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"Understanding live cells at the single molecule level is the most important and single major challenge facing biology and medicine today. Opening with an explanation of Materials and Methods, this book then moves through discussions of porosome discovery, calcium and SNARE-induced fusion, and vesicle swelling. "

"Akar Morus alba (murbei) mengandung oksiresveratrol yang memiliki aktivitas pencerah kulit yang potensial. Aplikasi metode ekstraksi ultrasonik dengan urea-gliserin merupakan metode green extraction yang dikembangkan karena metode ekstraksi akar murbei dengan metode konvensional maserasi memiliki kadar oksiresveratrol yang rendah pada penelitian sebelumnya, selain itu perlu dilakukan uji iritasi dan efikasi pencerah kulit karena keamanan dan efektivitas lotion ekstrak akar murbei belum terbukti secara klinis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan kondisi ekstraksi ultrasonik urea-gliserin untuk menghasilkan kadar oksiresveratrol paling tinggi dalam ekstrak mengetahui keamanan dan efektifitas sediaan lotion ekstrak akar murbei sebagai pencerah kulit. Metode ekstraksi menggunakan dua parameter yaitu rasio molar urea:gliserin dan waktu ekstraksi. Aktivitas penghambatan tirosinase diuji secara in vitro. Stabilitas fisik lotion diuji selama 12 minggu. Uji iritasi kulit dilakukan pada 30 wanita dan pengamatan selama 48 jam. Uji efikasi pencerah kulit dilakukan pada 29 wanita, yang mengaplikasikan lotion ekstrak akar murbei selama 28 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi ekstraksi akar murbei dengan rasio molar urea-gliserin (1:3) dan waktu ekstraksi 15 menit menghasilkan ekstrak mengandung oksiresveratrol tertinggi yaitu 2,42 mg/g serbuk simplisia. Nilai IC50 aktivitas penghambatan tirosinase ekstrak akar murbei adalah 178,43 μg/mL. Lotion ekstrak akar murbei stabil secara fisik selama 12 minggu. Lotion ekstrak akar murbei tidak menyebabkan iritasi kulit serta memberikan penurunan signifikan terhadap indeks melanin (p<0,05) setelah 28 hari penggunaan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah metode ekstraksi ultrasonik menghasilkan ekstrak dengan oksiresveratrol lebih tinggi dari metode konvensional pada penelitian sebelumnya, serta lotion ekstrak akar murbei aman dan efektif sebagai pencerah kulit.

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Mulberry (Morus alba) roots contains oxyresveratrol which has potential skin lightening activities. The application of urea-glycerin-based Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) was developed due to the low concentration of oxyresveratrol from mulberry roots extract using conventional extraction, besides that, it is necessary to do an irritation test and efficacy of skin lightening because the safety and effectiveness of mulberry root extract lotion has not been clinically proven. The purpose of this study was to obtain ultrasonic extraction conditions to produce the highest levels of oxyresveratrol in the extract, to determine the safety and effectiveness of mulberry root extract lotion as skin lightening. The extraction method used two parameters, molar ratio of urea:glycerin and extraction time. Tyrosinase inhibition activity was tested in vitro. Physical stability of lotion was tested for 12 weeks. Skin irritation test were performed on 30 women and observed for 48 hours. The efficacy test was performed on 29 women who applied mulberry roots extract lotion for 28 days. The results showed that mulberry root extraction conditions with urea-glycerin molar ratio (1: 3) and 15 minutes extraction time produced extract containing the highest oxyresveratrol which was 2.42 mg / g powder. The IC50 value of tyrosinase inhibitory activity from mulberry roots extract was 178.43 μg/mL. Mulberry roots extract lotion was physically stable for 12 weeks. The skin irritation and efficacy test result indicated that the mulberry roots extract lotion did not cause any skin irritation and significantly decreased the melanin index (p<0.05) after 28 days of use. The conclusion of this study is the UAE method produced mulberry extract with higher oxyresveratrol than conventional method on previous study and lotion of mulberry roots extract was safe and effective as a skin lightening agent."

