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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dapat diatasi dengan manajemen gaya hidup dan obat lini pertama seperti metformin, akan tetapi efektivitasnya menurun apabila sering digunakan. Obat golongan inhibitor DPP-4 menjadi perhatian karena mampu mengontrol gula darah lebih baik serta mampu mengatasi kekurangan obat lini pertama, meskipun dapat menyebabkan efek samping lain akibat ketidakselektivitasnya. Dalam rangka memperoleh senyawa inhibitor DPP-4 baru, dirancang untuk disintesis senyawa 2-([4-okso-(2-{N-metilpiperazin-1-il}metil)kuinazolin-3-il]amino)benzonitril. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memperoleh senyawa antara tahap 1 dan tahap 2 dari rancangan tersebut. Pertama, asam antranilat direaksikan dengan penambahan bromoasetilbromida secara perlahan pada suhu 0⁰C, diaduk dan dibiarkan selama 12 jam pada suhu ruang. Kedua, senyawa hasil sintesis tahap 1 direaksikan dengan N-metilpiperazin menggunakan refluks selama 4-5 jam pada suhu 57ºC. Senyawa hasil sintesis dilakukan pemurnian dan diuji kemurniannya menggunakan KLT dan titik lebur serta dielusidasi menggunakan FT-IR Hasil elusidasi menunjukkan bahwa gugus amida dan ikatan C-Br telah terbentuk dan hasil elusidasi pada sintesis tahap 2 menunjukkan bahwa ikatan C-Br tidak teramati dan muncul ikatan C-N, C-H alifatik dan gugus karboksilat terionisasi. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, senyawa tahap 1 dan tahap 2 telah berhasil disintesis, akan tetapi perlu dianalisis dengan teknik spektroskopi lainnya.

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ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus type 2 can be overcome by having life management and taking first-line drugs, such as metformin, but the effectivity decreases when it is used frequently. Some DPP-4 inhibitors become a concern because they can control glucose levels better, and overcome the side effects of first-line drugs, however, it can cause other side effects. In order to obtain new DPP-4 inhibitor compounds, the compound are designed to be a synthesized 2-([2-({N-methlpiperazine-1-yl}methyl)-4-oxoquinazolin-3-yl]amino)benzonitrile compound. The purpose is to obtain intermediate compounds of stages 1 and 2. First, anthranilic acid is reacted by slowly adding bromoacetylbromide at 0⁰C, stirred, and left for 12 hours at room temperature. Second, the stage 1 compound is being reacted with N-methylpiperazine by reflux for 4-5 hours at 57⁰C. The synthesized compounds are purified and evaluated using TLC, and melting point, and elucidated using the FT-IR. Elucidation results shows that the amide group and the C-Br bond has been formed and results for stage 2 synthesis shows that the C-Br bond was not observed and the C-N bond, aliphatic C-H bond, and ionized carboxylic groups were emerged. Based on the results, the compounds have been successfully synthesized, but need to be examined by other spectroscopic techniques.

Abstrak :
Pada penelitian ini digunakan variasi prekursor senyawa azida aromatik untuk menyintesis turunan 1,4-dihidropiridin dan variasi prekursor senyawa aldehida aromatik untuk menyintesis 1,4-dihidropiridin triazol hibrida kalkon. Pada sintesis 1,4- dihidropiridin bermotif 1,2,3-triazol melalui reaksi propargilasi, kondensasi Hantzsch, dan sikloadisi azida-alkuna, sedangkan pada sintesis hibrida 1,4-dihidropiridin kalkon bermotif 1,2,3-triazol melalui reaksi kondensasi Claisen-Schmidt. Sintesis menggunakan variasi prekursor dengan tujuan membandingkan hasil yield produk dan keberhasilan sintesis dengan mengubah struktur senyawa induknya. Produk-produk pada penelitian ini diharapkan bisa menjadi referensi dalam menyintesis suatu senyawa kalkon baru dengan gugus dihidropiridin dan triazol sebagai cincin penghubung. Didapatkan massa dan yield produk : dihidropiridin-triazol etil 4-benzoat (0,258 g; yield 94,37%), dihidropiridin- triazol-4-asetil (0,539 g; yield 93,90%), dihidropiridin-triazol-kalkon(tiofena) (0,054 g; yield 32,33%), dihidropiridin-triazol-ka lkon(t rans-s inam aldeh ida) (0,096 g; yield 57,48%). Produk-produk senyawa tersebut dikarakterisasi dengan instrumen titik leleh, FTIR, LC-MS/MS, dan NMR. Dengan demikian maka variasi dari azido aromatik tidak terlalu berpengaruh terhadap yield produk dihidropiridin-triazol, sedangkan variasi aldehida aromatik berpengaruh terhadap yield produk dihidropiridin-triazol-kalkon. ......In this study, a variety of aromatic azide compound precursors were used to synthesise 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives and a variety of aromatic aldehyde compound precursors to synthesise 1,4-dihydropyridine triazole hybrid chalcones. In the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine patterned 1,2,3-triazole through propargylation reaction, Hantzsch condensation, and azide-alkyne cycloaddition, while in the synthesis of 1,4- dihydropyridine chalcone hybrid patterned 1,2,3-triazole through Claisen-Schmid t condensation reaction. The synthesis used a variety of precursors with the aim of comparing product yields and the success of synthesis by changing the structure of the parent compound. The products in this study are expected to be a reference in synthesising a new chalcone compound with dihydropyridine and triazole groups as connecting rings. The mass and yield of the products: dihydropyridine-triazole ethyl 4-benzoate (0.258 g; yield 94.37%), dihydropyridine-triazole-4-a cety l (0.539 g; yield 93.90%), dihydropyridine-triazole-chalcone(thiophene) (0.054 g; yield 32.33%), dihydropyridine- triazole-chalcone(trans-cinnamaldehyde) (0.096 g; yield 57.48%). The products were characterised by melting point, FTIR, LC-MS/MS, and NMR instruments. Thus, the variation of aromatic azido does not affect the yield of dihydropyridine-triazole product, while the variation of aromatic aldehyde affects the yield of dihydropyridine-triazole- chalcone product.

