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Abstrak :
[Usaha untuk mendapatkan data seismik yang baik serta interpretasi seismik dari data eksisting pada suatu lapangan yang mempunyai struktur kompleks relatif sukar untuk dilakukan. Pembuatan model ideal untuk parameter seismik dengan menggunakan Forward Modelling diharapkan mampu untuk membuat hubungan antara kompleksitas struktur dengan data seismik yang dihasilkan. Hasil dari pembuatan Forward Modelling yang dilakukan dibandingkan dengan data real menunjukkan bahwa response seismik pada zone prospek menunjukkan trend yang sama, dimana pada zona yang mengalami struktur geologi yang kompleks, response seismik kurang bagus. Hasil pengurangan trace data real versus synthetic pada lintasan UT88-520 dan UT88-535 masih menunjukkan residu yang cukup besar, sebagai akibat dari kompleksitas struktur geologi lapangan Tiaka. Hasil Forward Modelling dapat dijadikan sebagai pembanding dan validasi hasil seismik yang diharapkan untuk mendapatkan model seismik yang dapat menjadi acuan pada saat akuisisi seismik, agar didapatkan data seismik yang lebih baik. ......The effort to get good seismic data from very complex geological structure is very difficult; such as the case for interpreting the existing data. Ideal modeling for seismic survey using Forward Modeling hopefully can explain the correlativity between geological structural complexities and the seismic result that we get. The main result of this study show us that comparison between Forward Modeling against Real Data indicate that the trend of seismic response in prospect zone/target zone almost similar, while the seismic response in fracture zone is not clear. Subtractions results between real data against synthetic in line UT88-520 and UT88-535 still give significant remain, indicate that structural geology in Tiaka Field is very complex. The Modeling result can be use as the ideal result and can be use as validation/comparable result to get the certain model and can become reference for seismic acquisition.;The effort to get good seismic data from very complex geological structure is very difficult; such as the case for interpreting the existing data. Ideal modeling for seismic survey using Forward Modeling hopefully can explain the correlativity between geological structural complexities and the seismic result that we get. The main result of this study show us that comparison between Forward Modeling against Real Data indicate that the trend of seismic response in prospect zone/target zone almost similar, while the seismic response in fracture zone is not clear. Subtractions results between real data against synthetic in line UT88-520 and UT88-535 still give significant remain, indicate that structural geology in Tiaka Field is very complex. The Modeling result can be use as the ideal result and can be use as validation/comparable result to get the certain model and can become reference for seismic acquisition.;The effort to get good seismic data from very complex geological structure is very difficult; such as the case for interpreting the existing data. Ideal modeling for seismic survey using Forward Modeling hopefully can explain the correlativity between geological structural complexities and the seismic result that we get. The main result of this study show us that comparison between Forward Modeling against Real Data indicate that the trend of seismic response in prospect zone/target zone almost similar, while the seismic response in fracture zone is not clear. Subtractions results between real data against synthetic in line UT88-520 and UT88-535 still give significant remain, indicate that structural geology in Tiaka Field is very complex. The Modeling result can be use as the ideal result and can be use as validation/comparable result to get the certain model and can become reference for seismic acquisition., The effort to get good seismic data from very complex geological structure is very difficult; such as the case for interpreting the existing data. Ideal modeling for seismic survey using Forward Modeling hopefully can explain the correlativity between geological structural complexities and the seismic result that we get. The main result of this study show us that comparison between Forward Modeling against Real Data indicate that the trend of seismic response in prospect zone/target zone almost similar, while the seismic response in fracture zone is not clear. Subtractions results between real data against synthetic in line UT88-520 and UT88-535 still give significant remain, indicate that structural geology in Tiaka Field is very complex. The Modeling result can be use as the ideal result and can be use as validation/comparable result to get the certain model and can become reference for seismic acquisition.]