"This book offers an in-depth analysis of the cell biology of cyanobacteria, a group of phototrophic microorganisms performing an important function in the biosphere. The chapters present the author’s and her colleagues’ pioneering investigations of the ultrastructure of cyanobacteria under high-light and dark conditions, during irradiation by extremely high fluxes of light, in the course of L-transformation and within model associations and natural symbioses with plants. Diverse patterns of ultrastructural change are illustrated in electron micrographs and schematics. The book further introduces a new concept of “bacterial ultrastructural plasticity” - the reversible rearrangement of ultrastructure in response to environmental changes, as a strategy for finding and investigating cell adaptation mechanisms and intraspecies structural diversity of cyanobacteria and other prokaryotes."

"Strobilanthes crispus merupStrobilanthes crispusakan tanaman asli Indonesia yang sering disebut sebagai tanaman kejibeling. Kejibeling merupakan perdu yang memiliki berbagai sifat farmakologi menguntungkan, seperti antikanker, antidiabetik, antimikroba, penyembuhan luka, dan aktivitas antiulserogenik. Sifat-sifat ini ada karena kandungan zat aktifnya, salah satunya senyawa asam fenolat. CUAEE dapat dideskripsikan menggunakan model matematis untuk mendapatkan parameter proses. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan estimasi parameter proses berupa konstanta laju desorpsi ( ), koefisien difusi biner ( ), dan konsentrasi solut awal di dalam partikel (q0). Untuk CUAEE asam fenolat dari Strobilanthes Crispus Model matematis yang digunakan adalah model difusi bola panas yang mempertimbangkan geometri ekstraktor. Namun, mekanisme pelepasan asam fenolat ke dalam pelarut menggunakan pendekatan model desorpsi. Pemodelan dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak COMSOL Multiphysics. Kondisi operasi untuk estimasi parameter proses dilakukan pada suhu 30oC, 40oC, 50oC, dan 60oC. Nilai dan yang didapatkan menurun seiring meningkatnya suhu yaitu 2,15x10-4 s-1, 2,05x10-4 s-1, 1,75x10-4 s-1, 4,25x10-4 s-1 untuk masing-masing kondisi operasi 303K, 313K, 323K dan 333K. Sementara itu, nilai yang didapatkan 8,05x10-6 m2/s untuk 303K, 8,15x10-6 m2/s untuk 313K, 8,20x10-6 m2/s untuk 323K, dan 4,15x10-6 m2/s untuk 333K. Dengan nilai AARD (average absolute relative deviation) sebesar masing-masing 9,242%, 5,311%, 7,807%, dan 5,669%, untuk kondisi operasi 303K, 313K, 313K, dan 333K parameter proses yang didapatkan bisa dikatakan akurat.

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Strobilanthes crispus is a plant native to Indonesia which is often referred to as the kejibeling plant. Kejibeling is a shrub that has various beneficial pharmacological properties, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, wound healing, and antiulserogenic activity. These properties exist because of the content of active substances, one of which is phenolic acid compounds. CUAEE can be described using a mathematical model to obtain process parameters. In this study, the estimation of process parameters in the form of desorption rate constant (kd), binary diffusion coefficient (DAB), and initial solute concentration in the particle (q0) were carried out. For CUAEE phenolic acid from Strobilanthes Crispus The mathematical model used is a hot ball diffusion model which considers the geometry of the extractor. However, the mechanism of phenolic acid release into the solvent uses a desorption model approach. The modeling was carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The operating conditions for the estimation of process parameters were carried out at temperatures of 30oC, 40oC, 50oC, and 60oC. The value of k_d and obtained increases with increasing temperature, namely 2,155x10-4 s-1, 2.05x10-4 s-1, 1.75x10-4 s-1, 4,25x10-4 s-1 for each condition. 303K, 313K, 323K and 333K operations. Meanwhile, the DAB values ​​obtained were 8,05x10-6 m2/s for 303K, 8,15x10-6 m2/s for 313K, 8.20x10-6 m2/s for 323K, and 4.15x10-6 m2/s for 333K. With AARD (average absolute relative deviation) values ​​of 9,242%, 5,311%, 7,807%, and 5,669%,respectively for 303K, 313K, 313K, and 333K operating conditions, the process parameters obtained can be said to be accurate."

