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"[Latar Belakang : Pelarut organik, Toluena luas digunakan dalam industri dan dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada berbagai organ termasuk hati. Tujuan dari studi ini untuk meneliti efek pajanan inhalasi akut toluena pada berbagai dosis rendah terhadap hati tikus Wistar jantan.Metode : Tiga puluh ekor hewan coba dibagi menjadi lima kelompok. Satu kelompok sebagai kelompok kontrol dan empat kelompok diberikan pajanan toluena masing-masing 1,6 cc, 3,2 cc, 6,4 cc, 12,8 cc selama 4 jam/hari selama 14 hari terus menerus. Pada hari ke 14, hewan coba didekapitasi, untuk pemeriksaan Malondialdehid (MDA) Hati, MDA Plasma (metode Will’s) dan Histopatologi Hati (pewarnaan Hematoxilin Eosin).Hasil : Rerata kadar MDA Hati antar kelompok pajanan berbeda bermakna (p=0,009). Perbedaan bermakna terlihat pada kelompok pajanan 6,4 cc dan 12,8 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok pajanan 1,6 cc dan 3,2 cc. Perbedaan bermakna juga terlihat pada kelompok 6,4 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Rerata kadar MDA Plasma antar kelompok pajanan tidak berbeda bermakna (p=0,118). Rerata skor gambaran Histopatologi Hati antar kelompok pajanan berbeda bermakna (p<0,001). Perbedaan bermakna terlihat pada kelompok pajanan 3,2 cc, 6,4 cc dan 12,8 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol dan kelompok pajanan 1,6 cc. Perbedaan bermakna juga terlihat pada kelompok pajanan 6,4 cc dibandingkan dengan kelompok pajanan 3,2 cc dan pada kelompok pajanan 12,8 cc dibandingkan kelompok pajanan 6,4 cc. Pajanan toluena berkorelasi bermakna positif dengan kadar MDA Hati, kadar MDA Plasma dan gambaran Histopatologi Hati (r=0,415: p=0,025, r=0,416: p=0,025, r=0,719: p<0,001).Kesimpulan : Pajanan akut toluena dosis rendah pada tikus Wistar jantan menunjukkan kerusakan sel yang ditandai dengan kenaikan kadar MDA Hati, skor gambaran Histopatologi Hati yang bermakna masing-masing mulai pada dosis pajanan 6,4 cc (setara dengan 50 ppm), 3,2 cc (setara dengan 25 ppm) dan menunjukkan korelasi positif kuat antara pajanan toluena dengan skor gambaran Histopatologi Hati., Background: An organic solvent, Toluene is widely used in industry and can cause disordes in various organs including the liver. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of acute inhalation exposure to toluene at various low doses of the male Wistar rat liver.Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. One group as a control group and four groups were exposed to toluene 1.6 cc, 3.2 cc, 6.4 cc, 12.8 cc respectively for 4 hours/day for 14 days continuously. On the 14th day, the animals were decapitated, for examination of Liver Malondialdehyde, Plasma Malondialdehyde (Will's method) and Liver Histopathology (Haematoxylin-eosin staining).Results: The mean Liver MDA levels between exposure groups were significant differences (p=0,009). The significant differences were observed in the 6,4 cc and 12,8 cc exposured group compared to the 1,6 cc and 3,2 cc exposure group. The significant differences were observed in the 6,4 cc exposure group compared to the control group also. The mean Plasma MDA levels between groups were not significant differences (p=0.118).. The mean Liver Histopathology feature between groups were significant differences (p<0,001). The significant differences were observed in the 3,2 cc, 6,4 cc and 12,8 cc exposure group compared to the control group and 1,6 cc exposure group. The significant differences were observed in the 6,4 cc exposure group compared to 3,2 cc and in the 12,8 cc exposure group compared to 6,4 cc exposure group also. Toluene exposure was positively significantly correlated with Liver Malondialdehyde level, Plasma Malondialdehyde level and Liver Histopathology feature (r = 0.415: p = 0.025, r = 0.416: p = 0.025, r = 0.719: p <0.001).Conclusions: Low doses toluene acute exposure in male Wistar rats showed cell damage characterized by increased Liver Malondialdehyde level, Liver Histopathology feature score that statistically significant started at exposure dose of 6.4 cc (equivalent with 50 ppm), 3.2 cc (equivalent with 25 ppm), respectively and showed strong positive correlation between toluene exposure and Liver Histophatology feature score.]"