Abstrak :
[Usaha untuk mendapatkan data seismik yang baik serta interpretasi seismik dari data eksisting pada suatu lapangan yang mempunyai struktur kompleks relatif sukar untuk dilakukan. Pembuatan model ideal untuk parameter seismik dengan menggunakan Forward Modelling diharapkan mampu untuk membuat hubungan antara kompleksitas struktur dengan data seismik yang dihasilkan. Hasil dari pembuatan Forward Modelling yang dilakukan dibandingkan dengan data real menunjukkan bahwa response seismik pada zone prospek menunjukkan trend yang sama, dimana pada zona yang mengalami struktur geologis yang kompleks, response seismik kurang bagus. Hasil pengurangan trace data real versus synthetic pada lintasan UT88-520 dan UT88-535 masih menunjukkan residu yang cukup besar, sebagai akibat dari kompleksitas struktur geologi lapangan Tiaka. Hasil Forward Modelling dapat dijadikan sebagai pembanding dan validasi hasil seismik yang diharapkan untuk mendapatkan model seismik yang dapat menjadi acuan pada saat akuisisi seismik, agar didapatkan data seismik yang lebih baik. ......The effort to get good seismic data from very complex geological structure is very difficult; such as the case for interpreting the existing data. Ideal modeling for seismic survey using Forward Modeling hopefully can explain the correlativity between geological structural complexities and the seismic result that we get. The main result of this study show us that comparison between Forward Modeling against Real Data indicate that the trend of seismic response in prospect zone/target zone almost similar, while the seismic response in fracture zone is not clear. Subtractions results between real data against synthetic in line UT88-520 and UT88-535 still give significant remain, indicate that structural geology in Tiaka Field is very complex. The Modeling result can be use as the ideal result and can be use as validation/comparable result to get the certain model and can become reference for seismic acquisition.;The effort to get good seismic data from very complex geological structure is very difficult; such as the case for interpreting the existing data. Ideal modeling for seismic survey using Forward Modeling hopefully can explain the correlativity between geological structural complexities and the seismic result that we get. The main result of this study show us that comparison between Forward Modeling against Real Data indicate that the trend of seismic response in prospect zone/target zone almost similar, while the seismic response in fracture zone is not clear. Subtractions results between real data against synthetic in line UT88-520 and UT88-535 still give significant remain, indicate that structural geology in Tiaka Field is very complex. The Modeling result can be use as the ideal result and can be use as validation/comparable result to get the certain model and can become reference for seismic acquisition.;The effort to get good seismic data from very complex geological structure is very difficult; such as the case for interpreting the existing data. Ideal modeling for seismic survey using Forward Modeling hopefully can explain the correlativity between geological structural complexities and the seismic result that we get. The main result of this study show us that comparison between Forward Modeling against Real Data indicate that the trend of seismic response in prospect zone/target zone almost similar, while the seismic response in fracture zone is not clear. Subtractions results between real data against synthetic in line UT88-520 and UT88-535 still give significant remain, indicate that structural geology in Tiaka Field is very complex. The Modeling result can be use as the ideal result and can be use as validation/comparable result to get the certain model and can become reference for seismic acquisition., The effort to get good seismic data from very complex geological structure is very difficult; such as the case for interpreting the existing data. Ideal modeling for seismic survey using Forward Modeling hopefully can explain the correlativity between geological structural complexities and the seismic result that we get. The main result of this study show us that comparison between Forward Modeling against Real Data indicate that the trend of seismic response in prospect zone/target zone almost similar, while the seismic response in fracture zone is not clear. Subtractions results between real data against synthetic in line UT88-520 and UT88-535 still give significant remain, indicate that structural geology in Tiaka Field is very complex. The Modeling result can be use as the ideal result and can be use as validation/comparable result to get the certain model and can become reference for seismic acquisition.]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Indonesia telah meresmikan peraturan gempa terbaru bernama SNI 1726-2019. Pembuatan peraturan gempa terbaru didasari oleh adanya penemuan sesar aktif, data sumber gempa dan pembaruan lainya dari teknologi gempa. SNI 1726-2019 diadopsi dari ASCE 7-16 yang telah menggunakan konsep uniform risk dengan probabilitas kegagalan 1% dari 50 tahun umur bangunan dan performa target collapse prevention untuk periode ulang gempa 2475 tahunan dimana pada peraturan SNI 1726-2002 konsep yang digunakan adalah uniform hazard dan performa target life safety untuk periode ulang gempa 500 tahunan. Dengan adanya perbedaan tersebut termasuk juga perbedaan metode perhitungan gaya gempa, gaya gempa dasar yang dihasilkan sesuai SNI 1726-2019 untuk bangunan 14 dan 21 lantai dengan sistem struktur berupa dual system kombinasi SRPMK dengan dinding geser khusus adalah sebesar 1.65 dan 1,9 kali gaya gempa dasar yang dihasilkan pada SNI 1726-2002. Evaluasi performa bangunan ini menggunakan metode disain berbasis kinerja berupa analisa nonlinear riwayat waktu dengan 11 pasang rekaman gempa sesuai ASCE 41-17. Hasil analisa dari kedua bangunan eksisting tersebut menunjukan bahwa kedua bangunan tersebut tidak dapat mencapai performa target collapse prevention untuk BSE-2N. Perkuatan dilakukan dengan menggunakan viscous wall damper (VWD) untuk mencapai performa target dan meminimalisir gangguan dari aktivitas di dalam bangunan. 10 variasi model dianalisa untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari VWD terhadap performa global dan komponen. Variasi model dilakukan berdasarkan parameter koefisien redaman (c) dari VWD dan jumlah VWD pada setiap jenis bangunan. Hasil analisa menunjukan bahwa penggunaan VWD akan meningkatkan performa global bangunan terkait simpangan antar lantai dan simpangan antar lantai residual. Dalam tingkat komponen, VWD akan meningkatkan performa komponen balok dengan menggeser performa komponen ke tingkat yang lebih baik. Berbeda pada kebanyakan komponen, untuk komponen yang dipasangkan VWD ataupun berlokasi satu garis gaya dengan VWD harus diberikan perhatian khusus karena VWD akan meningkatkan kebutuhan gaya dalam dan deformasi dari komponen tersebut sehingga membutuhkan perkuatan secara lokal.