"ABSTRAKLejeunea merupakan genus lumut hati berdaun yang memiliki persebaran luas area, termasuk di Kampus Universitas Indonesia. Spesies dari genus memiliki banyak variasi karakter yang tidak terlihat jelas menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi karakter permukaan sel daun Lejeunea spp. secara ultrastruktur, melakukan perbandingan hasil data diperoleh dengan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dan SEM, dan dideskripsikan Lejeunea spp. yang berada di Kampus Universitas Indonesia Depok. Sampel Lejeunea didapat dengan metode free roaming di area kampus Universitas Indonesia Depok. Cara kerjanya adalah dengan mengamati sampel menggunakan mikroskop cahaya, preparasi (fiksasi, pasca fiksasi, dehidrasi, pengeringan, pemasangan), dan observasi menggunakan SEM. Ada 6 spesies Lejeunea spp. yang diamati yaitu L. cocoes, L. anisophylla, L. papilionaceae, L. catanduana, L. curviloba, dan L. exilis. Hasil Pengamatan dengan mikroskop cahaya menunjukkan permukaan sel daun halus. Sedangkan hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan SEM menunjukkan bahwa semua Spesies Lejeunea yang diamati memiliki papila. Lejeunea cocoes memiliki bentuk papila sederhana, sedangkan Lejeunea lainnya memiliki bentuk papila berbentuk kerucut. Sedangkan mammillae hanya ditemukan di Lejeunea catanduana. Dengan dengan demikian, variasi permukaan sel di Lejeunea berpotensi digunakan sebagai karakter taksonomi dalam pengelompokan spesies.ABSTRACTLejeunea is a genus of leafy liverworts that has a wide distribution area, including at the University of Indonesia Campus. The species of the genus have a wide variety of characters that are not clearly visible using a light microscope. Therefore, this study aims to determine variations in the surface character of Lejeunea spp. Ultrastructurally, compared the results of the data obtained using a light microscope and SEM, and described Lejeunea spp. which is at the University of Indonesia Depok Campus. The Lejeunea sample was obtained by using the free roaming method in the campus area of ​​the University of Indonesia, Depok. The way it works is by observing the sample using a light microscope, preparation (fixation, post-fixation, dehydration, drying, installation), and observation using SEM. There are 6 species of Lejeunea spp. which were observed were L. cocoes, L. anisophylla, L. papilionaceae, L. catanduana, L. curviloba, and L. exilis. Observation results with light microscopy showed a smooth leaf cell surface. While the results of the study using SEM showed that all observed Lejeunea species had papillae. Lejeunea cocoes have a simple papilla shape, while other Lejeunea have a cone-shaped papillae. While mammillae are only found in Lejeunea catanduana. Thus, the cell surface variation in Lejeunea has the potential to be used as a taxonomic character in species grouping."

"Pada akhir tahun 2019, telah muncul suatu tipe virus korona baru yaitu SARS-CoV-2 yang menyebabkan pandemik global dengan tingkat kematian yang relatif sangat tinggi. Dikarenakan oleh belum adanya obat maupun vaksin yang efektif untuk mengobati virus ini maka diperlukan suatu senyawa yang bisa menginhibisi protein yang berperan dalam infeksi virus SARS-CoV-2. Virus SARS-CoV-2 terdiri dari beberapa protein penyusun. Salah satu protein yang berperan penting adalah protein nukleokapsid (NP). Protein ini berperan dalam proses transkripsi maupun replikasi dari RNA virus SARS-CoV-2. Oleh karena itu, protein ini memiliki potensi untuk dijadikan target protein yang akan diinhibisi. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan pemanfaatan senyawa bahan alam yang dapat menginhibisi protein target tersebut sehingga dapat mengurangi dampak dari pandemik global ini. Struktur tiga dimensi (3D) dari NP dimodel melalui sekuen yang diunduh melalui basis data GenBank. Struktur protein kemudian dioptimisasi dan dikarakterisasi untuk mengetahui keakurasian struktur hasi homologi model. Kemudian, penapisan dilakukan terhadap basis data senyawa bahan alam yang berasal dari NPASS dengan menggunakan Astex’s Rule of Three (RO3) dan sifat toksisitas untuk mendapatkan senyawa fragmen. Kemudian dilakukan simulasi penambatan molekul senyawa-senyawa fragmen ini terhadap sisi ikat dari NP menggunakan perangkat lunak MOE 2014.09. Kemudian setelah didapatkan delapan ligan terbaik, ligan-ligan tersebut ditumbuhkan dengan menggunakan proses penumbuhan fragmen yang menghasilkan 14.332 senyawa yang nantinya akan dievaluasi melalui simulasi penambatan molekul sekali lagi. Simulasi ini menghasilkan 40 ligan terbaik dengan nilai energi bebas Gibbs terendah terhadap struktur ptorein. Ligan terpilih diprediksi sifat farmakologinya secara komputasi, dan menghasilkan 2 ligan (CFG-17 dan NFG-11) yang memiliki sifat farmakologis yang baik. Kedua ligan ini divalidasi interaksinya dengan menggunakan simulasi dinamika molekul dan menunjukkan stabilitas interaksi yang baik sebagai kandidat obat untuk terapi SARS-CoV-2.