"Toluendiisosianat (TDI) merupakan salah satu komponen dalam pembuatanpropelan yang pembuatannya dilakukan dalam beberapa tahapan. Salah satunyaadalah tahap pembuatan toluendiamin (TDA). Dengan berhasilnya dibuat TDA makaakan semakin dekat dengan penguasaan pembuatan TDI dan akan menjadi mandiridalam mengadakan bahan-bahan pembuatan propelan (tidak bergantung pada impor).TDA dihasilkan melalui proses hidrogenasi dinitrotoluen (DNT) menggunakan pelarutmetanol dan katalis nikel. Reaksi hidrogenasi ini dilakukan dalam reaktor pada suhusekitar 120 oC dan tekanan sekitar 400 psig. Produk yang diperoleh dianalisamenggunakan alat FTIR. Hasil analisa produk reaksi menunjukkan adanya gugus khasTDA pada frekuensi serapan IR 3417,86 cm-1."

"Latar belakang: Toluena banyak digunakan secara luas di bidang industri. Pajanan toluena perinhalasi dapat menyebabkan peningkatan lipid peroksidase melalui mekanisme stress oksidatif , dengan petanda biologis malondialdehid (MDA) dan perubahan jumlah sel clara dan sel pneumosit tipe II. Metode penelitian : Desain yang dipilih adalah true eksperimental. Sebanyak 30 ekor tikus Wistar jantan usia 3 bulan dengan berat badan 200 – 250 gram, dibagi menjadi lima kelompok pajanan secara alokasi random, yaitu kelompok kontrol; 1,6 ml; 3,2 ml; 6,4 ml; 12,8 ml; dan yang masing-masing terdiri dari 6 ekor tikus. Pajanan melalui inhalasi dengan cara menyemprotkan toluena cair ke dalam akuarium, disertai penambahan dosis tiap jam sesuai dengan perhitungan aliran udara dan volume akuarium. Pajanan dilakukan selama 4 jam per hari selama 2 minggu. Hasil : Dosis pajanan memiliki pengaruh terhadap dengan kadar MDA paru (p=0,004). Dosis pajanan memiliki pengaruh bermakna terhadap jumlah sel pneumosit tipe II (p=0,002) dan tidak berpengaruh bermakna terhadap jumlah sel clara (p=0,077). Kesimpulan : Dosis pajanan toluena di bawah NAB menyebabkan peningkatan kadar MDA jaringan paru dan peningkatan sel pneumosit tipe II tetapi menyebabkan penurunan jumlah sel clara.

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Background: Toluene has been widely used in many industries. Inhalation toluene can cause increasing of lipid peroxidase through oksidatif stress mechanism, with MDA as biology biomarker, and the changing of clara cell also type II pneumocyt cell count.

Method : The design is true eksperimental. Thirty adult male Wistar rats, three months old, 200-250 gram, are divided into five groups by allocation random : control; 1,6 cc; 3,2 cc; 6,4 cc; 12,8 cc, and each group consists of six rats. Exposure is given by injecting liquid toluene into chamber with the addition of dose per hour related to calculation of air flow and chamber volume for four hours per day, in two weeks.

Results : Toluene doses exposure is statistically significant to lung MDA level (p=0,004) and type II pneumocyt cell count (p=0,002) and statistically not significant to clara cell count(p=0,077).

Conclusion: Toluene doses exposure below TLV can cause increasing of lung MDA level and type II pneumocyt cell count, in otherwise, decreasing of cell clara count."

