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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Selulosa telah diisolasi dari jerami padi dengan proses penghilangan lignin, hemiselulosa dan bleaching dalam satu tahapan reaksi. Pada penelitian ini, rendemen selulosa hasil isolasi yang diperoleh 36,95 %. Kemudian selulosa hasil isolasi dari jerami padi dilakukan kopolimerisasi dengan asam akrilat dan akrilamida sebagai monomer, kalium persufat sebagai inisiator dan N,N‟ dimetil-bis-akrilamida sebagai pengikat silang. Kemudian, campuran tersebut dicampurkan bentonit sebagai bahan komposit dan kopolimerisasi dilakukan selama 2 jam pada suhu 70oC. Kapasitas swelling terbaik, baik dalam air maupun urea dengan konsentrasi 200 ppm adalah pada selulosa hasil isolasi dengan kapasitas swelling berturut-turut sebesar 427,94 g/g dan 410,07 g/g. Kapasitas release air dan urea dari superabsorben yang paling baik adalah pada selulosa murni dengan kapasitas release berturut-turut yaitu 67,452% dan 41,140%. Kinetika swelling dan release superabsorben selulosa jerami padi tercangkok poli(Asam akrilat-ko-akrilamida)/Bentonit mengikuti orde reaksi pseudo kedua dan memiliki persamaan laju reaksi v = k[Absorbat]2. Karakterisasi selulosa dan superabsorben dilakukan dengan spektroskopi FTIR untuk analisis gugus fungsi, XRD untuk analisis pola difraksi, SEM untuk melihat morfologi permukaan superabsorben, dan DSC untuk analisis ketahanan termal. Karakterisasi selulosa dan superabsorben dilakukan dengan spektroskopi FTIR untuk analisis gugus fungsi, XRD untuk analisis pola difraksi, SEM untuk melihat morfologi permukaan hidrogel, dan DSC untuk analisis ketahanan termal. Proses absorpsi mengikuti model isoterm adsorpsi Freundlich. Studi termodinamika proses absorpsi urea oleh superabsorben komposit selulosa jerami tercangkok poli (asam akrilat-ko-akrilamida)/bentonit berlangsung spontan dengan nilai ΔG˚ negatif, ΔH˚ sebesar 4,996 kJ/mol dan ΔS˚ sebesar 268,79 J/mol.

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ABSTRACT
Cellulose had been isolated from rice straw with removal hemicellulose and lignin process and bleaching. In this study, the average rendement of cellulose isolated from rice straw obtained 36,95%. Then cellulose isolated from rice straw was copolymerized using acid acrylate and acrylamide as a monomer, Pottasium persulfat as inisiator and N,N‟ dimethyl-bis-acrylamide as crosslinking. This mixture was mixed with bentonite as composite materials and copolymerization was further carried out for 2 hours at 70oC. Swelling capacity of superabsorbent for cellulose isolated was the best in water and urea solution (200 ppm), with the swelling capacity were 427,94 g/g and 410,07 g/g, respectively. Release capacity of superabsorbent for pure celullose was the best, and the release capacity were 67,452% and 41,140% for water and urea solution respectively. urea at 681,26 g/g, the water release at 69,716% and 12,318% release of urea. Kinetics of swelling and release produced by rice straw superabsorbent cellulose grafted poly(arylic acid-co-acrylamide)/bentonite is followed pseudo second-order reaction and has a rate equation v=k[Absorbate]2 . Characterization of cellulose and superabsorbent by FTIR for the analysis of functional groups, XRD diffraction pattern for analysis, SEM to look at the morphology of the superabsorbent‟s surface, and DSC for analysis of thermal resistance. Absorption process fitted well with Freundlich isoterm model. Thermodynamics studies showed that absorption process of urea by superabsorbent composite of cellulose form rice straw grafted poly(AA-ko-Aam)/bentonite was spontaneously with negative value of ΔG˚, ΔH˚ 4,996 kJ/mole and ΔS˚ 268,79 J/mole.

Abstrak :
We suggest a chemical model for the composition and atmospheric processing of mixed organic-inorganic aerosol. The PITZER model was modified and parameterized to better describe atmospheric relevant conditions and mixture compositions. Using the wide range of data for the following systems containing malonic acid (H2Malo): H+? Na+? HMalo-? Cl-?H2Malo ? H2O and H2Malo ? H2SO4? H2O. With these modifications the activities of inorganic salt solutions and acids are well represented up to high ionic strength. The first model is a result of mixtures containing NaCl, water and either malonic acid, succinic, oxalic, glutaric or adipic at room temperature. The parameterization of direct inorganic/organic interactions strongly improves the agreement between experimental and modelled activity coefficients for the diacids/ water/ salt solutions. The system compositions are given in terms of ions in the cases where acid dissociation was considered. Tropospheric aerosols contain a mixture of inorganic salts, acids, water and organic compounds. An interaction between neutral or charged components in such a mixture leads to discrepancies from ideal thermodynamic behavior. Using component activities instead of molar concentrations one can co unt for this non idea behavior.

Abstrak :
This book is a comprehensive examination of the large number of possible pathways for converting biomass into fuels and power through thermochemical processes. The book brings together a widely scattered body of information into a single volume that allows comparison of the various thermochemical pathways. The thermochemical processes considered include combustion, gasification, fast pyrolysis, hydrothermal treating, and catalytic conversion of sugars. The book also includes chapters on the upgrading of syngas and bio-oil to liquid transportation fuels, and the economics of the various processes for producing fuels and power"-- Provided by publisher.