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"Sugarcane industry and trade (SIT) in Indonesia is significantly influenced by the government policies. This paper reviewed SIT policies from colonial period up to now to obtain valuable lessons for future development of SIT. Lessons learned include: (1) During the colonial era, the peak triumph was achieved through farmers' sacrifice; (2) High financial support for research institutions to produce super varieties, such as POJ 2838 and 3016 with productivity as high as 18 ton/ha of crystal; (3) In the beginning of independence, Indonesia's institutions and manpower were not exclusively ready to optimally develop SIT; (4) There were no comprehensive policies and several of the existing one were conflicting. Based on these lessons, a comprehensive policy issued by related institutions are strongly required for future development of SIT."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengeliminasi berbagai pemborosan yang ada pada proses produksi gula di Pabrik Gula Meritjan Kediri, yang merupakan unit bisnis dari PT Perkebunan Nusantara X, dengan menggunakan value stream mapping (VSM) yang diintegrasikan dengan activity based costing (ABC) untuk mencapai lean manufacturing. Observasi dan wawancara menggunakan pertanyaan terbuka dilakukan untuk mengerti proses produksi gula. Berbagai anggota pabrik yang terlibat dalam proses produksi diwawancara melalui kunjungan dan diskusi di pabrik. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan VSM untuk memahami produksi gula, mengidentifikasi berbagai pemborosan, dan merancang solusi untuk mengeliminasi berbagai pemborosan tersebut. Sedangkan pendekatan ABC diintegrasikan dengan current state map dan future state map untuk menghitung biaya aktivitas yang ada pada value stream, termasuk value added cost dan non-value added cost. Hasil utama dari penelitian ini adalah telah diidentifikasi lima pemborosan penting diantaranya menunggu, persediaan yang tidak perlu, transportasi yang tidak efisien, proses yang tidak tepat, dan produksi berlebih. Prioritas solusi yang dihasilkan adalah menjaga kontinuitas supplai bahan baku tebu dengan penjadwalan penebangan malam hari, penghapusan persediaan yang tidak perlu pada penerimaan tebu, dan menerapkan teknologi sugar bag handling system dan sistem paletisasi pada persediaan akhir gula. Pada future state map, berbagai solusi tersebut ditargetkan untuk mengurangi total lead time dari 6,92 hari menjadi 5,35 hari dan penghematan pada total biaya hingga 13% yang terdiri dari 30,4% penghematan non-value added cost dan 0,4% penghematan value added cost. Penelitian ini juga memberikan saran praktis implementasi berbagai improvement yang tertuang dalam value stream plan tahunan dengan membaginya dalam tiga kelompok aktivitas: supplier loop, processing loop, dan pacemaker loop.

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This study is purposed to identify and eliminate various wastes in the sugarcane production of Meritjan Kediri Sugarcane Factory of PT Perkebunan Nusantara X by using a value stream mapping (VSM) integrated with activity based costing (ABC) to achieve lean manufacturing. Critical interview techniques and observations were used with open-ended questions to understand the process involved in the sugarcane production. Different chain members were investigated through personal visits and discussions. This study using VSM approach is to understand the value stream of sugarcane production, identify wastes, and purpose solution to eliminate wastes. ABC approach is integrated with the current state map and the future state map to calculate cost of activity involved in the value stream both value added cost and non-value added cost. Major findings obtained from the study are five wastes being identified which are waiting, unnecessary inventory, inefficient transportation, inappropriate process, and overproduction. The prioritized improvements purposed are maintaining continuity of cane supply by night harvest scheduling, removing unnecessary inventory in the cane loading area, and installing sugar bag handling system and palletization system in the finished good warehouse. In the future state map, those improvements are targeted to achieve reduction on total lead time from 6,92 days to 5,35 days and reduction on total cost by 13% consisting 30,4% reduction on non-value added cost and 0,4% reduction on value added cost. This study also suggests practical implementation showed in yearly value stream plan by dividing entire improvement plan into three loop of activities: supplier loop, processing loop, and pacemaker loop."

"Latief AS, Syarief R, Pramudya B, Muhadiono. 2010. Productivity of sugarcane plants of ratooning with various fertilizing treatments. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 43-47. This research aims to determine the sugarcane plants of ratooning productivity with low external input of fertilization treatment towards farmers can increase profits. The method used is the Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with four treatments and three repetitions (4x3). Sugarcane varieties R 579 planted in each patch experiment 5x5 m2. Dosage of fertilizer: P0 = 3.6 kg/year plot experiment was 100% dosage usage of chemical fertilizers used by farmers. Further dosages were P1 (75%) = 2.7 kg/plot, P2 (50%) = 1.8 kg/plot and P3 (0.25%) = 0.9 kg/plot, each supplemented with fertilizer 5 mL of liquid organic/patch a year. Sugarcane crops with a variety of treatment showed no significant difference. The highest productivity was achieved at dosages of P2 (50% chemical fertilizers plus organic fertilizer) is 21.67 kg per square meter. Chemical fertilizers can be saved 7 quintals per hectare a year or Rp 997,500 per year. Additional costs of liquid organic fertilizer Rp.100,000 per hectare year and labor Rp 100,000 per hectare, so the additional advantage of saving farmers fertilizer Rp. 797,500 per year. "

"Produksi gula adalah industri besar di Australia, yang menghasilkan pendapatan hingga 2,0 miliar Dollar Australia. Namun, terdapat kerugian pendapatan sebesar 7% untuk setiap panen, disebabkan oleh tebu yang rusak oleh pemanen mekanis. Kerusakan tersebut - terutama yang merupakan fraktur - berasal mesih pemanen yang menekuk dan memotong tebu tersebut dapat dipanen. Beberapa penelitian telah dilakukan untuk menemukan bagaimana proses panen dapat merusak tebu selama proses panen; dengan cara menemukan sifat-sifat batang tebu, hubungannya dengan pemotong, dan berapa banyak kekuatan yang ditimbulkan sehingga menyebabkan patah. Namun, tidak ada yang menemukan bagaimana data ini pada akhirnya dapat mengurangi kerusakan pada tongkat, sehingga kerugian dapat diminimalkan. Makalah ini akan mencoba menjawab pertanyaan tersebut: bagaimana cara mengurangi kerugian tebu saat dipanen. Dengan mengejar pemahaman yang lebih dalam tentang batang tebu, serta interaksinya dengan mesin pemanen.

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Sugar production is a major industry in Australia, generating up to $2.0 billion of income. However, 7% of revenue is lost for each harvest, caused by cane being damage by the harvester. The damage—mainly fracture—come from bending and cutting the cane for it to be harvested. Several studies have been conducted to discover how the harvesting process may damage the cane during the harvesting process; by finding the properties of the cane, the relation with the base cutter, and how much force needed to break it. However, nobody has found how these data can eventually reduce the damage on the cane, so the loss can be minimised. This paper will try to answer that question: how to reduce cane loss due to harvesting. By pursuing a deeper understanding of the sugarcane stalk, as well as its interaction with the harvester."

"Torrefaction, which is used to improve the properties of sugarcane bagasse as fuel in pulverised fuel combustion and as carbon feed in gasification, is a low heating rate pyrolysis of biomass carried out at a temperature of 200–300oC, at an atmospheric pressure, and in an inert environment. In the present work, sugarcane bagasse was torrefied at heating rates of 3, 6, and 10oC/minute, respectively, to achieve a final temperature of 275oC and after the final temperature was reached, hold times of 0 and 15 minutes, respectively occurred at a constant temperature of 275oC for a heating rate of 6oC/minute. The physical characteristics of torrefied sugarcane bagasse samples to be determined were a particle size distribution accomplished by grinding, hydrophobicity by allowing the samples to absorb moisture from the ambient air, and pellet hardness of the sample pellets. The torrefaction results show that increasing heating rate and hold time reduced the cellulose content of the sugarcane bagasse to as low as between 5.35% to 10.61% by weight composition, respectively. As the lignin content increased, the sample pellets resulted in better hardness in comparison to that measured on raw sugarcane bagasse. As the hemicellulose content increased, the samples, after grinding and stronger hydrophobicity, produced a higher fraction of smaller particle sizes. The maximum weight fraction of particles in these samples with sizes smaller than 105 µm achieved was 83.43% weight in contrast to 0.62% weight in raw sugarcane bagasse. The maximum water absorption by the samples in 3 hours was 1.28% weight in contrast to 8.02% weight by raw sugarcane bagasse. The results indicate that torrefaction is able to improve sugarcane bagasse physical characteristics, which are favourable for biomass pelletization, storage and transportation."

