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Abstrak :
Scope and Method of Study: Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are still a major problem in developing countries viewed from epidemiological, laboratory, as well as clinical aspects. Reliable laboratory diagnosis is the blood culture. However, failure of the blood culture occurs, due to the bactericidal effect of blood (phagocytes, complement, and specific and nonspecific antibodies, among others). Microbiologists are challenged to improve the blood culture by adding sodium polyanethol sulphonate (SPS) in the media. SPS is capable to inactivate the blood bactericidal effect, is an effective anticoagulant, non-toxic to most pathogens, stable to high temperature, acid and alkaline solutions, and is water-soluble. The objective of this study is to compare bile culture plus 0.05% SPS to conventional bile culture for the growth of salmonella in blood. The result was evaluated by the rate of growth in both cultures after 1 minute, 4 hours and 12 hours (logarithmic phase). The number of organisms was calculated from growth on nutrient agar plates when the range-of growth were 30-300 colonies per 0.1 ml inoculum, and the dilution of both cultures. Findings and Conclusions: Fifty isolates representing five species of salmonellae has been tested and showed that the number of organisms per ml in the SPS bile culture was not significantly different compared to conventional bile culture. In conclusion, the SPS bile culture is the same as conventional bile culture for the growth of S. typhi, S. pa-atyphi A, B, C, and S. typhimurium in blood from healthy humans, with a blood-broth ratio of 1: 10.

Abstrak :
An attempt to prepare trinuclear tungsten oxoalkoxides [BzMe3N]3[W3O8(OMe)5] from the reaction between WO2(OMe)2, [BzMe3N]2WO4 and [BzMe3N](OMe) in the ratio of 2:1:1 in MeOH produced [BzMe3N]2[Na2W4O12(OMe)4(MeOH)6].6MeOH. Suitable crystals for X-ray chrystallographic studies were obtained from hot mixture of methanol-acetonitrile solution. The I.R., 1H-NMR, and microanalysis data including crystal structure of [Na2W4O12(OMe)4(MeOH)6]2- anion are reported.

Abstrak :
Sodium (Na) was found as one of chemical elements that able to disturb plants that grow along the Cikijing river. This river water that had been detected as contains high sodium,whereas the river water is still used by local famers to irigate their rice fields.....

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Irigasi endodontik konsentrasi tinggi Natrium Hipoklorit (NaOCl) 5% telah banyak dilaporkan menurunkan viabilitas sel punca pulpa (hDPSCs) namun merupakan bahan irigasi pilihan untuk perawatan endodontik. Sehingga dibutuhkan larutan lain untuk menetralkan efek NaOCl seperti Sodium thiosulfate (STS) yang bersifat antioksidan agar potensi anti mikroba NaOCl tetap baik namun tidak mempengaruhi viabilitas sel punca pulpa. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek penggunaan STS 5% setelah paparan NaOCl 1,5% dan NaOCl 5%-PBS-EDTA 17%-PBS dengan variasi paparan waktu terhadap viabilitas hDPSCs. Metode: Sel primer hDPSCs yang telah 80% confluent dan mencapai P3-P4 dilakukan starvation 24 jam, diberikan perlakuan berupa NaOCl-PBS-STS 5%-EDTA 17%-PBS, DMEM sebagai kontrol negatif dan NaOCl 1,5% serta 5% sebagai kontrol positif. Pengamatan viabilitas sel punca pulpa dengan uji flowcitometry MTT-assay. Hasil: Perbandingan antara kelompok NaOCl 5% terhadap kelompok NaOCl 5% - STS 5% 60’ berbeda tidak bermakna (p>0,5) namun nilai viabilitas kelompok NaOCl 5% - STS 5% 60’ lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok NaOCl 5%. Kesimpulan: Sodium thiosulfate sebagai agen antioksidan dan penetralisir NaOCl cukup efektif dalam mempertahankan viabilitas sel punca pulpa pada konsentrasi NaOCl 5% dengan paparan waktu 60’. ......Background: Endodontic irrigation with high concentrations of 5% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been reported to decrease pulp stem cell viability (hDPSCs) however NaOCl is the irrigant of choice for endodontic treatment. Another solution is needed to neutralize the effects of NaOCl, such as Sodium thiosulfate (STS) an antioxidant that has good antimicrobial but minimally effect on the viability hDPSCS. Objective: To determine the effect of 5% STS after exposure to 1.5% NaOCl and 5% NaOCl-PBS-EDTA 17%-PBS with variations in exposure time on the viability of hDPSCs. Method: hDPSCs that has been 80% confluent and reach P3-P4 done starvation for 24 hour,was given treatment of NaOCl-PBS-STS 5%-EDTA 17%-PBS, DMEM as a negative control and NaOCl 1.5% and 5% as a positive control. Observation of viability by MTT-flow cytometry assay. Results: The comparison between the 5% NaOCl group and the 5% NaOCl - 5% STS 60' group was not significantly different (p>0.5) but the viability value of the 5% NaOCl - 5% 60' NaOCl group is higher than 5% NaOCl group. Conclusion: Sodium thiosulfate as an antioxidant agent and NaOCl neutralizer is quite effective in maintaining the viability of pulp stem cells at 5% NaOCl concentration with an exposure time of 60'.

