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Abstrak :
Dengan tingkat kemacetan mencapai 53%, membuat masyarakat DKI Jakarta membutuhkan moda transportasi alternatif untuk meminimalisir waktu tempuh. Dengan menggabungkan perkembangan teknologi informasi dan konsep ojek, maka lahirlah transportasi alternatif yaitu ojek daring. Konsep ojek daring yang menggunakan bantuan teknologi dalam memilih penumpang serta hingga rute perjalanan yang dilalui, membuat pengemudi ojek daring tidak bergantung pada pengetahuan ruang pribadi dan memiliki ruang yang tidak terbatas. Hal ini membuat teritorialitas sebagai strategi spasial untuk mempengaruhi, mengontrol dengan bentuk tingkah laku spasial antara individu dengan lingkungannya lebih kompleks. Sehingga fokus penelitian ini difokuskan pada pengemudi ojek daring dalam bagaimana membangun, membentuk serta mengontrol teritorialitas dan bagaimana faktor teknologi informasi spasial dari perusahaan ojek daring mempengaruhinya. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Jalan Pancawarga I, Kelurahan Cipinang Besar Selatan, Jakarta Timur. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif spasial yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan pola teritorialitas pengemudi ojek daring. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa pola teritorilitas pengemudi ojek daring di Jalan Pancawarga I memiliki pola kontinuitas. Dengan daya kenal lingkungan pengemudi sangat mempengaruhi pola teritorialitas. Pada daya kenal lingkungan yang kuat memiliki pola teritorialitas dengan tingkat kontinuitas yang tinggi. Sedangkan daya kenal lingkungan lemah memiliki pola kontinuitas yang lemah. Faktor teknologi informasi spasial mempengaruhi pola teritorialitas pengemudi ojek daring dalam mengontrol serta mempertahankan teritorinya berdasarkan ciri-ciri pelayanan yang dilakukan oleh pengemudi. ......With a congestion level reaching 53%, the people of DKI Jakarta need alternative modes of transportation to minimize travel time. By combining the development of information technology and the concept of motorcycle taxis, an alternative transportation was born, namely online motorcycle taxis. The concept of online motorcycle taxis, which uses technical assistance in selecting passengers as well as the route they travel, makes online motorcycle taxi drivers not dependent on their environment knowledge and have unlimited space. This makes territoriality a more complex spatial strategy to influence and control the form of spatial behavior between individuals and their environment. So the focus of this research is focused on online motorcycle taxi drivers in how to build, shape and control territoriality and how the factors of spatial information technology from online motorcycle taxi companies influence it. This research was conducted at Pancawarga I Street, Cipinang Besar Selatan Sub-district, East Jakarta. By using a spatial descriptive qualitative method that is used to explain the territorial patterns of online motorcycle taxi drivers. In this study it was found that the territorial pattern of online motorcycle taxi drivers on Pancawarga I Street has a pattern of continuity. The driver’s environmental knowledge greatly influences territorial patterns. With a strong environmental knowledge, it has a territorial pattern with a high degree of continuity. Meanwhile, low environmental knowledge has a low pattern of continuity. The spatial information technology factor affects the territorial patterns of online motorcycle taxi drivers in controlling and maintaining their territory based on the characteristics of the services done by the driver.