"This volume looks at sugarcane, which plays a substantial role in world economy. Molecular marker strategies will be of help in understanding some aspects of sucrose metabolism and its regulation in this crop, thus complementing the ongoing crop improvement programmes."

"ABSTRAKPolusi plastik menjadi masalah lingkungan yang semakin serius dan banyak dorongan dari berbagai pihak untuk memberhentikan pemakaian plastik sekali pakai dan plastik non-biodegradable. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) adalah termoplastik biodegradable dan bioderived yang menunjukkan potensi besar sebagai pengganti untuk plastik yang selama ini digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi. Pasar PHA saat ini memiliki pasokan yang terbatas, padahal ini adalah waktu yang tepat untuk memanfaatkan pasar plastik biodegradable dan bioderived yang berkembang ini. Fasilitas manufaktur untuk memproduksi 5000 ton per tahun PHA bioplastik dari jus tebu harus didesain. Berbagai proses pembuatan dievaluasi untuk menentukan proses yang paling cocok untuk aplikasi ini. Kultur murni Ralstonia eutropha adalah bakteri yang direkomendasikan untuk menghasilkan polimer PHA karena menghasilkan produk akhir yang banyak, stabil secara genetik, cocok untuk bahan baku sari tebu dan mampu menghasilkan PHB dan PHV, yang merupakan persyaratan ketat dalam laporan singkat proyek. Keseluruhan pabrik dibagi kedalam lima bagian terpisah: pra-pengolahan bahan baku, fermentasi, ekstraksi PHA, pemurnian dan peletisasi PHA, serta pemulihan aseton-air. Dalam tugas akhir ini, desain peralatan proses pemurnian dan peletisasi diselidiki lebih lanjut. Bagian pemurnian dan peletisasi bertujuan untuk mengendapkan PHA, mengeringkan dan membentuk produk padatan akhir sehingga menjadi produk PHA yang berbentuk pelet dengan diameter 3 mm. Dampak lingkungan telah diminimalisir semaksimal mungkin terutama dalam mencegah pelepasan aseton. Emisi debu, kebisingan, bau, dan gas buang adalah beberapa dari dampak lingkungan potensial yang diidentifikasi dan perlu dikelola secara efektif untuk mencegah kerusakan lingkungan.

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ABSTRACT

Plastic pollution is becoming an increasingly serious environmental issue and there is a growing push to phase out single use and non-biodegradable plastics. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biodegradable and bioderived thermoplastic that shows great potential as a cost-effective replacement to the existing plastics in a variety of applications. The market is currently supply constrained and it is an opportune time to capitalize on this expanding market. A manufacturing facility to produce 5000 tonnes per annum of PHA bioplastic from sugarcane juice is to be designed. A range of manufacturing processes were evaluated to determine the most suitable process for this application. A pure culture of Ralstonia eutropha was the recommended bacteria to produce the PHA polymers as it is high yielding, genetically stable, suited to cane juice feedstock and capable of producing both PHB and PHV, which is a strict requirement in the project brief. The overall plant was split and designed in five separate sections: feedstock pre-treatment, fermentation, PHA extraction, PHA purification and palletization, as well as acetone-water recovery. In this paper, the purification and palletisation process equipment designs are further investigated. The purification and pelletising section is responsible for precipitating the PHA, drying and forming the final solid product. Environmental impacts have been minimised as much as possible with a particular focus on preventing acetone from being discharged. Dust, noise, odor, and flue gas emissions are among some of the potential environmental impacts identified that will need to be managed effectively in order to prevent environmental harm."