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The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus caused a global pandemic that affects the worldwide. Because of the lacking effective prescribed drugs or vaccines as a therapeutic strategy, there is a need to identify a novel inhibitor to inhibit a protein that plays a vital role in the infection of SARS-CoV-2. The Nucleocapsid protein (NP) of the SARS-CoV-2 is a protein that is necessary for viral RNA replication and transcription. Thus, in this study, a three-dimensional (3D) NP structure was modeled using the protein sequences of NP obtained from the GenBank database. After that, the modeled protein structure was characterized and optimized. The natural compound databases obtained from the NPASS database were screened based on Astex’s Rule of Three and toxicity filter to gain lead-like fragments. The filtered fragments were docked into the binding site of the NP utilizing MOE 2014.09 software. Then potential eight potential lead-like fragments were grown to generate 14,332 new ligands by utilizing DataWarrior software. Then molecular docking simulation was performed once again with the same protocol as the first molecular docking simulation. The simulation resulted in 40 best ligands with the lowest value of Gibbs free energy binding to NP. The selected ligands were subjected to the computational pharmacological properties prediction using several tools and resulted in two compounds candidate with favorable interaction and ADME-Tox properties. Then these two compounds were further analyzed with the molecular dynamic simulation."

"Penelitian kriopreservasi spermatozoa ikan patin albino bertujuan untuk menganalisis ultrastruktur, fisiologi, dan molekuler spermatozoa ikan patin albino pasca kriopreservasi. Kriopreservasi dilakukan pada suhu -80°C selama 14 hari menggunakan kombinasi krioprotektan intraseluler yaitu metanol 10% dan krioprotektan ekstraseluler yaitu susu skim. Hasil ultrastruktur spermatozoa menunjukkan bahwa pada spermatozoa segar bagian membran sel kepala, mid piece, dan bagian flagel masih dalam kondisi utuh dan baik. Ultrastruktur spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi nampak ada perbesaran lebar dan panjang kepala spermatozoa dibandingkan spermatozoa segar, walaupun secara struktur masih tampak utuh. Ultrastruktur spermatozoa pasca pencairan tampak terjadi kerusakan membran bagian kepala dan flagel. Hasil pengukuran morfometri spermatozoa menunjukkan adanya peningkatan lebar kepala spermatozoa yaitu 1,59 µm pada spermatozoa segar menjadi 1,97 µm pada spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi dan 2,40 µm pada spermatozoa pasca pencairan. Demikian pula, terdapat perubahan panjang kepala spermatozoa yaitu 3,70 µm pada spermatozoa segar menjadi 3,81 µm pada spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi, dan 3,90 µm pada spermatozoa pasca pencairan. Analisis viabilitas spermatozoa didapatkan penurunan viabilitas spermatozoa pasca pencairan (61±2,30%) dibandingkan spermatozoa segar (92±0,58%) dan spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi (80±3,51%). Analisis fisiologi spermatozoa didapatkan penurunan fungsi mitokondria pada spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi (57±7%) dan spermatozoa pasca pencairan (42±3,2%) dibandingkan spermatozoa segar (98±2%). Analisis motilitas spermatozoa menunjukkan penurunan motilitas spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi (79±4,5%) dan spermatozoa pasca pencairan (30±3,2%) dibandingkan spermatozoa segar (87±1,5%). Penetasan telur pasca 24 jam fertilisasi pada perlakukan spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi didapatkan hasil lebih tinggi (64±17%) dibandingkan spermatozoa segar (38±4%), sedangkan spermatozoa pasca pencairan tidak ditemukan ada penetasan telur. Analisis molekular spermatozoa pada gen CO1 dan SOD2 didapatkan jumlah lesi gen SOD2 spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi yaitu 15,83 lesi / 10 kb dan spermatozoa pasca pencairan yaitu 17,14 lesi / 10 kb. Lesi gen CO1 pada spermatozoa pasca ekuilibrasi yaitu 9,24 lesi / 10 kb dan spermatozoa pasca pencairan yaitu 10,26 lesi / 10 kb. Sehingga disimpulkan kriopreservasi spermatozoa berpengaruh terhadap ultrastruktur, fisiologi, dan molekuler spermatozoa ikan patin albino.

