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Abstrak :
SUMMARY
This research was carried out to study the diversity of Rhizopus in Irian Jaya. Tempe samples were collected from regions in Irian Jaya. The aim of this research was to Isolate and Identify Rhizopus spp. from traditionally made tempe, to make usar from the Rhizopus sp. isolates, and to produce tempe from the chosen usar.

Isolation was done using direct plating method. Nineteen Rhizopus spp. isolates have been isolated from soybean tempe collected from several regions in Irian Jaya. Examination of their morphological characteristics, growth temperature, and spore ornamentation, showed that eighteen isolates belong to the Rh. microsporus group: two isolates were Rh. microsporus var. oligosporus, sixteen isolates were Rh. microsporus var. chinensis. One isolate was Rh. oryzae.

The isolates were examined for their ability to produce usar. Out of the nineteen isolates that were tested, only seven produced good usar (inoculum): six isolates from Rh. microsporus var. chinensis, and one of Rh. oryzae. The amount of spores before and after inoculum production were determined by Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The average of viable spores from all isolates before the inoculum production was ((2.5-3.2)x14' cetllmly, and after the inoculum production was ((1.2-1.8)x104 celllg). The usars (Inocula) from seven Isolates were examined to produce tempe. The Rh. oryzae inoculum produced better tempe than the Rh. microsporus var. chinensis Inoculum based on colour, texture, aroma and shelf-life.

Abstrak :
Inoculum for making tempe is usually made from the mould Rhizopus oryzae or Rhizopus oligospons. Large scale use of an inoculum from one source only (LKN-LIPI) might threaten the biodiversity of microorganisms in traditionally made inoculum. The potential use of other Rhizopus moulds as inoculum for tempe production should be examined. Rh. microsporus var. rhizopodifonnis UICC 520 isolated from Hibiscus from Manado and Rh. microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521 isolated from tempe from Aceh were examined for their potentials to produce tempe. Rhizopus has also been known to be able to transform antioxidants such as isoflavone in tempe. The potential of Rhizopus microsporus v. Tiegh. var. chinensis (Saito) UICC 521 to transform glucoside isoflavones in soybean tempe has been evaluated. The results showed that Rh. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis UICC 520 has little potential as a tempe inoculum. Rh. microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521, however, is very potential as an inoculum to produce good tempe and produces abundant spores ((3-10)x106 cell/ml) on rice substrate. Two types of aglycon isoflavone, daidzein and genistein, were detected by TLC separation. The total isoflavone concentration during fermentation period of 24, 48, 72 hours was determined using HPLC. At 24 hours the concentration was 0.142 mg/g tempe, while at 48 and 72 hours the concentration were 0.181 and 0.135 mg/g tempe, respectively. The highest total isoflavone concentration was detected at 48 hours fermentation period. Hence, there was an increase of aglycon isoflavones up to 6000% after transformation of isoflavones in soybean by Rh. microsporus var. chinensis UICC 521 when compared to the initial concentration before transformation.

Abstrak :
Yotefa Bay, lying on the north coast of Jayapura, was established as a Tourist Park in 1978, based on the Minister of Agriculture's Decree No.: 372/KptslUm/6/1978 dated 9"? June 1978, Mangrove forest, which spreads out from the north part to southeast part of Yotefa Bay, is dominated by Rhizophora spp. Research on pattern of litter production of Rhizophora mucronata in Yotefa Bay Tourist Park, Jayapura-Papua, was conducted from June - September 1999. This research was experimental research using vegetation analysis transect method, and the data analysis to know the community srtucture was conducted using quantitative parameters, i.e.: diameter at breast high (dbh); density and bassal area. Litterfall was collected according to the methods describes by Brown (1984), using a spesilic litter traps- All materials acumulated in the traps were collected once per week during the sampling period. Estimated of litterfall rates were using the formulas by Chansang and Poovachiranon (1990), and estimated of production of litterfall using the statistical porcedures by Walpole (1985). The results showed that total of R. mucronata litter production ranged between 18.8120 tons ha"year" to 78.84 tons ha"year". The largest component of litter obtained was leaves: 52.04%, followed by component of fruits 34.34%, flowers 9.91% and skin-branches 3.78% respectively. There is not a tendency that pattern of leave litter production in the mangrove forest in Yotefa Bay follows rainfall fluctuation, and did not tend to be greater during rainy season. lt is necessary to conduct similar research in other mangrove forest of Yotefa Bay Tourist Park. It is hoped that in th next research, besides the use of more spesific supporting parameters, the location for observation will be wider, with many more litter traps and longer time for observation. Research on decomposition rate of R. mucronata leave litter was conducted in 16 weeks, starting from June to September 1999. This research was also a factorial experiment with two factors. Data was analyzed using ANOVA with two-way classification in order to know whether the time-length of soaking and immersion, and the location of decomposition have any influence on the rate of decomposition. Analysis was also done to determine the rate of decomposition value (k value). Chemical analysis was done in the laboratory to know the content of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphor and Potassium elements in the leave litter of the R. rnucronafa of the decomposition remnants. The results showed that decomposition rate of leave litter of R. mucronata was influenced by the time-length of soaking and immersion and the decomposition location. The rate of decomposition value (k value) average was 1.19; this value showed that decomposition worked well. Average contents of element of Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphor and Potassium were respectively 14,135, 1,27%, O,100% and O,212%. The existence of those elements in the decomposed mangrove leave litter has effected the rate of decomposition value. lt is necessary to conduct a similar research in the other part of mangrove forest in the Yotefa Bay Tourist Park, Jayapura. lt is expected that the next research will be focused more on microorganism activities (fungi and bacteria) and the influence of other abiotic factors, which have not been done in this research, in order to know the influence of those factors onthe rate of decomposition.