Abstrak :
Natrium alendronat merupakan salah satu obat yang dapat digunakan untuk osteoporosis yang termasuk golongan bifosfonat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh kondisi yang optimal dari pembentukan senyawa derivat antara natrium alendronat dengan pereaksi fluorogenik dansil klorida. Reaksi pembentukan senyawa derivat menggunakan dapar natrium karbonat 0,1 M yang optimum pada pH 10,0 dengan penambahan dansil klorida sebanyak 270 μl kemudian dicampur dengan menggunakan termomixer pada temperatur 50 °C selama 50 menit, dan waktu selesai reaksi (kestabilan senyawa derivat) pada menit ke 30. Pembentukan senyawa derivat dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi dengan kolom C18, fase gerak yang digunakan adalah asetonitril-metanol-dapar (25 mM KH2PO4 dan 25 mM asam sitrat) (20:15:65;v/v); kecepatan alir 1,0 mL/menit; dideteksi pada panjang gelombang eksitasi 320 nm dan emisi 495 nm dengan detektor fluoresensi. Waktu retensi natrium alendronat 19,758 menit, pada rentang konsentrasi 0,2-1 μg/ml dihasilkan kurva kalibrasi yang linier dengan koefisien korelasi (r) 0,9995 dan memberikan limit kuantitasi 0,114 μg/ml.

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Sodium alendronate represent one of drugs that can be used for osteoporosis, this drug include in biphosphonate group. The aim of this research is to obtain optimum condition for forming derivative of compound sodium alendronate with fluorogenic reagent dansyl chloride. The reaction derivative of compound is use sodium carbonate 0,1 M as a buffer that optimum at pH 10,0 by added 270 μl dansyl chloride then mixing with termomixer at 50 °C for 50 minute and derivative of compound was stable in 30 minute. Derivative of compound was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography method using C18 column acetonitrile-methanol-buffer (25 mM KH2PO4 and 25 mM citric acid) (20:15:65;v/v) is using as a mobile phase; flow rate of 1,0 mL/minute; detection at wavelength of excitation 320 nm and emission 495 nm with fluorescence detector. Retention time of sodium alendronate was 19,758 minute, a curve of calibration linier at concentration 0,2-1 μg/ml with correlation coefficient ( r) 0,9995 and give limit of quantitation 0,114 μg/ml.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is a strong contender for as a new battery system over lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for rechargeable large-scale energy storage applications. Cathode materials for SIBs have been well developed. Anode materials, on the other hand, are still under development. Transition metal oxides cumulating Na ions by chemically conversion reactions and intercalation mechanism have made extensive research interest due to its high theoretical capacity. In particular, tin dioxide has been primarily studied as an auspicious anode material for both LIBs and SIBs. However, significant volume changes take place during battery charging and discharging, especially in SIBs. It has been well documented that the electrochemical properties of the material can be enhanced by using several strategies, such as nanostructuring and doping of a second element, such as cobalt (Co). In this study, porous CoSnO3 nanocubes were synthesised, characterised, and tested against SIBs. The material yielded a performance of 306.7 mAhg-1 sodium-ion storage capacity at a current density of 50 mAg-1, which is quite a high number when compared with other anode material such as nickel oxide (300 mAhg-1), tin dioxide (170 mAhg-1), and cobalt oxide (153.8 mAhg-1).

