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"Endodontic instruments such as file or reamer has potential risk to breakage during cleaning and shaping procedure especially in curved canals. In this case the instrument was fractured because it was forced into the dentin walls to gain deeper penetration, and its removal result in breakage. In this case report removal of the instrument fragment in root canal with conventional technique was failed. So it was decided to continue the treatment, with the consideration that there is no complain within one month observation."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 46-50The necrosis tooth wilh incomplete formed roots and wide root canal should be treated by apexification. Gutta-percha combined with root canal sealer is widely used as an obturation material. The aim of this case report is to figure out that the use of customized gutta-percha in wide root canal to produce compact and hermetic filling."

"Generally we do not know about the presence of the barrier that cause the children, students, or patients to have dyslexia, i.c. difficulties in learning abilities on writing, spelling, speaking and counting. Physicians and dentists also face some difficulties in treating them, and sufferers are often improperly treated. At home they may be treated as if they had a physical defect, and in the school as if they were dull-witted students. Dyslexia has the characteristic of continually adhering to the patient until adult and then old age. There is no prevention for this condition, but the patient can be helped by excavating their existing potential. However, for this purpose it is necessary that the parentsm educators, physicians, dentists, helpers, and people in general are aware about dyslexia."

"Latar Belakang: Preparasi saluran akar gigi menghasilkan smear layer saat bersentuhan dengan dinding saluran akar yang berpotensi menyebabkan kegagalan perawatan. Bentuk penampang file mempengaruhi pembentukan smear layer. Penelitian ini membandingkan kuantitas smear layer pada dinding saluran akar sepertiga apikal yang dipreparasi menggunakan file berpenampang melintang segitiga dan segi empat. Metode: 32 sampel gigi premolar rahang bawah dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok perlakuan yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga (One Curve®, n = 16) dan segi empat (Hyflex EDM®, n = 16). Setelah preparasi, saluran akar diirigasi menggunakan kombinasi larutan NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA 17%. Smear layer pada dinding saluran akar sepertiga apikal diamati menggunakan scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan dikuantifikasi menurut sistem skoring Foschi. Hasil: Uji Mann- Whitney menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara preparasi saluran akar menggunakan kedua instrumen dengan skor smear layer. Kelompok yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga menghasilkan skor smear layer lebih rendah dibanding kelompok yang dipreparasi dengan file berpenampang segi empat. Kesimpulan: Preparasi saluran akar menggunakan file berpenampang segitiga dan segi empat dengan irigasi kombinasi NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA 17% tetap menghasilkan smear layer pada daerah sepertiga apikal, namun preparasi dengan file berpenampang segitiga menunjukkan kuantitas smear layer yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan file berpenampang segi empat.

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Background: Root canal preparation produces smear layer when in contact with its wall, which potentially causing treatment failures. Cross-section shape of file influences smear layer production. This experiment compares smear layer quantity at apical third of root canal walls prepared using files with triangular and rectangular cross-section.

Methods: Thirty-two premolar samples taken from mandibles were divided into two groups whose root canals were prepared using file with triangular (One Curve®, n = 16) and rectangular (Hyflex EDM®, n = 16) cross-section. After preparation, root canals were irrigated with combination of NaOCl 2,5% and EDTA 17% solutions. Smear layer in apical third of root canal walls were then observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan quantified according to Foschi scoring system.

Results: Mann- Whitney test shows significant difference between root canal preparation using both instruments and produced smear layer score. Group prepared with triangular file produced lower smear layer score compared to those which prepared with rectangular file.

Conclusions: Root canal preparation using files with triangular and rectangular cross-section, followed by combined NaOCl 2,5% and EDTA 17% irrigation still produces smear layer in apical third area. However, preparation with triangular file shows less smear layer quantity compared to rectangular file."