Abstrak :
Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb) memiliki kandungan utama kurkuminoid dan xanthorrhizol yang dapat memberikan manfaat kesehatan bagi tubuh. NADES merupakan green solvent yang banyak diuji coba untuk mengekstraksi senyawa pada temulawak. NADES diketahui dapat meningkatkan solubilitas dan bioavailabilitas senyawa tidak larut air seperti kurkumin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari kombinasi pelarut terbaik, menetapkan kondisi optimum ekstraksi dengan NADES menggunakan Ultrasound-Assisted Extractionuntuk senyawa kurkuminoid total (CUR) dan xanthorrhizol (XNT) pada rimpang temulawak, dan membandingkan hasilnya dengan ekstraksi konvensionalmaserasi-etanol. Variabel yang digunakan untuk optimasiberupa persentase penambahan air pada NADES (%), waktu ekstraksi (menit), dan rasio serbuk dengan pelarut (S/L). Semua variabel dimodelkan dengan menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Penetapan kadar dianalisis menggunakan KLT densitometri yang parameternya telah divalidasi, fase gerak diklorometana-kloroform (4:6), dan dideteksi pada panjang gelombang 425 nm (CUR) dan 224 nm (XNT). Dari hasil analisis ekstraksi, NADES terbaik yaitu kolin klorida dengan asam malat (ChCl-MA) dengan rasio 1:1. Ditemukan kondisi optimum dari hasil rekomendasi RSM, yaitu pada penambahan air 27,7%, waktu ekstraksi 17,5 menit, dan rasio serbuk pelarut 1:18,5 dengan hasil kadar 4,76 mg/g total CUR dan 12,98 mg/g XNT, sedangkan maserasi-etanol 96% menghasilkan kadar 1,88 mg/g total CUR dan 9,80 mg/g XNT. NADES-UAE lebih efektif menarik senyawa CUR dan XNT dibandingkan maserasi-etanol 96%. Data pada penelitian ini berguna untuk pengembangan metode ekstraksi hijau lebih lanjut untuk mengekstrak kurkuminoid dan xanthorrhizol menggunakan NADES. ......The Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb) contains curcuminoids (CUR) and xanthorrhizol (XNT) as a main compounds that can provide health benefits. NADES is one of the green solvent that has been tested for extracting temulawak. This study aims to obtain the optimum condition to extract total CUR and XNT from Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb. using organic acid-based NADES with Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. The variables used were water addition (%), extraction time (min), and solid-to-liquid ratio (S/L). All variables were modelled by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Determination of marker content was analysed using TLC Densitometry that was validated, dichloromethane-chloroform (4:6) as mobile phase, was detected at a wavelength of 425 nm for total CUR and 224 nm for XNT. Three organic acid-based NADESs were screened to find one NADES combination that gives the highest content of CUR and XNT. It resulted in choline chloride and malic acid DES (ChCl-MA) at a 1:1 M ratio. The result showed the optimal extraction conditions with ChCl-MA (1:1) is 25% water addition, 15 minutes of extraction time, and a 1:20 S/L ratio. These conditions produce total CUR levels of 4.58 mg/g and XNT of 12.93 mg/g; the ethanol 96%-maceration produces 1.88 mg/g total CUR levels and 9.80 mg/g XNT. The most influential variable observed for the extraction was the solid-to-liquid ratio (S/L) and the addition of water (%) (p<0,05). Based on the result, NADES-UAE is more effective than ethanol maceration. The data reported herein are useful for further developments of green extraction methods to extract curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol.