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Abstrak :
Faktor-faktor yang mempengamhi tinggi nyala dn stabititasfnyala bahan bakar LPG_Propana dan Mefhana yang keluar dari tabung pembakaran pada tekanan dan temperatur atmosphere diselidiki secara eksperimental. Tinggi nyala pada penelitian ini diteliti berdasarkan stabilitas intemal (variasi campuran bahan bakar dengan udara), serta pengaruh difusi thermal dan difusi masse terhadap tinggi nyala tersebut. Percobaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan peralatan bunsen bumer dengan tabung ganda, diameter tabung Iuar adalah 30 mm dan 3 variasi diameter tabung dalam do 14 , 16 dan 22 mm, dan menghasilkan kecepatan keluar tabung antara 0.81 hingga 2.1 mls serta tinggi nyafa hingga 32 cm. Dari penelitian ini didapat formula sederhana untuk memprediksi tjnggi nyala bahan bakar gas-gas tersebut diatas dalam ekpresi Lid., = C.Le?°.Yf"? Fr? dimana Le (bilangan Lewis) = odD (difusi thermal/ difusi masse) _ Yf (fraksi masa bahan bakar) dan Fr (biiangan Froud) _ Dan berdasarkan Iuas daerah stabititas nyala nampak bahwa dari ketiga bahan bakar methana dengan luas area terkecil menunjukan kurang stabil dibandingkan propane maupun LPG.

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The Laminar premixed Fuel air ilame height issuing from a straight tube into quiesent air at atmospheric and temperature are investigated, the fuel which is used are LPG, Propana and Methana. Flame height are obsewed based on intemal stability, thermal diffusivity, mass diffusivity, ratio of nozzel outlet velocity to the outlet diameter, the Froud number and the fuel mass fraction Yf_ Double tube nozzel outer tube with diameter 30 mm and three different nozzel diameters do of 14,16 and 22 mm have been used. This resulted in outlet velocities ug varying from 0.81 up to 2.1 mls, tlame heights up to 32 cm. From this experiments newly developed expression for flame height prediction in temi of L/do é C. Le".Yf" Fr°, Where C = Constant ; Le = Lewis _number Yf = mass fraction and Fr = Froud number.

Abstrak :
Indonesia adalah negara berkembang yang masih bergantung pada bahan bakar minyak. Gas bumi adalah salah satu sumber energi yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif masa depan Indonesia. Kondisi pipa trasnmisi gas di Indonesia masih terbatas. Indonesia membutuhkan jalur pipa baru. Proyek pembangunan jaringan pipa gas baru membutuhkan dana dari investor. Interest Rate of Return (IRR) merupakan metode tingkat pengembalian investasi suatu proyek. IRR pada proyek pembangunan jaringan pipa gas baru besarnya lebih kecil sekitar 2% daripada proyek sejenis. Kecilnya IRR pada proyek pembangunan pipa gas baru membuat investor tidak tertarik untuk berinvestasi. Penelitian ini mengacu pada Peraturan Badan Pengatur Hilir Minyak dan Gas Bumi (BPH Migas) Nomor 8 Tahun 2013 Tentang Penetapan Tarif Pengangkutan Gas Bumi Melalui Pipa. Insentif Interest Rate of Return (IRR) hanya diberikan pada proyek jaringan pipa transmisi yang akan/sedang dibangun. Jalur pipa yang digunakan adalah Semarang-Cirebon. IRR dihitung dari Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) ditambahkan insentif IRR. Tarif angkutan gas bumi ditetapkan berdasarkan target IRR. Investasi pipeline Semarang-Cirebon adalah sebesar US$ 351.011.043. Insentif IRR 2,40 % memeberikan keuntungan tambahan sebesar Rp 3.639.428.454/tahun dan kenaikan tarif angkutan gas bumi sebesar 1,53 %. ......Indonesia is a development country which uses many oil fuels. Natural gas is one of Indonesian future alternative energy sources. Condition of transmission pipe in Indonesia is limit. Indonesian need many new transmission pipe routes. Project of a new pipe route need debt from many investors. Interest Rate of Return (IRR) is a method to calculating the interest rate from project infestation. The project has IRR which is too less than other typically project. The IRR makes investors don’t interest to give the capital of debt. This study is based on Peraturan Badan Pengatur Hilir Minyak Dan Gas Bumi Nomor 8 Tahun 2013 Tentang Penetapan Tarif Pengangkutan Gas Bumi Melalui Pipa. Incentive of Interest Rate of Return (IRR) is only received to new project of transmission pipeline. That is located from Semarang up to Cirebon. Target of IRR is calculated from Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) and incentive of IRR. Natural gas toll fee is determined from it. The result shows US$ 351.011.043 of total investment. The 2,40% of IRR’s incentive give increasingly Rp 3.639.428.454/year of profit and 1,53% of natural gas toll fee.