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ABSTRACT
Considering the latest finding on active faults, updates on the seismic database, and other refinements, Indonesia released latest seismic code namely SNI-1726-2019. SNI-1726-2019 is adopted from the ASCE-7-16 which has the uniform risk concept of 1% probability of collapse in 50 years and target performance of collapse prevention for the 2475 years return period earthquake. Different to that, SNI-1726-2002 has uniform hazard concept and target performance of Life Safety for the 500 years return period earthquake. Accumulating those differences and adding others differences in seismic calculation procedure, for 14-story and 21-story building, dual system of SMF and special RC Shear Wall, the latest code results seismic demand of 1.65 and 1.9 times higher than that in the 2002 code. To evaluate its performance designed originally with strength based design in accordance to SNI-1726-2002, the Performance Based Design (PBD) using Non Linear Time History Analysis (NLTHA) with 11 pairs of matched ground motions was carried out in accordance to ASCE-41-17. The PBD result of the two existing buildings show that both performances don't meet the target performance. To achieve target performance of Collapse Prevention for BSE-2N and to minimize building operation disturbance, Viscous Wall Damper (VWD) is introduced for retrofit system. 10 variations in terms of VWD damping coefficient (c) and amount of VWD are modeled to understand the effect of VWD to its global and component performances. The analysis results show that installing VWD may increase the global performance in terms of interstory drift(IDR) and residual interstory drift. In the component level, this retrofit can increase the performance of the beam component by shifting its performance to better level. But for some component, attached by the VWD or located in one grid with VWD, shall be looked closely and may need local strengthening due to the increase of force and deformation demand.

Abstrak :
To develop seismic design criteria for buildings, seismic hazard analysis is required to estimate the ground motion intensity with criteria such as peak ground acceleration (PGA). The seismic hazard can be analyzed by using two approaches: deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) and probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). In these two approaches, the seismic hazard is evaluated from past earthquake events and active faults data. In Thailand, seismic hazard is classified in the low lying regions; however, in recently years, earthquakes have occurred frequently in the North of Thailand. To prevent and reduce damage due to earthquakes in the future, determination of seismic hazard is needed. This research proposes a deterministic seismic hazard map evaluated from nineteen active faults affecting Thailand. Two types of active faults are considered: first, an active fault in a subduction zone and second, a crustal fault. The seismic hazard is evaluated by using a ground motion prediction equation (GMPEs). Four GMPEs are weighted equally for seismic crustal fault, and two GMPEs are weighted equally for a seismic subduction zone. The hypocentral distance is used to evaluate the seismic hazard for all ground motion prediction equations. The Northern part and the Western part of Thailand are high seismic hazard regions, because there are active faults with the large possibility of earthquakes of a maximum magnitude. The seismic hazards in the North, West and Northeast of Thailand are about 0.60 g. The seismic hazard in Bangkok is about 0.25 g due to the Three Pagoda fault and Sri Sawat fault. The seismic hazard in the South of Thailand is about 0.40 g.