"Toluena yang bersifat lipofilik dapat menyebabkan gangguan irama, fibrosis jaringan interstitial serta pembentukan vakuola lipid. Pajanan toluena perinhalasi dapat menyebabkan stress oksidatif pada miokardium melalui pembentukan Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) yang akan memicu stress oksidatif dengan pembentukan lipid peroksidase sehingga membentuk malondialdehyde (MDA) yang dapat terdeteksi pada miokardium.Tujuan: mengetahui tingkat pajanan toluena pada dosis rendah di bawah ambang batas yang menyebabkan kenaikan nilai MDA miokardium dan kenaikan jumlah vakuola lipid.Metoda: Penelitian menggunakan 30 ekor tikus Wistar jantan usia 3 bulan dengan berat badan 150 - 200 gram, dibagi secara acak sederhana menjadi satu kelompok kontrol dan empat kelompok intervensi yang diberikan pajanan toluena 1,6 ml, 3,2 ml, 6,4 ml, 12,8 ml masing-masing terdiri dari 6 ekor tikus. Pajanan diberikan per inhalasi dengan cara menyemprotkan toluena cair ke dalam akuarium, disertai penambahan dosis tiap jam sesuai dengan perhitungan aliran udara dan volume akuarium. Pajanan dilakukan selama 4 jam per hari dalam14 hari berturut-turut. Pada akhir penelitian dianalisa kenaikan nilai MDA miokardium dan jumlah vakuola lipid. Secara mikroskopik vakuola lipid yang mengalami pergeseran inti ke tepi, dihitung dalam 10 lapang pandang.Analisis data: Uji Oneway ANOVAdigunakan untuk mencari kebermaknaan tingkat pajanan toluena dengan nilai MDA miokardium serta tingkat pajanan toluena dengan jumlah vakuola lipid.Hasil: Rata-rata tingkat pajanan ada hubungan bermakna secara statistik terhadap nilai MDA miokardium yaitu antara kelompok pajanan 12.8 ml dengan kontrol (p=0.024), kel. 12.8 ml dengan kel. pajanan 6.4 ml (p=0.002) dan kel. 12.8 ml dengan kel. 3.2 ml (p=0.002). Sedangkan rata-rata tingkat pajanan tiap kelompok tidak ada hubungan bermakna terhadap rata-rata jumlah vakuola lipid (p=0.248).Kesimpulan: Tingkat pajanan toluena dibawah nilai ambang batas menyebabkan kenaikan kadar MDA miokardium pada kelompok pajanan 1,6 ml (12,5 ppm) sampai dengan 6,4 ml (50 ppm). Tidak terdapat kenaikan jumlah vakuola lipid pada tikus Wistar jantan.

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Lipophilic nature of toluene can cause rhythm disturbances, interstitial fibrosis problems and disturbances in forming lipid vacuoles. Toluene exposure through inhalation can cause oxidative stress in the myocardium to form Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which will trigger oxidative stress with the formation of lipid peroxide and forming Malondialdehyde (MDA) which can be detected in the myocardium.

Objective: To determine the level of exposure to toluene at low doses below the threshold that causes the increase in value of myocardial MDA and increase in the number of lipid vacuoles.

Method: The study used 30 male Wistar rats aged 3 months weighing 150-200 grams, were divided randomly into a control group and four intervention groups which were given exposure to toluene at 1.6 ml, 3.2 ml, 6.4 ml, 12.8 ml, each consisting of 6 rats. Exposure is done through inhalation by spraying liquid toluene into the tank, along with addition doses per hour according to the calculation of the air flow and the volume of the aquarium. Exposure is done for 4 hours every day in 14 consecutive days. At the end of the study, the increase in myocardial MDA value and number of lipid vacuoles is analyzed. On a microscopic level, lipid vacuoles which experience shiftednucleus to the edge are counted in 10 visual fields.

Data Analysis: Oneway ANOVA is used to find the significance level of toluene exposure with myocardial MDA values and exposure levels of toluene by the number of lipid vacuoles.

Results: The average level of exposure is statistically significant to the myocardium MDA value, which is between 12.8 ml exposure group with the control (p = 0.024), 12.8 ml exposure group with 6.4 ml exposure group (p = 0.002), and 12.8 ml exposure group with 3.2 ml exposure group (p = 0.002). While the average level of exposure for each group has no significant relation to the average number of lipid vacuoles (p = 0.248).

Conclusion: The level of toluene exposure below the threshold value causes an increase in myocardial MDA levels in the exposure group of 1.6 ml (12.5 ppm) to 6.4 ml (50 ppm), but the group of 12.8 ml (100 ppm), a decrease in the value of MDA transpires. There was no increase in the number of lipid vacuoles in male Wistar rats."