Abstrak :
Engineering tribology, is an established introductory reference focusing on the key concepts and engineering implications of tribology. Taking an interdisciplinary view, the book brings together the relevant knowledge from different fields needed to achieve effective analysis and control of friction and wear. Updated to cover recent advances in tribology, this new edition includes new sections on ionic and mesogenic lubricants, surface texturing, and multiscale characterization of 3D surfaces and coatings. Current trends in nanotribology are discussed, such as those relating to lubricants, coatings and composites, and geotribology is introduced.

Abstrak :
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) has been well-known as an established detection technique for trace gas molecules and analytical instruments based on this technique are already commercially available. Practical applications to combustion control and emission monitoring for incinerators and industrial furnaces often involve considerations about the technique?s capability to cope with such harsh measuring environmental conditions as high temperature, high pressure and high humidity. In this study, we theoretically describe the laser modulation spectroscopy technique and discuss practical applicability of the technique through a comparison between laboratory experimental results and theoretical calculations by the use of a molecular spectroscopic database, stressing on hydrogen chloride (HCl) measurement for exhaust gas of incinerators. Under experimental condition of elevated temperature, observed absorption line strength deduced by the second harmonic absorption spectrum of HCl in the first overtone region shows good agreement with theoretical prediction. This result indicates that variation of absorption signal due to temperature variation of flue gas can be compensated if gas temperature is simultaneously obtained.

Abstrak :
This book presents an overview of the characterization of electronic waste. In addition, processing techniques for the℗ℓrecovery of℗ℓmetals, polymers and ceramics are described. This book serves as a source of information and as an educational technical reference for practicing scientists and engineers, as well as for students

Abstrak :
Helium Cryogenics, 2nd edition brings these advances in helium cryogenics together in an updated form. As in the original edition, the author's approach is to survey the field of cryogenics with emphasis on helium fluids. This approach is more specialized and fundamental than that contained in other cryogenics books, which treat the associated range of cryogenic fluids. As a result, the level of treatment is more advanced and assumes a certain knowledge of fundamental engineering and physics principles, including some quantum mechanics. The goal throughout the work is to bridge the gap between the physics and engineering aspects of helium fluids to provide a source for engineers and scientists to enhance their usefulness in low-temperature systems.

Abstrak :
Mechanical design engineering Handbook is a straight-talking and forward-thinking reference covering the design, specification, selection, use and integration of machine elements fundamental to a wide range of engineering applications. Develop or refresh your mechanical design skills in the areas of bearings, shafts, gears, seals, belts and chains, clutches and brakes, springs, fasteners, pneumatics and hydraulics, amongst other core mechanical elements, and dip in for principles, data and calculations as needed to inform and evaluate your on-the-job decisions. Covering the full spectrum of common mechanical and machine components that act as building blocks in the design of mechanical devices, Mechanical Design Engineering Handbook also includes worked design scenarios and essential background on design methodology to help you get started with a problem and repeat selection processes with successful results time and time again.