Abstrak :
Prediksi tekanan pori sebelum melakukan proses pengeboran menjadi hal yang sangat penting karena dapat merepresentasikan pemetaan migrasi hidrokarbon, serta analisa konfigurasi tutupan dan geometri cekungan. Disisi lain penentuan tekanan pori dapat membantu dalam pembuatan desain program casing dan lumpur. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada lapangan X, Cekungan Kutai Kalimantan Timur dimana secara regional cekungan ini tersusun atas endapan- endapan sedimen yang berumur tersier yang memperlihatkan endapan-endapan fase trangresi dan regresi laut. Prediksi tekanan pori pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode yang dikembangkan oleh Eaton, metode ini membutuhkan data pengukuran geofisika seperti data kecepatan seismik dan data log sumur. Prediksi tekanan pori diturunkan dari kecepatan seismik 3D yang diperoleh dari hasil pemodelan kecepatan dengan menggunakan metode Impedansi akustik Inversion, dimana metode tersebut mampu untuk memprediksi kecepatan lebih akurat untuk menetukan karakteristik litologi dan daerah yang berstruktur komplek. Proses yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini dimulai dengan menentukan parameter-parameter perhitungan dengan Metode Eaton pada 5 sumur dengan data kecepatan sonic dan seismic, selanjutnya melakukan perhitungan nilai overburden, Tekanan Hidrostatik, Normal Compaction trend NCT dan Model distribusi prediksi tekanan pori. Dari hasil prediksi tekanan pori dapat memperlihatkan penyebaran/ distribusi zona overpressure pada lapangan X yang dilalui oleh 5 sumur, penyebaran ini menjadi penting untuk membantu dalam program untuk menentukan pengeboran sumur di area tersebut.

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Pore Pressure prediction prior to drilling is paramount importance as it can represent of mapping hydrocarbon migration, as well as to analyse of trap and basin geometric configurations. Side of is other pore pressure determination can be assist in design of casing and mud program. This research was conducted in X field , Kutai basin, East Kalimantan, where is by regional this basin is composed of tertiary deposits which to show sedimentary deposits of marine tracres and regressions. The pore pressure prediction in this study using developed methods by Eaton, this method requires geophysical measurement data such as seismic velocity data and well log data. The pore pressure prediction is derived from the 3D seismic velocity obtained from the velocity modeling results using the Inversion acoustic impedance method, where the method is able to predict more accurate velocities to determine lithologic characteristics and complex structured regions. The process performed in this study begins by determining the calculation parameters with the Eaton Method on 5 wells with sonic and seismic velocity data, then performing overburden value calculation, Hydrostatic Pressure, Normal Compaction Trend NCT and Pore pressure prediction distribution model. From the predicted pore pressures can show the distribution of overpressure zones in the X field through which 5 wells, this distribution is important to assist in the program to determine drilling wells in the area.

Abstrak :
Skripsi ini membahas tingkat seismisitas, kerapuhan batuan, dan tingkat periode ulang gempa bumi Jawa bagian barat dengan batas koordinat 105º1’11”-106º7’12” Bujur Timur dan 5º7’50”-7º1’11’’ Lintang Selatan. Analisis pengamatan menggunakan data kejadian gempa bumi selama periode 1981-2021, kedalaman h≤300 km, dan magnitudo 𝑀≥2. Metode yang digunakan adalah Magnitude Frequency Relation (MFR) dengan hasil nilai MC sebesar 4.8. Serta metode Maximum Likelihood dengan hasil nilai b sebesar 0.5 - 1.3 dan nilai a sebesar 3.5 – 8.0. Sedangkan nilai periode ulang gempa bumi yang didapatkan berbeda-beda tergantung besaran magnitudo pada wilayah penelitian. Pada gempa bumi dengan magnitudo 𝑀 = 5.0 dan 𝑀 = 5.5, secara berturutturut memiliki kisaran periode ulang gempa sekitar 1-4 tahun dan 2-7 tahun. Beda halnya dengan gempa bumi magnitudo 𝑀 = 6.0 dan 𝑀 = 6.5, memiliki kisaran periode ulang gempa sekitar 4-14 tahun dan 6-16 tahun. ......This thesis discusses the level of seismicity, rock fragility, and the rate of return period for West part of the Java’s earthquake with coordinate boundaries of 105º1’11”- 106º7’12” East Longitude and 5º7’50”-7º1’11’’ South Latitude. Observational analysis uses earthquake data for the period 1981-2021, depth h≤300 km, and magnitude 𝑀≥2. The methods are used Magnitude Frequency Relation (MFR) with MC value of 4.8, also the Maximum Likelihood method with the results of a b value of 0.5 - 1.3 and a value of 3.5 – 8.0. While the value of the earthquake return period obtained varies depending on the magnitude of the study area. Earthquakes with a magnitude of 𝑀 = 5.0 and 𝑀 = 5.5, respectively, have an earthquake return period range of about 1-4 years and 2-7 years. Unlike the case with earthquakes of magnitude 𝑀 = 6.0 and 𝑀 = 6.5, they have a return period of around 4-14 years and 6-16 years.