Abstrak :
Pachydermin, an oxylated tetramic acid with 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent, was isolated from Chamonixia pachydermis plant, a basidiomycete of New Zealand. Its degradation product exhibits antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, and the derivatives of pachydermin are anticipated to have similar potentials. In this work, a novel approach to synthesize 3-methyl-5-nitrobenzyl β,β-diketoester was developed as a derivative of the natural product pachydermin. The synthetic route began with the synthesis of N-benzylated β,β-diketoester as the key structural moiety, from glycine methyl ester as the starting material. subsequently, oxalyl subunit was inserted, as well as other acyl/alkyl subunits at C-3 position of the β,β-diketoester ring via acylation/alkylation reactions leading to the required intermediates towards pachydermin and its derivatives. alkene functionalities at C-5 position could then be introduced using different alkyl or aryl aldehydes, with the aid of different bases which included diisopropylamine, NaH, Et3N, K2CO3 as well as ionic liquids. insertions of methyl and 4-nitrobenzylidene functionalities at C3- and C5-positions, respectively, were highlighted for the synthesis of the target derivative. selective decarboxylation, ester hydrolysis and N-benzyl deprotection should lead to the required target compound and derivatives. all the synthesized compounds were confirmed by the mass spectroscopy (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Abstrak :
Wild mud crabs of the genus, Scylla paramamosain were acclimatized in tanks in the AKUATROP hatchery. eye stalk ablation was applied on the mud crabs before transferring them into a recirculating aquaculture system, where they were fed marine fish, squid and cockles for a period of one month until they produced eggs. The larvae which hatched out were placed in different larval tanks with continuous aeration. Larvae were fed daily with artemia. the density of larvae culture was 100-300 individuals per liter. the peritrich ciliates found on megalopa larva of mud crabs, Scylla paramamosain were Zoothamnium alrashedi and Myoschiston duplicatum and an unidentified peritrich ciliate. Mangrove leaf extract of Rhizophora apiculata showed that it is capable of being an anti- protozoan product as the zooids of the peritrich ciliates dropped off after treatment with the extract. the breeding tanks were kept clean, probiotics was introduced with plenty of aeration. green water system was activated to ensure plenty of natural food namely rotifers to ensure moulting of megalopa larva into crablet larva.

Abstrak :
In his thesis, Xiaoyu Sun conducts the first total synthesis of all possible stereoisomers of plakortide E and also confirms the absolute configuration of natural plakortide E. Xiaoyu Sun subsequently converts plakortide E methyl ester to plakortone B in a biomimetic conversion. Construction and functionalization of cyclic peroxides are notoriously difficult due to the very low O-O bond dissociation energy. Plaktoride E is isolated from the Jamaican marine sponge platorits halichondrioides and contains a five-membered peroxide ring, with oxygen atoms linked to tertiary C4 and C6 centers. The methodology used for synthesizing highly substituted cyclic peroxides is novel and useful, and not only extends the field of Pd-catalyzed reactions, but also provides a convenient synthetic approach for the preparation of the 1,2-dioxolanes series. Plakortide E and plakortone B are bioactive, which means that the synthetic studies on them and their analogs are pivotal in drug discovery.