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Research of cryopreservation on albino Pangasius catfish spermatozoa aims to analyze about ultrastructure, physiology, and molecular spermatozoa of albino Pangasius catfish post cryopreservation. Cryopreservation was carried out at -80°C for 14 days using a combination of intracellular cryoprotectants which is 10% methanol and extracellular cryoprotectant which is skim milk. The results of the spermatozoa ultrastructure showed that the cell membrane of the spermatozoa head, the midpiece, and the flagellum of fresh spermatozoa were still intact and good. The spermatozoa ultrastructure after post equilibration, shown enlargement of the head width and length compared to the fresh spermatozoa, although structurally were still intact. The ultrastructure of frozen-thawed spermatozoa, appeared a membrane damage at the head and flagellum. The results of spermatozoa morphometric measurements showed an increase at the head width of spermatozoa from 1.59 µm in fresh spermatozoa to 1.97 µm in post-equilibration spermatozoa and 2.40 µm in frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Similarly, there was an increase in the head length of spermatozoa, from 3.70 µm in fresh spermatozoa, to 3.81 µm in post-equilibration spermatozoa, and 3.90 µm in frozen-thawed spermatozoa. The viability analysis showed a decrease of frozen-thawed spermatozoa viability (61±2.30%) compared to fresh spermatozoa (92±0.58%) and post-equilibration spermatozoa (80±3.51%). The analysis physiology of spermatozoa showed a decrease in mitochondrial function in post equilibration spermatozoa (57±7%) and frozen-thawed spermatozoa (42±3.2%) compared to fresh spermatozoa (98±2%). The analysis of motility of spermatozoa showed a decrease in post equilibration spermatozoa (79±4.5%) and frozen-thawed spermatozoa (30±3.2%) compared to fresh spermatozoa (87±1.5%). Egg hatching after 24 hours of fertilization for the post-equilibration spermatozoa was higher (64±17%) than fresh spermatozoa (38±4%), whereas frozen-thawed spermatozoa were not hatched. The analysis of molecular on CO1 and SOD2 genes obtained the number of gene lesions in the spermatozoa SOD2 gene after equilibration were 15.83 lesions/10 kb and frozen-thawed were 17.14 lesions/10 kb. The CO1 gene lesions in post-equilibration spermatozoa were 9.24 lesions/10 kb, while the CO1 gene lesions in frozen-thawed spermatozoa were 10.26 lesions/10 kb. It can be concluded that there is an effect of cryopreservation on ultrastructure, physiology, and molecular in spermatozoa of albino Pangasius catfish."

"This book provides a detailed account of the physico-chemical properties and biological functions of the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of different pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. It also includes an authentic record of the first systematic study that discovered the mechanism of OMV formation by a pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, and proposed that the process represented a novel secretory activity of bacteria. Furthermore, the authors present clinical and laboratory data on the use of OMVs as immunogens, as effective and licensed vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B infections and on the development of more effective vaccines against other human and animal pathogens including Vibrio cholerae. This volume thus bears witness to the emerging revolution in the field of vaccines against pathogens and closes with a discussion of open questions and future research on OMVs."