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Abstrak :
Transduksi sinyal merupakan proses penyampaian informasi dari luar sel sampai ke dalam inti sel melewati protein-protein yang bekerja secara berantai. ERK2 termasuk dalam golongan enzim MAP Kinase yang berada dalam rantai bagian atas proses transduksi sinyal. STAT3 adalah protein yang berada paling bawah dalam proses ini yang punya kemampuan berikatan dengan DNA untuk dapat mengatur ekspresi gen yang dikode DNA itu. STAT3 dan ERK2 berasal dari sel eukariot. Untuk mempelajari aspek biokimia dan biofisika diperlukan protein STAT3 dan ERK2 dalam jumlah banyak yang dapat diperoleh dengan menggunakan DNA rekombinan. Organisme yang membawa DNA rekombinan akan mensintesis protein. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan ekspresi protein rekombinan transduksi sinyal STAT3 dan ERK2 dengan menggunakan IPTG sebagai induser dalam E. coli DH5 dalam skala produksi 500 mL. Untuk mendapatkan proteinnya, maka sel pelet bakteri harus dipecah. Supernatan yang didapat dipurifikasi (dimurnikan ) dengan menggunakan kolom terbuka metode kromatografi penukar anion (DEAE- Sepharose) dan kromatografi kolom hidrofobik (Phenyl -Sepharose ). Hasil elusi selanjutnya dikonfirmasi dengan menggunakan SDS ? PAGE. Dari hasil percobaan, protein rekombinan STAT3 dan ERK2 berhasil diekspresikan dalam sel inang E.coli DH5 dan berada dalam supernatan. Pita rekombinan STAT3 dengan berat molekul sebesar  66 kDa dan ERK2 sebesar  41 kDa yang telah dimurnikan dengan matriks DEAE-Sepharose dan Phenyl-Sepharose belum dalam bentuk pita tunggal.

Abstrak :
Abstrak Respon sel terhadap dunia luarnya memicu terjadinya transduksi sinyal sel. Transduksi sinyal sel merupakan keseluruhan kejadian molekuler yang berlangsung pada penyampaian informasi dari sitoplasma ke inti sel. Salah satu mekanisme transduksi sinyal adalah fosforilasi pada protein kinase. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) merupakan superfamili enzim yang emiliki tiga familiutama, yaitu Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) atau stress activated protein kinase (SAPK) dan p38 protein kinase. Tiap famili memiliki kepekaan terhadap stimulan yang berbeda sehingga jalur transduksinya spesifik satu sama lain. Penelitian menggunakan analisis Bioinformatika dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kejelasan mengenai pola sekuen asam amino penyusun protein ? protein superfamili MAPK. Pola ini akan menunjukkan spesifisitas interaksi jalur transduksi famili ERK, JNK, dan p38. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pola pada sekuen penyusun daerah interaksi (docking domain) dan daerah aktif protein MAPK. Daerah interaksi berupa ED domain dan CD domain. Pola umum daerah aktif untuk MAPK adalah sekuen TXY, yaitu TEY untuk ERK, TPY untuk JNK, dan TGY untuk p38. ED domain famili ERK berpola sekuen TT, JNK berpola sekuen SD, dan p38 berpola sekuen ED. CD domain subfamili ERK1 bersekuen YYDPTDEP, ERK2 bersekuen YYDPSDEP, JNK1 bersekuen WYDPSEAEA, JNK2 bersekuen WYDPAEAEA, JNK3 bersekuen WYDPAEVEA, p38 alfa bersekuen YHDPDDEP, p38 beta bersekuen YHDPEDEP, p38 gama bersekuen LHDTEDEP, dan p38 delta bersekuen FPDPEEET. Kata kunci : bioinformatika, docking domain, MAPK, transduksi sinyal.

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This volume focuses on the roles of various peptide signaling molecules in development, defence and homeostasis. As it is likely that further plant peptide signaling molecules remain to be discovered, the last section takes a practical look at methods to identify new peptides and characterise their functions.

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This volume focuses on the genetic, molecular and cellular components involved in the communication between partners of well-known symbioses, but also reports on the advances for less studied systems.

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ABSTRACT
Oral bacteria are the first human microbiome to encounter the food we eat. To date, most research has focused on the role of oral bacteria in the development and progression of caries and periodontal disease; however, little is known about the microbial communities that maintain a healthy oral cavity. This book, Oral Microbial Communities: Genomic Inquiry and Interspecies Communication, helps readers understand how multispecies microbial communities function to maintain and promote oral health as well as disease. It explores the immense opportunities presented by readily accessible, genetically tractable, genome-sequenced oral species that naturally form multispecies communities. Emphasizing the use of genomic inquiry to probe questions, Oral Microbial Communities examines multispecies community interactions, spatiotemporal organization, and gene function. Readers will find coverage of all the major microbe species currently under investigation by leading oral microbiologists. In particular, the book highlights model systems that study oral bacterial interactions, including biofilm growth using saliva as the source of nutrition.

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The goal of this volume is to comprehensively cover a highly readable overview on our present knowledge of the role of Notch signalling for embryology and cancer, with a focus on new findings in molecular biology. Topics that are discussed in-depth by leading researchers and clinicians range from the newest findings in cellular and molecular pathology to new concepts for prophylaxis and treatment of cancer.

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This book provides an overview of critical components of cell signaling machinery and its role in epithelial morphogenesis, proliferation, invasions and angiogenesis in human cancer and discusses novel types of protein kinase pathways.

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This book shows how plants assess their surroundings, estimate their energy needs for specific goals, and communicate with each other to coordinate behavioral patterns. Coverage includes the role of viruses in these highly dynamic interactional networks.

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Caveolae are 50-100 nm flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane that are primarily composed of cholesterol and sphingolipids. Using modern electron microscopy techniques, caveolae can be observed as omega-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane, fully-invaginated caveolae, grape-like clusters of interconnected caveolae (caveosome), or as transcellular channels as a consequence of the fusion of individual caveolae. The caveolin gene family consists of three distinct members, namely Cav-1, Cav-2 and Cav-3. Cav-1 and Cav-2 proteins are usually co-expressed and particularly abundant in epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells as well as adipocytes and fibroblasts. On the other hand, the Cav-3 protein appears to be muscle-specific and is therefore only expressed in smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles. Caveolin proteins form high molecular weight homo- and/or hetero-oligomers and assume an unusual topology with both their N- and C-terminal domains facing the cytoplasm.