Abstrak :
Diabetes melitus tipe 2 dapat dikontrol dengan menghambat kerja enzim α-glukosidase. Sulokrin merupakan salah satu senyawa yang mempunyai potensi sebagai penghambat α-glukosidase. Senyawa sulokrin-I dan sulokrin-125I telah disintesa serta dipelajari ikatannya dengan metode Radioligand Binding Assay (RBA) dan penambatan molekuler. Sulokrin-I disintesa dengan rumus molekul C17H15O7I dan berat molekul 457,9940. Senyawa sulokrin-125I disintesa dari sulokrin-I menggunakan metode pertukaran isotop. Sulokrin-125I diperoleh dengan kemurnian radiokimia sebesar 82,3%. Dari hasil pengujian dengan metode RBA diperoleh Kd dan Bmax secara berturut turut 83,33 pM dan 1,2 x 10-6 pmol/mg reseptor. Penambatan molekuler sulokrin-I dilakukan terhadap α-glukosidase Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan α-glukosidase manusia. Sulokrin-I yang digunakan dalam proses penambatan molekuler adalah metil 2-(2,6-dihidroksi-3-iodo-4-metilbenzoil)-5-hidroksi-3-metoksibenzoat [A] dan metil 2-(2,6-dihidroksi-5-iodo-4-metilbenzoil)-5-hidroksi-3-metoksibenzoat [B]. Model senyawa A dan B berinteraksi dengan α-glukosidase Saccharomyces cerevisiae melalui pembentukan ikatan hidrogen dengan residu Arg213, Asp215, Glu277, Asp352. Nilai ΔG dan Ki yang diperoleh adalah -6,71 kkal/mol dan 12,03 µM untuk senyawa A, -5,82 kkal/mol dan 54,39 µM untuk senyawa B. Interaksi senyawa A, senyawa B dengan α-glukosidase manusia menghasilkan ΔG dan Ki sebesar -6,81 kkal/mol dan 10,3 µM untuk senyawa A, senyawa B mempunyai ΔG dan Ki sebesar -6,27 kkal/mol dan 25,4 µM.;Treatment type 2 diabetes melitus can be done by inhibiting α-glucosidase. ...... Sulochrin is one of the potential α-glucosidase inhibitor compound. Sulochrin-I and sulochrin-125I were synthesized and their binding were studied using Radioligand Binding Assay and molecular docking method. Sulochrin-I has been synthesized with molecular formula C17H15O7I and molecular weight 457.9940. Sulochrin-125I was synthesized from sulochrin-I by isotope exchange method. sulochrin-125I radiochemical purity was 82.3%. From the RBA method, Kd and Bmax were obtained 83.33 pM and 1.2 x 10-6 pmol / mg receptor respectively. Molecular docking of sulochrin-I was done in two macromolecules, Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase and human α-glucosidase. Two ligands were used in this research, they are methyl 2 - (2,6-dihydroxy-3-iodo-4-methylbenzoil)-5-hydroxy-3-methoxibenzoate [A] and methyl 2 - (2,6-dihydroxy-5-iodo-4-methylbenzoil)-5-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoat [B]. Compound A and B showed interaction with Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase and showed hydrogen bound with Arg213, Asp215, Glu277, Asp352. ΔG and Ki values for compound A are -6.71 kcal / mol and 12.03 µM, whereas for compound B are - 5.82 kcal/mol and 54.39 µM respectively. Interaction study with human α-glucosidase gave ΔG -6.81 kcal/mol and Ki 10.3 µM for compound A, whereas compound B gave ΔG and Ki -6.27 kcal/mol and 25.4 µM respectively.

Abstrak :
Ekuivalen hemoglobin retikulosit menggambarkan banyaknya besi dalam retikulosit yang akan digunakan dalam proses pembentukan hemoglobin. Pada alat Sysmex parameter tersebut dikenal sebagai Ret-He. Namun demikian, saat ini parameter tersebut belum digunakan secara rutin di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan nilai cut off, sensitivitas dan spesifisitas Ret-He untuk penilaian status besi pada pasien penyakit ginjal kronik dengan hemodialisis. Desain penelitian potong lintang, terdiri dari 120 subyek PGK dengan hemodialisis. Dilakukan pemeriksaan hematologi lengkap, Ret-He serta pemeriksaan besi serum dan unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) untuk menghitung nilai saturasi transferin. Penentuan nilai cut off Ret-He berdasarkan kurva receiver operating characteristic (ROC) dengan saturasi transferin sebagai baku emas. Untuk penilaian status besi, didapatkan nilai cut off Ret-He 30,3 pg dengan sensitivitas 81,6% dan spesifisitas 76,8% . Parameter Ret-He dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk penilaian status besi pasien penyakit ginjal kronik dengan hemodialisis. ......Hemoglobin reticulocyte equivalent represent the iron content in the reticulocyte that will be used in hemoglobinization process. In Sysmex hematology analyzer this parameter known as Ret-He. However, this parameter has not been routinely used in Indonesia. The objective of this study is to determine cut-off, sensitivity and specificity of Ret-He to assess iron deficient state in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. One hundred and twenty patients undergoing hemodialysis were included in the study. Complete blood count, Ret-He and transferin saturation were determined. The receiver operating characteristic curve were demonstrated to obtain the cut off value of Ret-He. In 30.3 pg Ret-He cut off point, the sensitivity and spesificity to assess iron deficient state were 81.6% and 76.8% respectively. Ret-He can be used as an alternative parameter to assess iron deficient state in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis.