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Abstrak :
Pelabuhan Gresik memiliki infrastruktur yang semakin berkembang dengan pemanfaatan Kawasan Ekonomi Kreatif (KEK) di daerah ini membuat jalur transportasi laut sangat ramai. Salah satu infrastruktur yang ada yaitu utilitas bawah laut, dimana pipa bawah laut merupakan utilitas yang penting di pelabuhan, kegunaannya adalah untuk mengalirkan fluida seperti minyak, gas bahkan limbah. Karena padatnya aktivitas jalur pelayaran di Pelabuhan Gresik menyebabkan kerusakan pipa bawah laut, seperti kegiatan melabuhkan jangkar yang sembarangan. Minimnya informasi terkait keberadaan pipa mengakibatkan jangkar tersangkut pipa sehingga dapat menyebabkan kebocoran/kerusakan bahkan ledakan pada pipa tersebut. Maka dari itu pipa-pipa tersebut perlu dipetakan agar memberikan informasi keberadaan pipa bawah laut kepada pengguna jalur pelayaran laut menggunakan metode magnetik, karena pipa berbahan logam sensitif terhadap magnet. Untuk memperkuat analisis juga digunakan data pendukung yaitu citra side scan sonar untuk mengetahui posisi dan keadaan pipa pada perairan Gresik. Hasil pengolahan data magnetik menunjukkan kehadiran objek berupa jalur pipa dengan nilai anomali magnet tinggi berkisar pada 0.3 nT – 4.2 nT. Jalur pipa tersebut terbentang dari arah Utara sampai Selatan pada daerah penelitian. Analisis dengan data citra sonar dan PLI memberikan informasi berupa letak keberadaan pipa yang berada di atas permukaan bawah laut dengan kedalaman antara 12 - 14 meter dari permukaan laut. Keberadaan pipa tidak mempengaruhi tingkat keamanan lalu lintas pelayaran selama pelayar mematuhi peraturan yang berlaku yaitu Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 6 tahun 2020 tentang Bangunan dan Instalasi di Laut pasal 27 ayat 3a. ......Gresik Port has a growing infrastructure with the use of Kawasan Ekonomi Kreatif (KEK) in this area making sea transportation very busy. One of the existing infrastructures is underwater utilities, where subsea pipelines are an essential utility in ports. They drain fluids such as oil, gas, and even waste. The dense activity of shipping lanes at Gresik Port causes damage to underwater pipes, such as careless anchoring activities. The lack of information regarding the pipe's existence causes the anchor to get caught in the pipe so that it can cause leakage/damage and even an explosion in the pipe. Therefore, these pipes need to be mapped to provide information on the existence of subsea pipelines to sea shipping lane users using the magnetic method, because metal pipes are sensitive to magnetism. To strengthen the analysis, supporting data is also used, namely side scan sonar images to determine the position and condition of the pipe in Gresik waters. The results of magnetic data processing indicate the presence of objects in the form of pipelines with high magnetic anomaly values ranging from 0.3 nT - 4.2 nT. The pipeline stretches from North to South in the study area. Analysis with sonar and PLI image data provides information in the form of the location of the pipe which is above the subsea surface with a depth of 12 meters -14 meters above sea level. The existence of the pipeline does not affect the safety level of shipping traffic as long as the sailor complies with the applicable regulations, namely Government Regulation Number 6 of 2020 concerning Buildings and Installations at Sea Article 27 paragraph 3a.

Abstrak :
Perhitungan optimasi digunakan sebagai data dasar dalam analisis keekonomian, untuk memberikan gambaran seluruh biaya selama investasi. Dan juga manfaat yang diperoleh selama investasi, pajak dan tingkat pengembalian, baik tingkat pengembalian internal IRR maupun tingkat pengembalian minimum MARR. Kemudian ditutup dengan perbandingan manfaat terhadap biaya B/C, sebagai kesimpulan layak atau tidaknya proyek tersebut dikerjakan. ......Optimization calculations are used as basic data in economic analysis, to presents of all costs for investment. And also the benefits for investment, and tax returns, whether internal rate of return IRR and on a minimum rate of return MARR. Then closed with a benefit cost ratio B / C, as a conclusion whether this project is feasible.

