content. The methodology is needed to research studies in technical and feasibility of the economics concept can produce a model management tools, to determine study of its economical as well to test the sensitivity of each parameter related, including analyzing the revenue of tipping fee as well as analysis report of strategy environment assessment must be in accordance with the regulations issued by Indonesia government, which state the planned of PLTSa can be feasible to used generate electricity and reduce waste.

Abstrak :
This book addresses the problems of integrating waste-to-energy (WTE) in developing countries and countries in transition, where waste management infrastructure and awareness can be lacking, and where scepticism is among a unique and complex set of barriers. ;

Abstrak :
Fuel cells in the waste-to-energy chain explores the concept of waste-to-energy through a 5 step process which reflects the stages during the transformation of refuse flows to a valuable commodity such as clean energy. By providing selected, integrated alternatives to the current centralized, wasteful, fossil-fuel based infrastructure, this book explores how the concept of waste-to-energy can be constructed and developed into a realistic solution. The entire spectrum of current and future energy problems is illuminated through the explanation of the operational, integration and marketing implications of high efficiency technological solutions using the real context of developed regions such as Europe. Up-to-date reviews are provided on the status of technology and demonstration, implementation and marketing perspectives. The detailed technological information and insight gathered from over twenty years of experience in the field makes Fuel cells in the waste-to-wnergy chain a valuable resource for all engineers and researchers in the fields of energy supply systems and waste conversion, as well as providing a key reference for discussions by policy makers, marketing experts and industry developers working in energy supply and waste management.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Pemanfaatan sampah seabgai sumber energi dapat menjadi salah satu solusi untuk menanggulangi tingginya timbulan sampah serta memenuhi kebutuhan energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan. Namun, hal tersebut dibatasi dengan tingginya kadar air pada sampah khususnya sampah organik yang mempengaruhi nilai kalor yang terkandung pada sampah. Biodrying merupakan suatu metode yang memanfaatkan aktivitas mikroorganisme untuk menghasilkan panas yang mampu menurunkan kadar air dengan bantuan injeksi udara. Pada penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai pengaruh dari kadar air awal terhadap proses biodrying. Dengan memanfaatkan sampah organik berupa sampah makanan dan sampah halaman sebagai feedstock, akan dibuat 3 buah reaktor skala laboratorium dengan volume 168 dm3 yang terbuat dari styrofoam dengan kadar air masing ndash; masing reaktor adalah 51,07 , 63,96 dan 71,06 . Dengan durasi percobaan selama 21 hari, diperoleh hasil bahwa ketiga reaktor menunjukkan kadar air akhir yang signifikan berbeda namun dengan nilai volatile solid yang identik. Perubahan karakteristik seperti rasio C:N, FAS, dan nilai kalor juga berubah setelah proses biodrying. Perbedaan kadar air awal juga berpengaruh terhadap lamanya penegringan untuk mencapai kadar air akhir.

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ABSTRACT
The use of solid waste can be a good solution for increasing waste generation and alternative energy demand which is environmentally friendly. However, it is limited by the high moisture content, especially organic waste which affects the heat value of the waste. Biodrying is a method by utilizing microbial activities to produce heat in order to decrease the moisture content which helped by the air injection. The experiment will discuss about the effects of wastes rsquo initial moisture content on biodrying process. By using organic waste consist of food wastes and garden wastes as feedstock, there will be 3 laboratory scale reactors with volume 168 dm3 made by styrofoam. Feedstocks were made into 3 initial moisture content variations which were 51,07, 63,96, and 71,06 wt w with air flow rate 10 L min.kg. After 21 days, it was shown that moisture content among 3 reactors are significantly different while the volatile solids are identic. Also, C N ratio, free air space and heat value change after biodrying process. Different initial moisture content causing different duration to dry the organic waste until the moistures reache.