Abstrak :
Kawasan Pasar Tanah Abang merupakan kawasan yang lukratif. Tidak heran apabila di kawasan ini terjadi pengklaiman dan penguasaan ruang oleh berbagai kelompok dengan tujuan tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji praktik-praktik klaim ruang oleh kelompok-kelompok penguasa Kawasan Pasar Tanah Abang serta memetakan teritori yang terbentuk. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Data didapatkan melalui studi literatur, observasi dan wawancara. Metode analisis yang diterapkan yaitu triangulasi sumber data. Analisis spasial dilakukan dengan menelaah mental maps ataupun sketsa lapang hasil observasi dan wawancara. Berdasarkan penelitian, ada dua bentuk praktik klaim ruang yang dilakukan oleh kelompok-kelompok penguasa di Kawasan Pasar Tanah Abang. Pertama, yaitu klaim langsung dengan cara meletakkan objek, simbol, atau tanda pada ruang. Kedua, yaitu klaim melalui kerjasama dengan pemilik lahan. Batas ruang terwujud dalam bentuk objek-objek seperti bendera, spanduk, tiang, pagar dan tembok. Untuk kelompok formal seperti ormas, batas ini mudah diidentifikasi karena tercantum simbol kelompok yang jelas. Sementara untuk kelompok kecil informal, batas ruang lebih sulit diidentifikasi karena tidak memiliki simbol kelompok. Teritori kelompok ada yang terbentuk mengikuti jalan dan ada yang berbentuk area yang tidak dilewati jalan. Kelompok yang teritorinya mengikuti jalan biasanya saling berbatasan langsung satu sama lain, sementara kelompok yang teritorinya berbentuk area cenderung lebih terpisah dari kelompok-kelompok lain. Secara umum, tempat-tempat yang paling menjadi incaran kelompok penguasa adalah tempat yang dekat dengan pusat keramaian seperti gedung-gedung pasar dan stasiun. Hal ini sebab setiap kelompok memiliki motif ekonomi. Selain motif ekonomi, beberapa kelompok juga memiliki motif sosial dalam melakukan klaim ruang. Kelompok dengan motif sosial memiliki tempat kumpul resmi di teritorinya, yakni berupa pos atau kantor. ......Tanah Abang Market area is a lucrative area. Thus, it is plausible that there are groups, with certain goals, who would attempt to claim and control this area. This study aims to examine the practices of space claims by the ruling groups of the Tanah Abang Market Area and to map the territories that formed. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through literature study, observation, and interviews. The analytical method applied was a triangulation of data sources. Spatial analysis was carried out by examining mental maps or field sketches from observations and interviews. Based on the research, there were two forms of space claims done by the ruling groups in this area. The first was direct claims by placing objects, symbols, or signs in space. The second was claims through mutual partnerships with the landowners. Space boundaries were manifested in the form of objects such as flags, banners, poles, fences, and walls. For formal groups such as mass organizations, these boundaries were easy to identify because the group's symbols were displayed. For informal small groups, their boundaries were more difficult to identify because they did not depict the group's identity. Some groups' territories run parallel to the main roads, while others formed as an area without any road passing through it. Groups whose territory runs parallel to the main roads were located directly adjacent to or near each other. Groups whose territory was in the form of areas tend to be more separate from other groups. In general, the places most targeted by them were those with close proximity to the crowds, such as the market buildings and the train station. This was because each group has economic motives. Apart from it, some groups also have social motives. Groups with social motives tend to have official meeting places in their territory, in the form of a guardhouse or office.