"Dalam Tugas Akhir ini dibuat Penganalisis Kanal Tunggal yaitu suatu alat untuk menganalisis tinggi pulsa yang sering digunakan pada pengukuran energi radiasi bahan radio aktif. Alat ini terdiri atas rangkaian: Diskriminator, anti-coincidence dan pembentuk pulsa yang dibuat dengan menggunakan rangkaian terpadu atau IC (Integrated Circuit) dan komponen tertentu yang presisi sehingga didapatkan kehandalan yang tinggi. Keuntungan lain menggunakan IC adalah rangkaian menjadi sederhana dan mudah untuk memperbaikinya.Untuk menganalisis tinggi pulsa alat ini menggunakan dua buah diskriminator, untuk mendapatkan ketelitian yang tinggi pada pembacaan "'level" diskriminator maka dipakai potensiometer 10 putaran pada masing-masing rangkaian level diskriminator. Keluaran Penganalisis Kanal Tunggal berbentuk pulsa segi empat dengan tinggi ±3,5 volt dan lebar ± 0,5 ps , pulsa ini merupakan pulsa Standard sebagai masukan rangkaian pencacah .Alat ini telah dibuat dan diuji di Instalasi Spektrometri Neutron - Pusat Penelitian Sains Materi - BATAN."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Smear layer dapat menghambat sterilisasi saluran akar dan adaptasi bahan pengisi di sepertiga apeks. Untuk menghilangkannya, selain menggunakan bahan irigasi juga diperlukan teknik irigasi yang yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan data mengenai hasil pembersihan dinding saluran akar dari smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks yang diirigasi menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik dan tehnik irigasi manual-dinamik Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar tetap dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik. Kelompok 2 menggunakan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kebersihan dinding saluran akar pada sepertiga apeks dengan menggunakan SEM pada semua kelompok. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,256) Kesimpulan: Kedua jenis teknik irigasi baik sonik maupun manual-dinamik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik. Namun secara deskriptif, teknik irigasi sonik memberikan hasil kebersihan sepertiga apeks yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Smear layer can inhibite sterilization of root canal and adaptation of root canal filling material on apical third of root canal wall. To eliminate it, besides using irrigation materials are also needed proper irrigation techniques. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall irrigated using sonic and manual-dynamic irrigation techniques. Materials and Method: thirty two whole-extracted premolars were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 were irigated sonicly, Group 2 were irrigated with manual-dynamic. The cleanliness of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall from both groups then inspected using SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using Kolmogorov-smirnov test. Results: There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0,256) Conclusion: Both types of irrigation techniques does not show statistically significant difference. But descriptively, sonic irrigation technique provided better result of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall than manual-dynamic irrigation technique."

"Preparasi saluran akar menghasilkan ekstrusi debri, memicu respons inflamasi di periapeks. Tujuan: Mengamati perbedaan jumlah ekstrusi debri ke periapeks pada saluran akar yang dipreparasi menggunakan gerakan rotasi kontinyu dan resiprokal. Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar secara acak dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 dipreparasi menggunakan gerakan rotasi kontiyu. Kelompok 2 menggunakan gerakan resiprokal. Penimbangan tabung penampung debri dilakukan dua kali, yaitu sebelum dan setelah preparasi. Perbedaan berat tabung tersebut dianggap sebagai berat debri terekstrusi. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,844) Kesimpulan: Perbedaan gerakan preparasi saluran akar menggunakan rotasi kontinyu maupun resiprokal tidak memengaruhi jumlah ekstrusi debri ke periapeks.

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Root canal preparation produces debris extrusion, lead to inflammation in periapical tissue.

Objective: Assess the differences of periapically extruded debris amount after preparation using continous rotation and reciprocating motion.

Method: Thirty two premolars in a receptor tube were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group 1 was prepared using continuous rotation, Group 2 using reciprocating motion. Amount of the extruded debris was obtained by the receptor tube weight differences before and after preparation.

Results: The difference between groups were not statistically significant (p = 0,844).

Conclusion: Continuous rotation and reciprocating motion have no influence in the amount of periapically extruded debris."