"ABSTRAK

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pemanfaatan teknik adaptasi dan

imobilisasi sel khamir Candida tropicalis InaCC Y799 pada fermentasi xilitol dari

hidrolisat hemiselulosa daun tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.). Praperlakuan daun

tebu dilakukan menggunakan 1,8% asam maleat dan iradiasi gelombang mikro

pada suhu 180 C selama 5 menit. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari

kemampuan khamir untuk tumbuh dan beradaptasi pada hidrolisat hemiselulosa

sebelum fermentasi, dan meneliti potensi penggunaan matriks kalsium alginat

untuk imobilisasi sel khamir, serta pengaruhnya dalam peningkatan produksi

xilitol dari hidrolisat hemiselulosa daun tebu. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa khamir

C. tropicalis InaCC Y799 teradaptasi mampu tumbuh pada media hidrolisat

hemiselulosa daun tebu. Adaptasi khamir pada 75% hidrolisat menghasilkan

konsentrasi dan rendemen xilitol maksimum masing-masing sebesar 11,27 1,65

g/L dan 0,56 0,05 g/g (54,98% dari nilai rendemen teoritis) selama 24 jam

fermentasi, lebih tinggi daripada khamir tidak teradaptasi (kontrol). Namun

demikian, imobilisasi C. tropicalis pada kalsium alginat hanya menghasilkan

konsentrasi dan rendemen xilitol maksimum masing-masing sebesar 5,51 0,63

g/L dan 0,27 0,04 g xilitol/g xilosa awal (29,97% dari rendemen teroritis)

selama 48 jam fermentasi. Konsentrasi dan rendemen xilitol pada sistem sel

terimobilisasi setengah kali lebih rendah daripada sel bebas (kontrol).

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ABSTRACT

Research on adaptation and immobilization method of Candida tropicalis

InaCC Y799 in xylitol production from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

waste hemicellulosic hydrolysate has been conducted. Sugarcane waste were

pretreated with 1,8% of maleic acid and microwave at 180 C for 5 minutes. The

aim of this research were to study the effects of yeast adaptation using sugarcane

waste hydrolysate and the potential of using calcium alginate as immobilization

matrix of yeast C. tropicalis InaCC Y799 in the xylitol production during

fermentation. The results revealed that fermentation using adapted yeast in 75%

concentration of hydrolysate produce higher xylitol concentration and yield than

those with non adapted yeast. The highest xylitol concentration and yield obtained

using adapted yeast were 11.27 1.65 g/L and 0.56 0.05 g xylitol /g initial

xylose (54.98% of theoretical yield) for 24-hours fermentation. However, the

highest xylitol yield obtained by immobilization method were 5.51 0.63 g/L and

0.27 0.04 g xilitol/g initial xylose (29.97% of theoretical yield) for 48-hours

fermentation, which were lower than free cells system.

"

"The study of nanocellulose has been emerging due to its highly possible applications. The main objective of this research is to fabricate nanocellulose crystalline filament from Sugarcane Bagasse through wet-spinning method. Sugarcane Bagasse is chosen due to its abundance in Indonesia and high cellulose content. In this research, the Sugarcane Bagasse were mechanically treated in order to minimize the size. Secondly, the biomass is pre-treated with NaClO2 (Bleaching) in order to eliminate lignin and hemicellulose. Thirdly, the biomass is treated with Acid Hydrolysis. The variation used in Acid Hydrolysis is HCl with 1, 3, and 5. After obtaining Nanocellulose Crystalline, the biomass was spun through wet-spinning method using 16G needle, 18G needle, 1.5, and 2 in concentration as the variation. The wet spinning method used a coagulating bath that is filled with Acetone. The characterization used in this research would be Cellulose Content Test, TEM, XRD, and Tensile Strength Test. The average results of this research are 42.75 on cellulose isolation, 63.9 on CNC crystallinity index, 45.3 nm on particle size, and 4.3 lbs on tensile strength at fracture with 11.91 on elongation. Nanocellulose Filament used in this research would be applicable for the future textile and material industry that possibly replace fossil fuel-based material.

