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"Domestic buildings in 36 sqm and 45 sqm were manually examined to see the appropriate window design in supplying recommended ventilation flow rates, which is 30 ach for warm humid regions. The detailed window design to be checked is position, dimension and style of windows. This study showed that in a very slow outdoor windspeed, the indoor air velocity and the amount of air velocity approximately 1 m/s, the small domestic buildings require no one fifth the floor area, as it is known before, but at least one half the floor area. Moving from suburb to city centre, similar buildings design requires more and larger openings in order to meet health and well being of residents."

"Tantangan infeksi pascaoperasi, seperti Surgical Site Infections (SSI) masih menjadi persoalan pada layanan kesehatan. Infeksi ini sering kali disebabkan oleh kontaminasi bakteri yang menempel pada partikel udara di ruang operasi. Untuk mengurangi risiko SSI, salah satu upaya yang dilakukan adalah mendesain sistem venlitasi khusus. Beberapa sistem ventilasi yang biasanya digunakan diantaranya, sistem ventilasi Laminar Airflow (LAF) dan Temperature-Controlled Airflow (TcAF). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis performa LAF dan TcAF dalam menciptakan kebersihan area bedah di ruang operasi serta mengevaluasi pengaruh variasi input kecepatan dan temperatur terhadap efektivitas kebersihan dan konsumsi energi. Penelitian ini memodelkan aliran udara menggunakan model turbulensi RNG k-ε dan melacak pergerakan partikel dengan metode Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT). Analisis konsumsi energi pengoperasian ventilasi yang dikaji fokus pada daya kipas dan kebutuhan pendinginan udara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan temperatur inlet secara signifikan meningkatkan konsumsi energi meskipun menghasilkan pengurangan konsentrasi BCP. Tingkat konsumsi energy pada sistem TcAF lebih tinggi dibandingkan sistem LAF, tetapi pengurangan konsentrasi BCP yang dihasilkan pada sistem TcAF lebih rendah. Optimalisasi parameter ventilasi diperlukan untuk menyeimbangkan kebersihan area bedah dengan efisiensi energi, guna mengurangi risiko infeksi tanpa meningkatkan beban energi secara berlebihan.

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Postoperative infection challenges, such as Surgical Site Infections (SSIs), remain a significant concern in healthcare services. These infections are often caused by bacterial contamination carried by airborne particles in operating rooms. To mitigate the risk of SSIs, one key strategy involves the design of specialized ventilation systems. Commonly employed systems include Laminar Airflow (LAF) and Temperature-Controlled Airflow (TcAF). This study aims to analyze the performance of LAF and TcAF systems in maintaining surgical area cleanliness in operating rooms and to evaluate the influence of variations in inlet air velocity and temperature on cleanliness effectiveness and energy consumption. Airflow modeling in this research utilizes the RNG k-ε turbulence model, while particle movement is tracked using the Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT) method. Energy consumption analysis focuses on fan power and air cooling requirements. The results indicate that reducing inlet temperature significantly increases energy consumption despite achieving lower Bacterial Carrying Particle (BCP) concentrations. TcAF systems exhibit higher energy consumption compared to LAF systems, yet the reduction in BCP concentrations achieved by TcAF is less pronounced. Optimizing ventilation parameters is essential to balance surgical area cleanliness with energy efficiency, thereby reducing infection risks without disproportionately increasing energy demands."