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Abstrak :
Rice husk is one of the most abundant agricultural wastes in Indonesia, with an annual potency of 13,662 MWe. Using biomass gasification, it can be converted into producer gas, whose energy can be used for thermal and electrical power generation. In gasification terms, gas quality can be interpreted by tar content and gas energy. An experiment using an open top fixed bed downdraft gasifier (batch system) with double stage air supply was conducted by varying the secondary air injection position (Z) and the air ratio (AR). Tar content can be represented by flaming pyrolysis duration and gas quality by the combustion energy of the gas. Flaming pyrolysis is a phenomenon which occurs inside the reactor, where tar produced is re-cracked and dissolved into smaller compounds. This can be achieved if the pyrolysis zone temperature ranges between 500 and 800oC. With an AR of 80%, at Z = 38 cm, flaming pyrolysis with the longest duration of 400 seconds was created, which indicated that this condition had the lowest tar content; meanwhile, at Z = 50 cm, gas with the highest energy (734.64 kJ) was obtained.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Indonesia merupakan negara agraris yang merupakan produsen padi ketiga di dunia setelah Cina dan India. Hal ini menyebabkan banyaknya sekam padi yang terbuang menjadi limbah. Di dalam sekam padi ini terdapat ~20% silika yang dapat diberdayakan. Silika dalam sekam padi ini dapat diekstraksi dengan melakukan proses pelindian menggunakan larutan asam klorida 1 M, dengan variasi waktu pelindian 30, 75, dan 120 menit, yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pembakaran hingga suhu 650°C dengan kecepatan peningkatan suhu 5°C/menit. Hasil akhir kemudian dikarakterisasi kadar dan morfologinya. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa kadar akhir silika yang didapatkan dengan pelindian selama 30, 75 dan 120 menit masing-masing sebesar 98,282%, 99,323%, dan 99,429%, Sekam padi hasil ekstraksi mengalami perubahan morfologi menjadi lebih halus dengan penambahan waktu pelindian. ABSTRACT
Indonesia is an agricultural country that produces rice number three in the world, after China and India. It makes there are bulk of rice husks that goes to waste. Rice husks contain approximately 20% of silica that can be empowered. Silica from rice husks can be extracted through leaching method using chloric acid 1 M, with time variate from 30, 75, and 120 minutes, and then continued with combustions until temperature 650°C with rate of 5°C/minutes. The results from this study then characterized and achieved the final concentration of silica for leaching time 30, 75 and 120 minutes is 98.282%, 99.323%, and 99.429%. The final sample encountered a morphology change to become smoother as the leaching time increase.

Abstrak :
Komoditas utama di sektor pertanian Indonesia adalah padi, yang juga merupakan tanaman pokok di negeri ini sehingga limbah yang dihasilkan juga akan sangat banyak. Untuk mengatasi hal seperti ini, maka pengolahan limbah sekam padi kerap dilakukan. Sekam padi mengandung 50% selulosa, 25 ?30 % lignin, dan 15 ?20 % silika. Kandungan silika ini yang nantinya akan berharga setelah diolah lebih lanjut, setelah dilakukan pemanggangan sempurna sekam padi mengandung sekitar 90%-98% silika. Pada penelitian ini pengolahan sekam padi dilakukan dengan metode pelindian pada larutan HCl 1 M selama 3 jam, kemudian di recovery dan dilanjutkan pemanggangan dengan variasi laju temperaturnya 3C/min., 5C/min., dan 7C/min. hingga 650C dan ditahan selama 4 jam. Hasil penelitian didapatkan dengan variasi laju temperaturnya 3C/min., 5C/min., dan 7C/min silika dengan kadar 99,170%, 99,038%, dan 98,966%. Proses pelindian dan pemanggangan akan menghilangkan komponen-komponen organik dan logam pengotor-pengotor di dalamnya, dan apabila diamati morfologinya, sekam padi yang telah diberi perlakuan strukturnya akan lebih halus dan berporos.