Abstrak :
Ramainya lalu lintas pelayaran di perairan Teluk Jakarta akibat keberadaan Pelabuhan Maura Angke dan Pelabuhan Muara Baru menyebabkan tingginya resiko kecelakaan laut di daerah tersebut. Salah satu kecelakaan laut yang mungkin terjadi adalah kebocoran pipa bawah laut akibat jangkar kapal. Kurangnya pengetahuan para pelaut akan posisi pipa tersebut merupakan penyebab umum dari kecelakaan laut tersebut. Selain itu, pipa bawah laut juga sering kali dibangun tanpa adanya kerja sama antar perusahaan pemilik dengan lembaga pemerintahan terkait sehingga letaknya tidak terpetakan dengan baik dalam Peta Laut Indonesia. Maka dari itu, diperlukan pemetaan jalur pipa bawah laut yang lebih lanjut menggunakan metode geofisika seperti metode magnetik. Metode ini dipilih karena selain dapat mengidentifikasi struktur geologi dasar laut juga dapat mendeteksi objek-objek seperti jaringan pipa, kabel optik, dan persenjataan yang terkubur di bawah laut. Data magnetik yang diolah dalam penelitian ini merupakan data sekunder dari Pusat Hidro-Oseanografi TNI AL (PUSHIDROSAL) yang diakuisisi pada tanggal 6 dan 7 September 2021 dengan instrumen Geometrics G-882 Marine Magnetometer pada 46 lintasan. Selain itu, digunakan pula data pendukung yaitu data batimetri dan Peta Laut Indonesia (PLI) no. 86A tahun 2018. Pengolahan data magnetik dilakukan dengan menerapkan koreksi IGRF, transformasi reduce to pole, dan analytic signal. Sedangkan, PLI diolah dengan melakukan digitasi peta kontur batimetri. Dilakukan pula pemodelan 2D dari data magnetik dengan melakukan pemotongan pada 4 titik di peta hasil analytic signal. Melalui hasil pengolahan dan pemodelan 2D, diketahui bahwa terdapat sebuah pipa bawah laut yang terletak serong dari arah Barat Laut hingga Tenggara dengan besar anomali magnetik 2 – 5,6 nT. Kedalaman pipa ini ditentukan dengan data kontur batimetri dan peraturan yang berlaku yaitu diasumsikan sebesar 9 – 11 meter. Di sekitar pipa juga terdapat anomali lain yang berasal dari kabel dan objek yang belum teridentifikasi. Analisis hasil pengolahan dengan peraturan pelayaran yang ada menghasilkan langkah mitigasi keselamatan pelayaran di sekitar pipa, antara lain, kegiatan pelayaran harus mengacu pada PLI serta dalam lego jangkar kapal lebih baik dilakukan di lokasi yang berjarak lebih dari 500 meter dari letak instalasi atau pipa laut. ......The heavy shipping traffic in the waters of Jakarta Bay due to the presence of Maura Angke Port and Maura Baru Port causes a high risk of marine accidents in the area. One of the marine accidents that may occur is a leak of a submarine pipe due to a ship's anchor. The seafarers' lack of knowledge of the position of the pipeline is a common cause of these marine accidents. In addition to that, submarine pipelines are also often built without cooperation between the owner company and the relevant government institutions so that their location is not well mapped in the Indonesian Marine Map. Therefore, further mapping of submarine pipelines using geophysical methods such as magnetic methods is required. This method was chosen because apart from being able to identify the geological structure of the seabed, it can also detect objects such as pipelines, optical cables, and weapons buried under the sea. The magnetic data used in this study is secondary data from the Indonesian Navy's Hydro-Oceanography Center (PUSHIDROSAL), which was acquired on 6 and 7 September 2021 with the Geometrics G-882 Marine Magnetometer instrument on 46 tracks. In addition, supporting data such as bathymetry data and the Indonesian Marine Map (PLI) no. 86A 2018 are used. Magnetic data processing is carried out by applying IGRF correction, reduce to pole transformation, and analytic signal. Meanwhile, PLI is processed by digitizing bathymetric contour maps. 2D modeling of magnetic data was also carried out by cutting 4 points on the map resulting from the analytic signal. Through the results of processing and 2D modeling, it is known that an underwater pipe is located obliquely from the Northwest to the Southeast with a magnetic anomaly of 2 – 5.6 nT. The depth of this pipe is determined by bathymetric contour data, and the applicable regulations are assumed to be 9 – 11 meters. Around the pipe, there are other anomalies originating from cables and objects that have not been identified. The analysis of the processing results with existing shipping regulations results in mitigating steps for shipping safety around the pipeline; shipping activities must refer to PLI, and it is better to do ship anchorage at a location that is more than 500 meters from the installation or marine pipeline.

Abstrak :
Subsea pipelines are used for a number of purposes in the development of subsea hydrocarbon resources as shown in Figure 1.1. A pipeline system can be a single-pipe pipeline system, pipe-in-pipe or bundled system. Normally, the term of subsea flow-lines is used to describe the subsea pipelines carrying oil and gas products from the wellhead to the riser base; the riser is connected to the processing facilities (e.g. a platform or a FPSO). The subsea pipelines from the processing facilities to shore are called export pipelines, while the subsea pipelines from the platform to subsea equipment used to transfer water or chemical inhibiters are called water injection or chemical flow-lines.

Abstrak :
Subsea Pipeline Engineering was the first of its kind, written by two of the world's most respected authorities in subsea pipeline engineering. In the second edition, these industry veterans have updated their definitive reference book, covering the entire spectrum of subjects in the discipline, from route selection and planning to design, construction, installation, materials and corrosion, inspection, welding, repair, risk assessment, and applicable design codes and standards. Particular attention is also devoted to the important specialized subjects of hydraulics, strength, stability, fracture, upheaval, lateral buckling and decommissioning. The book is distilled from the authors' vast experience in the industry and their popular course on Marine Pipeline Engineering

Abstrak :
In most subsea developments, oil and gas productions are transported from subsea well to platform in multiphase flow without separation process. Corrosion represents increasing challenges for the operation of subsea pipelines. Corrosion can be defined as a deterioration of a metal, due to chemical or electrochemical between the metal and its environment. The tendency of a metal to corrode depends on a given environment and the metal type