Abstrak :
Adanya ruang publik memberikan beragam manfaat untuk kehidupan sosial, ekonomi hingga politik dalam suatu masyarakat. Salah satu manfaat adanya ruang publik adalah sebagai tempat usaha pedagang kaki lima. Penempatan dalam menjajakan produk/dagangannya didalam suatu ruang atau wilayah memiliki pola yang sama setiap harinya dan terlihat teratur sesuai patok (penanda) yang ditinggalkan. Serta ada perbedaan konsentrasi di sepanjang jalur tersebut. Dari pola ini terlihat adanya negosiasi dan kesepakatan antara beberapa pihak seperti aktor penguasa untuk menetapkan dan mengatur atas pembagian wilayah atau teritorialitas. Kanal Banjir Timur (KBT) dipilih sebagai wilayah penelitian karena menjadi salah satu ruang publik yang peruntukannya dimanfaatkan oleh para pedagang kaki lima dengan jumlah sangat besar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pola serta alasan pemilihan tempat berdagang PKL secara spasial dan mengkaji bagaimana PKL dan penguasa pasar KBT dalam mengklaim wilayah kekuasaannya.. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan metode observasi lapang, wawancara mendalam dan analisis deskripstif. Penetapan informan dengan cara mewawancarai gate keeper terlebih dahulu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan Pola persebaran pedagang kaki lima yang berada di Wilayah Kanal Banjir Timur memiliki pola intensifikasi, yaitu setiap lokasi atau wilayah mempunyai berbagai macam variasi produk atau barang. Sedangkan alasan pemilihan tempat yang dipilih oleh mayoritas pedagang kaki lima adalah jarak tempat tinggal, sumber daya listrik dan sarana fisik dagang. Keterkaitan pemilihan tempat berdagang pedagang kaki lima terhadap teritorialitas di Wilayah Kanal Banjir Timur adalah mengenai keamanan dan kenyamanan peraturan. Hal ini tersirat dari beberapa pedagang kaki lima yang memilih tempat di paguyuban tersebut karena peraturan-peraturan dan tanda kebesaran paguyuban atau komunitas tersebut.

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The presence of public spaces provides many benefits for social, economic, and political lives in a society. One of the public space benefits is as a place for street vendors to operate. Placement in selling products in a place or area has the same daily pattern and appear as organized according to the marks left. Concentration difference is also present along the path. From this pattern, one can observe negotiations and agreements between several parties, such as ruler actors determining and regulating the area distribution or territoriality. The Kanal Banjir Timur (KBT) was chosen as the study site because it is a public space utilized by street vendors in a considerable number. The study aimed to analyze the pattern and reason behind street vendor selling place selection spatially and review how street vendors and KBT ruler actors claim their territories. The study was a qualitative study using the field observation method, in-depth interviews, and descriptive analysis. Informant selection was conducted by firstly interviewing the gatekeeper. The study result demonstrates the street vendor distribution pattern in the Kanal Banjir Timur area, with an intensification pattern, where each location or area has various products or goods. Meanwhile, the reasons behind the location selection by most vendors were the distance from residence, electrical resources, and physical trade facilities. The association between selling place selection and territoriality in the Kenal Banjir Timur area was safety and comfort of regulations. It was implied by several street vendors selecting the place in such an association because of the regulations and status symbol of the association or community

Abstrak :
People have been drawing lines on maps for as long as there have been maps to draw on. Sometimes rooted in physical geography, sometimes entirely arbitrary, these lines might often have looked very different if a war or treaty or the decisions of a handful of tired Europeans had gone a different way. By telling the stories of these borders, we can learn a lot about how political identities are shaped, why the world looks the way it does - and about the scale of human folly. From the Roman attempts to define the boundaries of civilisation, to the secret British-French agreement to carve up the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, to the reason why landlocked Bolivia still maintains a navy, this is a fascinating, witty and surprising look at the history of the world told through its borders

Abstrak :
Abstract: This book explains how animals use chemical communication, emphasising the evolutionary context and covering fields from ecology to neuroscience and chemistry.

Abstrak :
"Power, position, property. That's been the name of the game throughout human history. And the urge to gain new territory -- or keep what's already been acquired -- certainly shows up in our daily work lives. The workplace, in fact, is ablaze with battles over information, relationships, and authority -- and everyone is fighting for psychological survival. These turf wars are some of the most productivity- and morale-squashing activities that employees engage in. Territorial Games analyzes 10 of these insidious and instinctual acts of gamesmanship -- such as camouflage...occupation...shunning...intimidation -- and it supplies positive strategies for combating territorial behavior. Written from the perspective of a behavioral scientist and drawn from in-depth interviews with corporate managers, the book explains how to: * understand the roots of territoriality * recognize the signs and symptoms of territorial games * focus on organizational goals rather than individual turf wars * promote teamwork throughout an organization * apply counterstrategies to change destructive behavior."