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Studi tentang nanoselulosa telah muncul karena pengaplikasian yang sangat memungkinkan. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat filamen kristal nanoselulosa dari ampas tebu melalui metode pemintalan basah atau wet spinning. Ampas tebu dipilih karena kelimpahannya di Indonesia dan kandungan selulosa yang tinggi. Dalam penelitian ini, ampas tebu diperlakukan secara mekanis untuk meminimalkan ukuran. Kedua, ampas tebu diolah dengan NaClO2 (Bleaching) untuk menghilangkan lignin dan hemiselulosa. Ketiga, ampas tebu diperlakukan dengan Hidrolisis Asam. Variasi yang digunakan dalam Hidrolisis Asam adalah HCl dengan 1, 3, dan 5. Setelah memperoleh Nanocellulose Crystalline (CNC), biomassa dipintal melalui metode pemintalan basah menggunakan jarum 16G, jarum 18G, konsentrasi 1,5, dan 2 sebagai variasi. Metode pemintalan basah menggunakan rendaman koagulasi yang diisi dengan Aseton. Karakterisasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Uji Konten Selulosa, TEM, XRD, dan Uji Kekuatan Tarik. Hasil rata-rata dari penelitian ini adalah 42,75 pada isolasi selulosa, 63,9 pada indeks kristalinitas CNC, 45,3 nm pada ukuran partikel, dan 4,3 lbs pada kekuatan tarik pada fraktur dengan 11,91 pada perpanjangan. Filamen Nanoselulosa yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini akan berlaku untuk industri tekstil dan material yang mungkin dapat menggantikan bahan berbasis bahan bakar fosil di masa yang akan datang."

"Deposit ampas tebu di Indonesia yang mencapai 8,5 juta ton per tahun menjadikan biomassa ini potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai pensubstitusi bahan bakar minyak berbasis crude oil. Gelombang mikro merupakan salah satu metode pemanasan yang lebih efisien untuk mempirolisis biomassa, karena metode ini memanfaatkan prinsip konversi energi dan partikel biomassa mengalami pemanasan volumetrik. Ampas tebu dipirolisis dengan variasi daya gelombang mikro sebesar 380, 620, dan 850 Watt dan variasi bio-char dalam umpan sebanyak 0, 10, dan 20%. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan meliputi profil suhu pirolisis, yield produk pirolisis, dan kandungan senyawa di bio-oil dengan metode GC/MS. Peningkatan daya gelombang mikro akan meningkatkan laju pemanasan dan suhu pirolisis ampas tebu, walaupun efeknya tidak terlalu signifikan jika umpannya tidak ditambahkan bio-char. Penambahan bio-char sebagai absorber gelombang mikro secara signifikan meningkatkan laju pemanasan dan suhu pirolisis ampas tebu. Yield bio-oil maksimum, yaitu 42,75 dan 42,40%, diperoleh pada laju pemanasan 805°C/menit dan suhu pirolisis 515°C serta laju pemanasan 59°C/menit dan suhu pirolisis 398°C. Kondisi operasi untuk memperoleh kedua parameter laju pemanasan dan suhu pirolisis tersebut adalah daya gelombang mikro sebesar 380 Watt dengan 20% kandungan bio-char di umpan serta daya gelombang mikro sebesar 850 Watt tanpa kandungan bio-char di umpan. Bio-oil yang diperoleh dari pirolisis ampas tebu yang umpannya mengandung bio-char ternyata mengandung lebih banyak senyawa non-oksigenat dan tidak mengandung PAH. Namun, senyawa non-oksigenat tersebut juga memiliki kandungan rantai karbon panjang (C22+) yang cukup tinggi.

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Sugarcane bagasse waste in Indonesia reaching 8.5 million tons per year is potential to be developed as a substituent for petroleum-based fuel oil. Microwave is an efficient heating method for biomass pyrolysis, since this method utilizes the principle of energy conversion and biomass undergoes volumetric heating. Sugarcane bagasse was pyrolyzed at the microwave power variation of 380, 620, and 850 Watt and bio-char loading variation of 0, 10, and 20%. Characterizations were conducted on the pyrolysis temperature profile, pyrolysis products yield, and bio-oil content by GC/MS method. The microwave pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse gave results that increasing microwave power would increase the heating rate and pyrolysis temperature, however this phenomenon was insignificant if the feed contained no bio-char. The addition of bio-char as microwave absorber in the feed significantly increased the heating rate and temperature pyrolysis. The highest bio-oil yields, i.e. 42.75 and 42.40%, were obtained at the heating rate of 805°C/min and pyrolysis temperature of 515°C and heating rate of 59°C/min and pyrolysis temperature of 398°C. Those pyrolysis heating rates and temperatures were achieved at the microwave power of 380 Watt with bio-char loading of 20% and the microwave power of 850 Watt with no bio-char loading. Bio-oil derived from the microwave pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse which had no bio-char loading in fact contained more non-oxygenated compounds and less PAHs. However, those non-oxygenated compounds have a quite high content of long carbon chains (C22+)."