"Latar belakang : Toluena merupakan zat pelarut sering digunakan di berbagai industri seperti dalam pembuatan cat, lem dan lainnya. Toluena mempunyai sifat lipofilik dan memberikan efek toksik ke beberapa organ seperti sistem saraf pusat. Pada tahap biomolekuler, toluena merubah struktur lipid pada membran sel, sehingga terjadi peningkatan kadar MDA plasma dan jaringan. Pada Sistem Saraf Pusat, toluena bisa melewati sawar otak dan menyebabkan gangguan pada serebelum otak sehingga dapat meningkatkan kadar MDA serta terjadi perubahan struktur pada dinding sel astrosit. Metode : Untuk mengetahui efek pajanan toluena selama 14 hari dengan dosis dibawah nilai ambang pada organ serebelum otak, dan dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar MDA serebelum otak, serta kerusakan dari sel Astrosit, menggunakan lima kelompok tikus jenis Wistar jantan dengan pajanan sebesar 1,6 ml; 3,2 ml; 6,4 ml; 12,8 ml; dan kelompok kontrol tanpa pajanan. Hasil: Analisis uji nilai kadar MDA serebelum otak menggunakan One Way Anova dengan hasil tidak ada perbedaan rerata (p=0.133) antar kelompok pajanan dengan kelompok kontrol, dan analisis jumlah sel Astrosit dengan menggunakan One Way Anova didapatkan (p=0,310) dengan hasil tidak ada perbedaan antar kelompok pajanan. Kesimpulan : Tidak ada perbedaan rerata pada kelompok pajanan pada nilai MDA serebelum Otak maupun jumlah Sel Astrosit yang terpajan toluena dengan dosis dibawah nilai ambang.

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Backgrounds : Toluene is a solvent commonly used in various industries such as in the manufacture of paint, glue and others. Toluene has lipophilic properties and toxic effects to some organs such as the central nervous system. At this stage of biomolecular, toluene alters the structure of the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in an increased of plasma and tissue levels of MDA. In the Central Nervous System, toluene can cross the blood brain barrier and cause a disruption in the cerebellum of the brain, thereby increasing the levels of MDA and structural changes in the structure of astrocytes’ cells.

Methods : To determine the effect of toluene exposure for 14 days at doses below the threshold value on the organ brain cerebellum and cerebellar MDA examination of the brain, as well as causing damage to Astrocytes cells, using five groups of male Wistar rats with four types of exposure of 1.6 ml; 3.2 ml; 6.4 ml; 12.8 ml; and a control group without exposure.

Results : MDA value analysis test brain cerebellum using One Way Anova showed no significance mean difference (p = 0.133) between the exposed group and the control group. From the analysis of the number of cells Astrocytes using One Way Anova that obtained (p = 0.310) with no difference in outcomes among exposed groups.

Conclusion : There was no significance difference in the group mean exposure to MDA values and the number of cells of the cerebellum Brain Astrocytes exposed to toluene at a dose below the threshold value."

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Di Indonesia toluena merupakan zat kimia yang banyak digunakan dalam bidang industri saat ini. Nilai Ambang Batas (NAB) menurut Surat Edaran Menteri Tenaga Kerja No. SE-01/MEN/1997 untuk toluena adalah 50 ppm. Toluena dapat mempengaruhi seluruh organ baik secara akut maupun kronis termasuk proses spermatogenesis. Data pajanan toluena yang mempengaruhi spermatogenesis masih terbatas dan kontroversial.Metode: Disain penelitian menggunakan true experimental dengan mencari hubungan antara variabel bebas dosis pajanan (toluena) dengan variabel terikatnya yaitu kadar malondialdehyde (MDA) di dalam jaringan darah, testikel serta jumlah sel spermatogonia A tikus wistar jantan. Proses pajanan dibagi menjadi lima kelompok yang berbeda (12,5 part permillion [ppm], 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, dan kontrol dengan pemajanan dilakukan 4 jam tiap hari selama 14 hari. Penilaian MDA menggunakan metodeperiodic acid Schiff (PAS) dan perhitungan Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A menggunakan rumus Abercrombie.Hasil: Pemajanan toluena secara statistik bermakna (p=0.005) menyebabkan penurunan terhadap Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A. Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A sudah mulai mengalami penurunan pada pajanan toluena 12,5 ppm. Pada uji korelasi Spearman didapatkan r=-0.683 dan p<0.001 antara tingkat pajanan toluena dengan Jumlah Sel Spermatogonia A.Kesimpulan: Pemajanan toluena selama 2 minggu sebesar 12,5 ppm sudah dapat menganggu sel Spermatogenia A.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Currently in Indonesia, toluene is a chemical that is widely used in the industrial field. Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for toluene according to the Minister of Labour Circular Letter No. SE-01 /MEN/1997 is 50 ppm. Toluene can affect all organs of both acute and chronic, including the process of spermatogenesis. The availability of data regarding the toluene exposure which can affect the spermatogenesis is still limited and therefore it is also still controversial.Methods: This study is a true experimental research design aimed to find the correlation between the independent variable, which is the exposure dose (toluene) and the dependent variable, i.e. the of level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood tissue and testicles, and the number of spermatogenia A cells of male Wistar rats. Exposure process is divided into five distinct groups (12.5 parts permillion [ppm], 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and control, where the rats are exposed 4 hours per day for 14 days). MDA level is assessed by using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method. Testical staining is done by using the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and numbers of the spermatogenia A cells are calculated by using the Abercrombie formula.Results: This study indicates that toluene exposure significantly led to a reduction of the number of spermatogenia A cells (p=0.005). Number of spermatogenia A cells has started to decline at 12.5 ppm of toluene exposure. Spearman correlation test between the toluene exposure levels and the number of spermatogenia A cells shows r=0.683 (p<0.001).Conclusion: Toluene exposure for 2 weeks at 12.5 ppm has appeared to be able to disrupt the number of spermatogenia A., Introduction: Currently in Indonesia, toluene is a chemical that is widely used in the industrial field. Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for toluene according to the Minister of Labour Circular Letter No. SE-01 /MEN/1997 is 50 ppm. Toluene can affect all organs of both acute and chronic, including the process of spermatogenesis. The availability of data regarding the toluene exposure which can affect the spermatogenesis is still limited and therefore it is also still controversial.Methods: This study is a true experimental research design aimed to find the correlation between the independent variable, which is the exposure dose (toluene) and the dependent variable, i.e. the of level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood tissue and testicles, and the number of spermatogenia A cells of male Wistar rats. Exposure process is divided into five distinct groups (12.5 parts permillion [ppm], 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and control, where the rats are exposed 4 hours per day for 14 days). MDA level is assessed by using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) method. Testical staining is done by using the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and numbers of the spermatogenia A cells are calculated by using the Abercrombie formula.Results: This study indicates that toluene exposure significantly led to a reduction of the number of spermatogenia A cells (p=0.005). Number of spermatogenia A cells has started to decline at 12.5 ppm of toluene exposure. Spearman correlation test between the toluene exposure levels and the number of spermatogenia A cells shows r=0.683 (p<0.001).Conclusion: Toluene exposure for 2 weeks at 12.5 ppm has appeared to be able to disrupt the number of spermatogenia A.]"

"Benzaldehida merupakan senyawa organik yang banyak digunakan sebagai senyawa antara dalam industri farmasi, parfum, pewarna, dan makanan. Dalam mensintesis benzaldehida, oksidasi toluena pada fasa cair dengan katalis merupakan metode yang mudah dan efektif untuk dilakukan. Pada penelitian ini disintesis katalis TiO2 nanosheets dan TiO2 nanorods dengan metode hidrotermal, kemudian diimpregnasi oleh logam Cu menjadi Cu/TiO2 nanosheets dan Cu/TiO2 nanorods dengan metode sol-immobilisasi. Katalis yang disintesis kemudian diuji performanya untuk oksidasi selektif toluena menjadi benzaldehida. TiO2 nanosheets memiliki performa katalis terbaik dalam menghasilkan konversi toluena sebesar 63,40% dan Cu/TiO2 nanosheets memiliki performa katalis terbaik dalam mengasilkan selektivitas benzaldehida sebesar 18,33%. Katalis yang terbentuk dikarakterisasi menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Spektroskopi Raman, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), dan Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). Kadar hasil oksidasi diukur menggunakan Gas Chromatography (GC).

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Benzaldehyde is an organic compound that is widely used as an intermediate compound in the pharmaceutical, perfume, dye, and food industries. In synthesizing benzaldehyde, oxidation of toluene in the liquid phase with a catalyst is an easy and effective method to do. In this research, TiO2 nanosheets and TiO2 nanorods were synthesized using hydrothermal method, then followed by impregnation of Cu metal to form Cu/TiO2 nanosheets and Cu/TiO2 nanorods using the sol-immobilization method. The catalysts was carried out for the selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde. TiO2 nanosheets has the best catalyst performance in producing toluene conversion of 63,40% and Cu/TiO2 nanosheets has the best catalyst performance in producing benzaldehyde selectivity of 18,33%. The formed catalysts were characterized using using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). Oxidation product levels were measured using Gas Chromatography (GC)."

