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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang : Kotinin merupakan hasil metabolit utama nikotin dan kadarnya pada urin merupakan indikator pajanan asap rokok. Penlitian ini untuk mengetahui kadar kotinin urin pada anak yang terpajan dan tidak terpajan asap rokok di lingkungan rumah. Metode : Penelitian potong lintang pada anak usia sekolah dasar yang tidak merokok. Subjek dikelompokkan menjadi kelompok terpajan dan tidak terpajan berdasarkan status pajanannya. Data yang diperoleh dari kuesioner dan sampel urin sewaktu yang diukur dengan metode ELISA. Hasil : Total subjek 128 anak usia 6-12 tahun yang terdiri dari 64 anak pada kelompok terpajan dan 64 anak yang tidak terpajan. Kadar kotinin urin pada kelompok terpajan lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok tidak terpajan (median 30,1 vs 8,45 ng/ml; p<0.05). Terdapat perbedaan kadar kotinin pada anak yang terpajan asap rokok dengan jumlah batang rokok yang dihisap oleh perokok di rumah (p<0.05). Status pajanan asap rokok berhubungan dengan keluhan batuk, infeksi saluran napas atas dan rawat inap karena keluhan respirasi pada anak. Nilai titik potong optimal kadar kotinin urin pada anak untuk menilai pajanan asap rokok yaitu 17,95 ng/ml (sensitifitas 81%, spesifisitas 81%, AUC 91,2%, p<0.05). Kesimpulan: Kadar kotinin urin dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker yang tidak invasif untuk evaluasi pajanan asap rokok pada anak. ABSTRACT
Introduction : The cotinine is major metabolite of nicotine and the level of urinary cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. This study investigate role of urinary cotinine level in children exposed and unexposed to tobacco smoke at home. Method : A Cross sectional study that enrolled elementary school nonsmokers children classified into exposed group and unexposed group based on tobacco smoke sexposure status. The questionnaire and spot urinary samples were collected and urinary cotinine levels were measured by ELISA. Results : A total 128 nonsmokers children age 6-12 years divided into 64 children in exposed group and 64 children in unexposed group. The urinary cotinine levels in exposed group significantly higher than unexposed group (median 30,1 ng/m; vs 8,45 ng/ml; p<0.05). There was significant difference of urinary cotinine level in exposed group with number of cigarettes (p<0.05). Tobacco smoke exposure status associated with frequent cough symptom, upper respiratory infection and hospitalization because of respiratory symptoms in subjects. The optimal cut off point urinary cotinine in children to distinguish unexposed children with exposed to tobacco smoke at home was 17,95 ng/ml (sensitivity 81%, spesificity 81%, p<0.05). Conclusion : The urinary cotinine level is useful and noninvasive biomarker for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure in children. ;Introduction : The cotinine is major metabolite of nicotine and the level of urinary cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. This study investigate role of urinary cotinine level in children exposed and unexposed to tobacco smoke at home. Method : A Cross sectional study that enrolled elementary school nonsmokers children classified into exposed group and unexposed group based on tobacco smoke sexposure status. The questionnaire and spot urinary samples were collected and urinary cotinine levels were measured by ELISA. Results : A total 128 nonsmokers children age 6-12 years divided into 64 children in exposed group and 64 children in unexposed group. The urinary cotinine levels in exposed group significantly higher than unexposed group (median 30,1 ng/m; vs 8,45 ng/ml; p<0.05). There was significant difference of urinary cotinine level in exposed group with number of cigarettes (p<0.05). Tobacco smoke exposure status associated with frequent cough symptom, upper respiratory infection and hospitalization because of respiratory symptoms in subjects. The optimal cut off point urinary cotinine in children to distinguish unexposed children with exposed to tobacco smoke at home was 17,95 ng/ml (sensitivity 81%, spesificity 81%, p<0.05). Conclusion : The urinary cotinine level is useful and noninvasive biomarker for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure in children. ;Introduction : The cotinine is major metabolite of nicotine and the level of urinary cotinine is an indicator of tobacco smoke exposure. This study investigate role of urinary cotinine level in children exposed and unexposed to tobacco smoke at home. Method : A Cross sectional study that enrolled elementary school nonsmokers children classified into exposed group and unexposed group based on tobacco smoke sexposure status. The questionnaire and spot urinary samples were collected and urinary cotinine levels were measured by ELISA. Results : A total 128 nonsmokers children age 6-12 years divided into 64 children in exposed group and 64 children in unexposed group. The urinary cotinine levels in exposed group significantly higher than unexposed group (median 30,1 ng/m; vs 8,45 ng/ml; p<0.05). There was significant difference of urinary cotinine level in exposed group with number of cigarettes (p<0.05). Tobacco smoke exposure status associated with frequent cough symptom, upper respiratory infection and hospitalization because of respiratory symptoms in subjects. The optimal cut off point urinary cotinine in children to distinguish unexposed children with exposed to tobacco smoke at home was 17,95 ng/ml (sensitivity 81%, spesificity 81%, p<0.05). Conclusion : The urinary cotinine level is useful and noninvasive biomarker for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure in children.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Perilaku merokok masyarakat Indonesia meningkat dan dapat mengakibatkan masalah kesehatan bagi pengguna rokok bahkan menyerang kematian. Perilaku merokok saat ini mengalami pergeseran usia lebih muda bahkan cenderung anak-anak. Hal ini menjadi prihatin pada kondisi kesehatan anak usia sekolah yang sudah berperilaku merokok. tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan faktor risiko dengan perilaku dan persepsi merokok pada anak usia sekolah dasar di Kabupaten Karawang. Metode penelitian deskriptif korelatif dengan desain cross-sectional. Sampel sebanyak 356 responden rentang usia 9-12 tahun menggunakan teknik random sampling. Data dianalisis menggunakan korelasi, ada hubungan faktor risiko usia pertama kali merokok, ajakan teman sebaya, keluarga perokok, dan ekonomi dengan perilaku merokok anak usia sekolah dasar, dan terdapat hubungan faktor risiko mengikuti tren dan ingin keren, keluarga perokok dengan persepsi merokok anak usia sekolah dasar. Analisis multivariat regresi linier ganda menunjukan faktor paling dominan berhubungan dengan perilaku merokok yaitu usia pertama kali merokok. sedangkan faktor paling dominan berhubungan dengan persepsi merokok yaitu keluarga perokok. Temuan dalam penelitian ini menyarankan pemberian pendidikan kesehatan pada anak usia sekolah tentang bahaya merokok.

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ABSTRACT
Smoking behavior of Indonesians is increasing and can lead to health problems for cigarette users and even death. Smoking behavior is currently experiencing a shift in younger age even tends to children. This becomes concerned with the health condition of school aged children who have already behaved in smoking. the purpose of this study is to know the relationship of risk factors with smoking behavior and perception in elementary school age children in Kabupaten Karawang. The research method is descriptive correlative with cross sectional design. The sample of 356 respondents ranged from 9 12 years old using random sampling technique. The data were analyzed using correlation, there were correlation of age first risk factor of smoking, invitation of peers, family of smoker, and economy with smoking behavior of elementary school age children, and there was correlation of risk factor following trend and wanted cool, smoker family with smoker perception basic. Multiple linear regression multivariate analysis showed the most dominant factor related to smoking behavior that is first age of smoking. while the most dominant factor is related to smoking perception that is family of smoker. The findings in this study suggest providing health education to school aged children about the dangers of smoking.