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ABSTRAK
Baterai sodium-ion atau Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs) adalah pesaing kuat untuk sebagai sistem baterai baru dibandingkan baterai lithium-ion atau Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) untuk aplikasi penyimpanan energi skala besar yang dapat diisi ulang. Bahan katoda untuk SIB telah dikembangkan dengan baik. Bahan anoda, di sisi lain, masih dalam pengembangan. Oksida logam transisi yang mengakumulasi ion-ion Na dengan reaksi konversi kimia dan mekanisme interkalasi telah menghasilkan minat penelitian yang luas karena kapasitas teoretisnya yang tinggi. Secara khusus, timah dioksida telah dipelajari terutama sebagai bahan anoda yang menguntungkan baik untuk LIB maupun SIB. Namun, perubahan volume yang signifikan terjadi selama pengisian dan pemakaian baterai, terutama pada SIB. Telah didokumentasikan dengan baik bahwa sifat elektrokimia material dapat ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan beberapa strategi, seperti nanostrukturisasi dan doping elemen kedua, seperti kobalt (Co). Dalam penelitian ini, nanocube CoSnO3 berpori disintesis, dikarakterisasi, dan diuji terhadap SIB. Bahan ini menghasilkan kinerja 306,7 mAhg-1 kapasitas penyimpanan sodium-ion pada kepadatan arus 50 mAg-1, yang jumlahnya cukup tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan bahan anoda lainnya seperti oksida nikel (300 mAhg-1), timah dioksida (170 mAhg-1), dan kobal oksida (153,8 mAhg-1).

Abstrak :
Penggunaan kemasan makanan yang semakin meningkat membuat sampah plastik menjadi isu lingkungan terbesar. Semenjak penggunaan plastik konvensional berasal dari polimer fossil, sehingga sulit diuraikan oleh bakteri. Solusi yang tepat adalah menggantikanya dengan bioplastik. Penelitian ini menggunakan Chlorella vulgaris sebagai produsen Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) karena PHB memiliki karakteristik seperti biodegradabilitas, termoplastisitas, hidrofobik dan biokompatibilitas dengan sel dan jaringan, serta sifat fisik serupa dengan polypropylene yang berpotensi dalam aplikasinya di bidang pengemasan makanan, farmasi dan medis. PHB didapatkan dengan cara mengisolasi biomassa dari Chlorella vulgaris. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari metode isolasi PHB menggunakan metode disrupsi sel secara kimia dan mekanis yaitu dengan NaClO dan sonikasi dengan variasi konsentrasi massa dan konsentrasi pelarut. Metode isolasi dari C. vulgaris yang paling sederhana dan ekonomis adalah dengan tahapan umum berupa disrupsi sel, presipitasi PHB, dan pemurnian PHB. Metode kuantifikasi PHB yaitu dengan menghitung yield PHB, lalu identifikasi PHB dengan FTIR, dan menguji kualitas senyawa PHB terbaik dengan GCMS. Parameter yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yield, hasil fisik PHB, dan hasil uji PHB. Pada kondisi konsentrasi sampel 0,6% w/v dan konsentrasi pelarut 1,37 % w/v menggunakan ultrasonikasi didapatkan hasil akhir PHB isolasi terbaik yaitu dengan yield 37,2%. Hasil GCMS sampel menunjukkan adanya senyawa n-hexadecanoic acid (asam palmitat), 9- Octadecanoic acid (asam oleat), 2-Palmitoylglycerol, serta Octadecanoic acid (asam stearat) sebagai senyawa utama yang dapat berpotensi sebagai bahan bioplastik.

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The increasing use of food packaging makes plastic waste the biggest environmental issue. Since the use of conventional plastic comes from fossil polymers, so it is difficult to be decomposed by bacteria. The right solution is to replace it with bioplastics. This study uses Chlorella vulgaris as a producer of Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) because PHB has characteristics such as biodegradability, thermoplasticity, hydrophobicity and biocompatibility with cells and tissues, and physical properties similar to polypropylene which has the potential in its application in food, pharmaceutical and medical packaging. PHB is obtained by isolating biomass from Chlorella vulgaris. This research will study the method of PHB isolation using chemical and mechanical cell disruption methods, namely NaClO and sonication with variations in mass concentration and solvent concentration. The simplest and most economical method of isolation of C. vulgaris is the general stages of cell disruption, PHB precipitation, and PHB purification. The method of quantifying PHB is by calculating the yield of PHB, then identification of PHB by FTIR, and testing the quality of the best PHB compounds by GCMS. The parameters used in this study are yield, PHB physical results, and PHB test results. In the condition of 0.6% w/v sample concentration and 1.37% w/v solvent concentration using ultrasonication, the best PHB isolation yield was 37.2%. GCMS sample results showed the presence of n-hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), 9-Octadecanoic acid (oleic acid), 2- Palmitoylglycerol, and Octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) as the main compounds that could potentially be bioplastic materials.

Abstrak :
Methyl ester sulfonate (MES) is an anionic surfactant that be used for making cleansing products.....