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"Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) adalah penyakit multifaktorial yang mekanismenya belum diketahui secara pasti, namun hiperkoagulasi diduga merupakan faktor yang berperan pada NAION. Karena merupakan penyakit mikrovaskular, maka aktivasi koagulasi pada fase awal dapat menyebabkan koagulasi pada NAION. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran hiperkoagulasi pada kejadian NAION dalam upaya memberikan tata laksana yang lebih baik pada pasien NAION. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 2020 hingga April 2022 di Poliklinik Mata Divisi Neuro-oftalmologi FKUI-RSCM Kirana. Subjek adalah pasien NAION yang dibagi menjadi kelompok hiperkoagulasi dan non-hiperkoagulasi. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan untuk menilai penanda koagulasi dini yaitu E-selectin, P-selectin, microparticle tissue factor (MPTF), prothrombin fragment 1+2 (PF1+2), dan hasil pemeriksaan penunjang berupa optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA), dan Humphrey visual field (HVF). Uji klinis eksperimental dilakukan untuk menilai efektivitas terapi hiperkoagulasi dalam waktu 1 bulan. Terdapat 64,3% subjek NAION dengan hiperkoagulasi dan terjadi aktivasi penanda koagulasi dini pada kedua kelompok. Kesesuaian lokasi OCTA dengan ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) ditemukan pada 33% subjek, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) pada 6,7% subjek, dan HVF pada 40% subjek, namun tidak terdapat korelasi jumlah sektor atau kuadran yang terkena. Nilai GCIPL dan HVF tidak berkorelasi dengan OCTA, di kuadran yang terkena, RNFL berkorelasi dengan OCTA. Kelompok terapi hiperkoagulasi menunjukkan penurunan perfusi lebih sedikit. Tajam penglihatan membaik pada 57,2% subjek di kelompok NAION dengan hiperkoagulasi dan 42,9% di kelompok NAION nonhiperkoagulasi. Berdasarkan fungsi lapang pandang, kedua kelompok menunjukkan perbaikan pada sebagian besar subjek (71,4% pada kelompok NAION dengan hiperkoagulasi dan 85,8% pada kelompok NAION nonhiperkoagulasi). Disimpulkan hiperkoagulasi berperan pada mekanisme NAION, sehingga tata laksana terkait hiperkoagulasi penting pada pasien NAION dalam mencapai luaran klinis yang lebih baik.

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Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a multifactorial disease with an uncertain mechanism. Hypercoagulability is believed to be one of the factors involved in NAION. Considering that NAION is a microvascular disease, this study assumes that coagulation activation in the early phase is sufficient to cause a coagulation state in NAION. The aim of this research is to evaluate the role of hypercoagulability in the occurrence of NAION in order to provide better management for NAION patients. The subjects were NAION patients divided into hypercoagulability and non-hypercoagulability groups. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess early coagulation markers, namely E-selectin, P-selectin, microparticle tissue factor (MPTF), and prothrombin fragment 1+2 (PF1+2), as well as ancillary tests such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA), and Humphrey visual field (HVF). An experimental clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of hypercoagulation therapy within one month. It was found that 64.3% of NAION subjects had hypercoagulability. Early coagulation marker activation occurred in both groups. There was a concordance between OCTA and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) location in 33% of subjects, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in 6.7% of subjects, and HVF in 40% of subjects. However, no correlation was found regarding the number of affected sectors or quadrants. GCIPL and HVF values did not correlate with OCTA, whereas in the affected quadrant, RNFL correlated with OCTA. The hypercoagulation therapy group showed less perfusion reduction. Visual acuity improved in 57.2% of subjects in the hypercoagulability NAION group and 42.9% in the non-hypercoagulability NAION group. Based on visual field function, both groups showed improvement in the majority of subjects (71.4% in the hypercoagulability NAION group and 85.8% in the non- hypercoagulability NAION group). It can be concluded that hypercoagulability plays a role in the mechanism of NAION, thus emphasizing the importance of managing hypercoagulability in NAION patients to achieve better clinical outcomes."

"Latar Belakang COVID-19 ditetapkan sebagai pandemi sejak tahun 2020. Berbagai terapi telah dikembangkan akan tetapi terdapat laporan kejadian trombosis pasca COVID-19. Diduga salah satu mekanisme yang berperan adalah aktivasi trombosit oleh antibodi.Hal tersebut dikemukakan akibat adanya temuan manifestasi mirip Heparin-Inducued Thrombocytopenia (HIT) pada COVID-19. HIT terjadi akibat adanya antibodi antiPF4/heparin yang berikatan dengan reseptor FcIIR di trombosit. Terdapat banyak penanda aktivasi trombosit, salah satunya P-selektin.Tujuan. Mengetahui perbedaan rerata kadar antiPF4, P-selektin serum, serta agregasi trombosit antar derajat COVID-19.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel penelitian sebelumnya Hubungan Kadar 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D dengan Luaran Pasien Terkonfirmasi COVID-19 di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) dan Rumah Sakit Wisma Atlit pada Oktober 2021 sampai Januari 2022. Sampel serum tersebut disimpan di lab RSCM Kencana dan dilakukan simple random sampling. Pemeriksaan kadar P-selektin dan antiPF4 dilakukan dengan metode ELISA di Lab Diagnos, sedangkan agregasi trombosit pasca paparan serum di Lab RSCM.Hasil. Dilakukan analisis pada 160 sampel. Berdasarkan severitas terdapat 21 orang termasuk COVID-19 berat/kritis dan sisanya ringan/sedang. Komorbiditas, penyakit jantung, ginjal kronik, DM tipe 2, dan serebrovaskular secara bermakna lebih banyak pada kelompok berat kritis. Kadar P-selektin secara bermakna lebih tinggi pada kelompok berat kritis (median 43791,79 vs. 39112,3 pg/ml). Selain itu juga didapatkan agregasi yang lebih tinggi pada kelompok berat-kritis dengan agonis ADP 10 dan 5 uM (median masing-masing 32,8 vs 13,8 dan 28,5 vs 11,1 persen). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antiPF4 antar derajat COVID-19.Kesimpulan. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna kadar P-selektin dan agregasi trombosit antar derajat COVID-19.

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Background. COVID-19 became pandemic since 2020. While its treatment was being developed there were reports of thromboses event after COVID-19. One mechanism suggested was platelet activation due to antibody because of observation similar manifestation with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in COVID-19. Main culprit of HIT is antibody to PF4/heparin. Which bind FcIIR receptor in thrombocyte, leading to its activation. There are many markers of thrombocyte activation, one of them is P-selectin.

Objectives. Determine the mean difference of P selectin and antiPF4 levels in serum and thrombocyte aggregation between COVID-19 severity.

Methods. This study uses samples already taken before, in Association of 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D Levels with Outcome of COVID-19 Patients research from October 2021 to January 2022. Serum was stored in -20 C degrees in RSCM Laboratory. We planned to

do a simple random sampling. P-selectin and antiPF4 measured with ELISA in Diagnos Laboratory. Thrombocyte aggregation was measured by Light Transmission Aggregometry in RSCM.

Results. A total of 160 subjects analyzed 21 of them had severe/critical COVID-19. Comorbidities, heart disease, diabetes type 2, cerebrovascular disease were significantly higher in severe/critical disease. The median of P-selectin is significantly higher in severe covid (43791,79 vs. 39112,3 pg/ml). As aggregometry we find significantly higher

aggregation in severe disease with 10 and 5 uM ADP agonist. There is no difference of antiPF4 levels between groups.

Conclusion. There is a significant difference in P-selectin level and maximal aggregation between severe and non-severe COVID-19."