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The main commodities in the agricultural sector of Indonesia is rice, which is also a staple crop in this country so that the waste generated will also be very much. To cope with this kind of thing, then the rice husk waste treatment is often done. Rice husks contain 50% cellulose, 25% lignin -30 and 15 -20% silica. The silica content of which will be valuable when processed further, after perfect roasting rice husk contains about 90% -98% silica. In this study, rice husk processing is done by the method of leaching in 1 M HCl solution for 3 hours, then recovered and continued roasting by the temperature rate variation of 30C/min., 50C/min., and 70C/min until reaching 6500C and held for 4 h. Research results obtained by varying the temperature rate of 30C/min., 50C/min., and 70C/min with silica content of 99.170%, 99.038% and 98.966%. Leaching and roasting process will eliminate the components of organic and metallic impurities in it, and if the morphology was observed, rice husk which has been treated to be more delicate and highly porous structure.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Sekam padi merupakan limbah dari produksi padi. Sekam padi mengandung kandungan anorganik dan organik di dalamnya, salah satunya adalah selulosa yang dapat diubah menjadi bahan kimia platform seperti asam levulinat. Selulosa dalam sekam padi berikat dengan senyawa lain seperti lignin dan hemiselulosa sehingga perlu dilakukan pengerjaan beberapa langkah dalam sekam padi untuk mendapatkan selulosa murni. Sekam padi diberikan perawatan dewax untuk menghilangkan senyawa ekstraktif dan sebagainya dilakukan variasi perlakuan awal terhadap sampel sekam padi yaitu dengan perlakuan awal delignifikasi secara kimiawi menggunakan 10% natrium hidroksida, dan secara mekanis menggunakan ultrasonication dalam pelarut asam fosfat 40%, serta dengan menggunakan pabrik bola. Sampel diubah dalam pelarut 40% asam fosfat, 30% hidrogen peroksida, dan dengan katalis Mn3O4 / ZSM-5 berpori hirarkis pada suhu 130 ° C. Hasil konversi dianalisis dengan HPLC. Diketahui bahwa waktu reaksi optimum adalah 10 jam. Perawatan awal delignifikasi (SDL) menghasilkan persen rendemen tertinggi dibandingkan pretreatment lainnya (11,70%), sampel dewax (SD) memberikan rendemen asam levulinat terbesar kedua (5,17%), diikuti oleh sampel ball mill dan ultrasonik (SBS, 4,43%), sampel ball mill (SB30, 3,88%), dan sampel ultrasonik (SS, 3,76%). Hasil reaksi konversi Sampel yang didelignifikasi (SDL) diisolasi dengan berbagai pelarut yaitu etil asetat dan xilena. Hasil isolasi dianalisis dengan HPLC dan GC-MS diperoleh bahwa etil asetat mampu memisahkan asam levulinat dari 5-HMF dengan metode ekstraksi, tetapi xylene tidak bisa memisahkan asam levulinat dari 5-HMF.
ABSTRACT
Rice husks are waste from rice production. Rice husks contain inorganic and organic contents, one of which is cellulose which can be converted into platform chemicals such as levulinic acid. Cellulose in rice husks is bonded with other compounds such as lignin and hemicellulose, so it is necessary to work on several steps in rice husks to get pure cellulose. Rice husks are given dewax treatment to remove extractive compounds and so, pre-treatment variations are carried out on rice husk samples, namely by pretreatment delignification chemically using 10% sodium hydroxide, and mechanically using ultrasonication in a 40% phosphoric acid solvent, and by using a ball mill. The samples were converted in a solvent of 40% phosphoric acid, 30% hydrogen peroxide, and with a hierarchical porous Mn3O4 / ZSM-5 catalyst at 130 ° C. The conversion results were analyzed by HPLC. It is known that the optimum reaction time is 10 hours. The initial delignification treatment (SDL) resulted in the highest percentage yield compared to other pretreatments (11.70%), the dewax sample (SD) gave the second largest yield of levulinic acid (5.17%), followed by ball mill and ultrasonic samples (SBS, 4, 43%), ball mill samples (SB30, 3.88%), and ultrasonic samples (SS, 3.76%). The results of the conversion reaction The delignified samples (SDL) were isolated with various solvents, namely ethyl acetate and xylene. The isolation results were analyzed by HPLC and GC-MS, it was found that ethyl acetate was able to separate levulinic acid from 5-HMF by extraction method, but xylene could not separate levulinic acid from 5-HMF.