"Toluena adalah bahan kimia yang banyak digunakan sebagai bahan dasar dan pelarut di bidang industri. Toluena bersifat neurotoksik, dapat menembus sawar darah-akson sehingga dapat menyebabkan gangguan di sistim saraf pusat serta saraf tepi termasuk di saraf optik. Pada penelitian sebelumnya pajanan inhalasi kronis toluena dosis tinggi pada tikus dapat meningkatan kadar malondialdehyde (MDA). Penelitian eksperimental ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pajanan toluena terhadap saraf optik, dengan pemeriksaan kadar MDA plasma, MDA saraf optik dan histopatologi saraf optik. Tiga puluh tikus wistar jantan dibagi menjadi lima kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok pajanan toluena 12.5 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, dan 100 ppm selama 4 jam/hari dalam waktu 2 minggu. Kondisi lingkungan dipertahankan pada suhu berkisar 25oC-32oC dengan kelembaban relatif 30%-70 % Pemeriksaan kadar MDA plasma dan MDA saraf optik dilakukan dengan metode Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS). Penilaian histopatologis saraf optik dengan pewarnaan biru toluidin dan mikroskop cahaya. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan perbedaan median nilai histopatologi saraf optik (p<0.001) yang bermakna antar kelompok. Nilai histopatologi saraf optik mulai menunjukan perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok dengan pajanan toluena 50 ppm. Tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata kadar MDA saraf optik yang bermakna antar kelompok pajanan toluena (p=0.056). Pajanan toluena menyebabkan degenerasi akson dan fibrosis pada saraf optik tikus.

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Toluene is a widely used chemical, mostly as basic material and as a solvent in industry. Toluene is neurotoxic, can penetrate the blood-axons barrier that can cause disturbances in the central nervous system and peripheral nerves including the optic nerve. In previous study, chronic inhalation exposure of rats to toluene in high doses can cause elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA).

The objective of this experimental study is to determine the effects of toluene exposure in the optic nerve, by examining the levels of plasma MDA, optic nerve MDA and optic nerve histopathology. Thirty male wistar rats were divided into five groups: control group, 12.5 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm toluene exposure groups, exposure was 4 hours/day for a period of 2 weeks. The environment (temperature and humidity) was kept in 25oC-32oC and 30%-70%. Measurement of plasma MDA and optic nerve MDA level was conducted by using Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS). The optic nerve histopathologic was assessed by using toluidine blue staining and light microscopy.

The result showed there were significant differences in the optic nerve histopathology score (p<0.001) between groups. Optic nerve histopathology score began to show significant differences in the group with 50 ppm toluene exposure. No significant differences were found in the mean levels of optic nerve MDA between groups (p=0.056). Toluene exposure causes degeneration of axons and fibrosis in the rat optic nerve."

"Penggunaan bahan kimia telah berkembang luas pada berbagai sektor industri baik formal maupun non-formal, termasuk industri mebel. Produk dengan bahan kimia dipakai untuk membantu meningkatkan kualitas dan keindahan produk mebel. Cat, thiner, dan pelitur adalah produk berbahan kimia yang biasa dipakai dalam pembuatan mebel. Toluene adalah komponen atau campuran bahan kimia utama yang terdapat dalam cat, thinner, dan pelitur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Menganalisis tingkat risiko pajanan Toluene pada karyawan bengkel mebel X di Jatinegara. Untuk menentukan tingkat resiko, Sample toluene di udara diambil mengunakan Coconut Shell Charcoal lalu dianalisis dengan Gas Chromatography untuk mendapatkan nilai konsentrasi toluene. Konsentrasi toluene tertinggi berada di titik 5 yaitu area cat kursi sebesar 22.975 mg/m³. Berdasarkan perhitungan RQ pada 33 pekerja di bengkel mebel, didapatkan bahwa untuk pajanan realtime sebanyak 61% pekerja memiliki risiko kesehatan non karsinogenik karena nilai RQ > 1. Sedangkan menururt perhitungan RQ lifetime, didapatkan bahwa 88% dari 33 pekerja memiliki risiko kesehatan non karsinogenik karena nilai RQ > 1.