"Smear layer dapat menghambat sterilisasi saluran akar dan adaptasi bahan pengisi di sepertiga apeks. Untuk menghilangkannya, selain menggunakan bahan irigasi juga diperlukan teknik irigasi yang yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan data mengenai hasil pembersihan dinding saluran akar dari smear layer di daerah sepertiga apeks yang diirigasi menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik dan tehnik irigasi manual-dinamik. Metode: Tigapuluh dua gigi premolar tetap dibagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 menggunakan teknik irigasi sonik. Kelompok 2 menggunakan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik. Kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan kebersihan dinding saluran akar pada sepertiga apeks dengan menggunakan SEM pada semua kelompok. Analisis data menggunakan uji Kolmogorov-smirnov. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Kelompok 1 dan 2 (p=0,256). Kesimpulan: Kedua jenis teknik irigasi baik sonik maupun manual-dinamik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik. Namun secara deskriptif, teknik irigasi sonik memberikan hasil kebersihan sepertiga apeks yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan teknik irigasi manual-dinamik.

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Smear layer can inhibite sterilization of root canal and adaptation of root canal filling material on apical third of root canal wall. To eliminate it, besides using irrigation materials are also needed proper irrigation techniques. The purpose of this study was to obtain more information of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall irrigated using sonic and manual-dynamic irrigation techniques.

Materials and Method: thirty two whole-extracted premolars were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 were irigated sonicly, Group 2 were irrigated with manual-dynamic. The cleanliness of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall from both groups then inspected using SEM. The data obtained were analyzed using Kolmogorov-smirnov test.

Results: There was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (p = 0,256)

Conclusion: Both types of irrigation techniques does not show statistically significant difference. But descriptively, sonic irrigation technique provided better result of the cleaning of smear layer on apical third of root canal wall than manual-dynamic irrigation technique."

"Latar Belakang: Penelitian mengenai pengaruh pelebaran korona saluran akar terhadap tingkat ketepatan apex locator hanya sedikit. Tujuan: Membandingkan ketepatan lokasi foramen apikalis pada dua tipe apex locator dan menilai pengaruh pelebaran koronal saluran akar. Metode: Panjang kerja 16 gigi premolar satu mandibula diukur secara visual, menggunakan dua jenis apex locator saat sebelum dan setelah dilakukan pelebaran korona saluran akar. Hasil: Berbeda bermakna ketepatan pada tiap jenis apex locator setelah dilakukan pelebaran korona, namun tidak berbeda bermakna pada keduanya setelah pelebaran koronal saluran akar. Kesimpulan: pelebaran korona saluran akar meningkatkan ketepatan apex locator mengukur lokasi foramen apikalis.

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Background: Only a few studies on the effect of coronal preflaring to the accuracy of apex locator.

Objective: To compare the accuracy of two types of apex locators and evaluate the influence of coronal preflaring in them.

Method: working length of sixteen first mandibular bicuspids were measured visually, using two types apex locator at before and after coronal preflaring.

Result: statistically significant of two type apex locators at before and after coronal preflaring, no statistically significant at both types after coronal preflaring.

Conclusion: coronal preflaring will increase the accuracy of apex locator in locating the apical foramen."

"Instrumentasi saluran akar masih meninggalkan area tidak terpreparasi. Insrumen osilasi diklaim dapat membersihkan dinding saluran akar secara optimal.Tujuan: Membandingkan luas dinding sepertiga apeks saluran akar yang tidak terpreparasi antara instrumen osilasi Reciproc® dan WaveOne®.Metode: Tiga puluh dua saluran akar premolar mandibula diisi tinta cina kemudian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok berjumlah sama (n=16): Reciproc® dan WaveOne®. Luas dinding yang tertutup tinta cina dianalisis dengan Adobe Photoshop CS5.Hasil: Kelompok II mempreparasi lebih banyak dinding tetapi tidak berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok I (p=0,265).Kesimpulan: Reciproc® dan WaveOne® tetap meninggalkan area tidak terpreparasi di sepertiga apeks saluran akar.

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Thirty five percents area of root canal wall was left uninstrumented after instrumentation. Oscillation instrument was claimed able to clean whole area of root canal walls.Objective: to compare uninstrumented area of root canal at the apical third after instrumented by oscillation instrument.Methods: Thirty two human mandibular premolar root canals were dyed with china ink and were divided equally into Reciproc® and WaveOne® group. The area was analyzed using Adobe Photoshop CS5.Results: WaveOne® showed a better result than Reciproc®, but not statistically significant (p=0,265).Conclusion: The Reciproc® and WaveOne® showed no difference in cleaning the root canal."