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Use of chemical has grown wider at various sectors in formal and non-formal including furniture industry. Those chemicals were used to improve the quality and beauty of furniture products. Paint, thiner, and varnish are the chemical product that commonly used in the furniture. Toluene is the major chemical contained in paint, thinner, and varnish.

This study attempts to analyze the risk levels of risk exposure on employees of furniture workshop ?X? in Jatinegara. To determine the risk levels, coconut shell charcoals were used in air sampling, and then were analyzed with gas chromatography to get toluene concentration. Highest toluene concentration was at painting area, 22.975 mg/m³.

Based on RQ realtime calculation, there were 61% of workers having non carcinogenic health risk because the value of RQ > 1. Acording to RQ lifetime calculation, got that 88% of 33 workers having non carcinogenic health risk because the value of RQ > 1."

"Latar Belakang: Pekerja mebel di Kelurahan Pondok Bambu adalah pekerja informal yang dalam pekerjaannya terpajan dengan pelarut organik seperti toluen. Telah terbukti adanya pengaruh pajanan toluen terhadap kejadian gangguan penghidu. Belum ditemukan prevalensi gangguan penghidu akibat pajanan kimia di tempat kerja di Indonesia. Gangguan penghidu ini sering kali tidak dikeluhkan oleh penderita. Menurunnya fungsi penghidu dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan dan keselamatan pekerja karena akan terus menginhalasi zat kimia berbahaya. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang. Subjek adalah pekerja mebel di RW 01, Kelurahan Pondok Bambu yang berjumlah 44 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan fungsi penghidu dengan Sniffin Sticks dan pemeriksaan kadar lingkungan toluen dengan personal sampling. Hasil: Dari 44 subjek, 37 (84,1%) dari mereka mengalami gangguan penghidu, yang termasuk kategori risiko pajanan tinggi adalah 14 (31,8%) orang dan yang berisiko pajanan rendah 30 (68,2%) orang. Sebanyak 13 (92,9%) subjek yang berisiko tinggi mengalami gangguan penghidu, sedangkan yang berisiko rendah 24 (80%). Tidak didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna antara kedua kelompok dengan terjadinya gangguan penghidu. Median Kadar toluen rata-rata adalah 0,48 ppm (0,002 – 7,72). Didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara kebiasaan merokok dengan gangguan penghidu, p = 0,02, OR = 26,4 ( IK 95% 1,59 - 453,77). Variabel lain seperti kebiasaan minum alkohol, gejala rinitis kronik dan riwayat atopi tidak ada yang secara signifikan berhubungan dengan gangguan penghidu. Kesimpulan: Kejadian gangguan penghidu pada subjek penelitian ini tidak berhubungan dengan besar risiko pajanan toluen di tempat kerjanya tetapi berhubungan dengan kebiasaan merokok.

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Background: Workers at the furniture industry of Pondok Bambu village are informal workers who may be occupationally exposed to organic solvents such as toluene. The influence of toluene exposure on smell disorders has been proven. The prevalence of smell disorders due to chemical exposure in the workplace in Indonesia is not yet been found. Occupational- related smell disorder is rarely complained by the patient. Decreasing of smelling function can affect the health and safety of workers as he will continue to inhale harmful chemicals.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. 44 subjects recruited from the furniture industry in RW 01, Pondok Bambu village were studied. Data were collected through interviews, physical examination, quantitative smell function test with Sniffin Sticks and personal sampling airborne toluene levels measurement.

Results: Among the fourty-four studied subjects, 37 (84.1%) subjects had smell disorder. Fourteen (31.8%) of them were categorized as high-risk exposure group and 30 (68.2%) as low-risk exposure group. Thirteen (92.9%) subjects from the high-risk exposure group had smell disorder, whereas from the low-risk group were 24 (80%) subjects. Exposure risk status was not statistically significant with smell disorder. The median score of airborne toluene levels is 0.48 ppm (range from 0.002 to 7.72). Smoking habit was the only variable that statistically significant with smell disorder, p = 0.02, OR = 26.4, (95% CI 1.59 to 453.77). Other variables such as alcohol consumption, chronic rhinitis symptoms and atopic history were not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The smell disorders on the studied subjects is not associated with the exposure risk to toluene in the workplace but related to smoking habit."