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Unifah Rosyidi
Abstrak :
Kecamatan merupakan struktur tertua dalam struktur pemerintahan subnasional. Sebelum lahir Undang-Undang (UU) Desentralisasi Tahun 1903, Belanda hanya membangun struktur pemerintahan subnasional menurut asas dekonsentrasi dengan kecamatan (onderdistrict) selaku struktur terbawah yang terus dipertahankan hingga jaman kemerdekaan. UU No. 5/1974 menentukan kecamatan tetap sebagai wilayah administrasi dalam rangka dekonsentrasi yang dipimpin oleh camat sebagau Kepala Wilayah. Lahirnya UU No. 22/1999 dan UU No. 32/2004 mengubah secara drastik struktur dan status kecamatan sebagai wilayah kerja Camat selaku perangkat daerah otonom kabupaten/kota. Perubahan drastik tersebut dipandang sebagai reformasi administrasi subnasional sehingga berbagai perubahan yang terjadi, konflik yang diakibatkan oleh reformasi tersebut, dan solusi pemerintah subnasional menarik dikaji.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatiif, unit analisis adalah kecamatan di kota Bogor. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik observasi, studi dokumentasi, wawancara mendalam, pengamatan dan diskusu terfokus. Key informan bersifat snow ball. Analisis dilakukan pada pemerintah Kota Boogor dan kecamatan. Data dianalisis melalui tahapan pengumpulan data mentah, transkip, koding, penyimpulan sementara, trianggulasi, dan kesimpulan akhir.

Temuan pada pemerintahan subnasional adalah: Pertama, struktur orga nisasi perangkat daera )OPD) cukup ramping, tetapi dengan dibentuknya 26 UPTD menjadi tidak efektif dan tidak efisien. Pembentukan UPTD sarat konflik kepentingan elit lokal, dan dalam hal tertentu menjadi sumber konflik antar lembaga. Kedua, Pelimpahan wewenang dari walikota kepada camat merupakan aspek positif tetapi belum didukung oleh pelimpahan personil, peralatan dan pem biayaan (3P), yang memadai. Ketiga, Kewenangan yang diterima dipandang aparat kecamatan sebagai kewenangan setengah hari, dan kurang memberikan nilai ekonomis pada kecamatan.

Temuan pada tingkat kecamatan: Pertama, struktur kecamatan lebih ramping, lebih fleksibel dengan sistem, prosedur dan tata kerja pelayanan mengalami perbaikan, tidak berbelit-belit, dan lebih transparan tetapi disiplin dan kecepatan kerja masih rendah. Kecamatan memiliki anggaran berbasis kinerja tetapi sangat terbatas apalagi dengan dilikuidasinya cabang dinas membuat urusan kecamatan semakin banyak dengan kewenangan terbatas. Kepemimpinan Camat sangat strategis, ke atas menyampaikan aspirasi masyarakat ke bawah melaksanakan misi pembangunan. Camat harus dapat berperan ga da sebagai pemimpin masyarakat dan manager kantor kecamatan. Kedua, Perubahan struktur belum diikuti dengan perubahan kinerja individu secara signifikan. Kualifikasi pendidikan aparat masih rendah, tidak memiliki ketrampilan teknis memadai, dan training hampir tidak ada. Budaya kerja meningkat ke arah positif tetapi masih bersifat paternalistik. Cara pandang aparat mengalami perubahan, lebih melayani, lebih ramah, dan lebih bertanggung jawab tetapi penggunaan waktu belum efektif, kurang responsif dna kaku (rule driven).

Konflik yang teramati terjadi pada level individu, lembaga dan dengan masyarakat. Konflik individu sering terjadi pada Camat yang kekuasaannya berkurang signifikan, sehingga secara alamiah kurang responsif terhadap perubahan. Konflik antar lembaga terjadi karena adanya konlik kepentingan, ketidak jelasan dan tumpang tindih tugas dan tanggung jawab, sikap curiga, dan koordinasi yang tidak berjalan baik. Konlik dengan masarkat disebabkan karena menguatnya posisi tawar masyarakat sebagai dampak dari berkembangnya demokrasi dan kesadaran terhadao HAM. Masarakat cenderung menjadi kelompok penekan (pressure groups).

Pemerintah subnasional dan kecamatan menyelesaikan konflik dengan musyawarah dialog, kesepakatan dan koinsesnsus untuk menciptakan situasi sama-sama menang atau sama-sama tidak dirugikan. Selanjutnya, sedang dikaji kewenangan lai yang akan didelegasikan pada kecamatan dengan melibatkan berbagai pihak. Selain itu, keberadaan UPTD juga akan dikaji karena cenderung memperpanjang birokrasi dan tidak efisien. Walikota memberikan diskresi kepada camat untuk menyelesaikan permaslahan secara otonom. Lebih jauh konflik diselesaika berdasarkan kasus per kasus. Belum ditemukan grand design dalam penyelesaian konflik dengan menggali akar permasalahan yang sesungguhnya.

Berdasarkan analisis hasil penelitian, keberadaan kecamatan masih sangat dibutuhkan sebagai pusat pelayanan yang paling dekat dengan masyarakt. Kecamatan perlu lebih diberikan kewenangan riil, diskresi dan dukungan personil, fasilitas dan dana yang memadai. Di atas semuanya adalah political will, komitmen dan konsistensi pemerintah subnasional dalam menjadikan kecamatan sebagai lini terdepan pelayanan. Implikasi teoritik penelitian ini adalah pengembangan model=model pelayanan kecamatan apakah sebagi single atau multi ouroose agency yang menarik untuk diteliti lebih lanjut.
Sub-distnct (kecamatan) is the oldest structure in sub-national/local govemment structure. Before Law of Decentralization in 1903 issued, Dutch only developed the structure in line with deconcentration principle in which sub-district (onderailstricb remained the lowest structure till the independence. Law No. 5/1974 determined that sub-district was still as an administrative region in the context of deconcentration, led by Camat as head of the sub-district. The introduction of Law No. 22/1999 and Law No. 32/2004 as the bases of transforming centralistic system to decentralistic one with the implication of shifting sub-district structure from administrative region to the working area of Camat; and the status of Camat as central apparatus to be the local apparatus. The drastic change is considered as a sub-national administrative reform so that any changes occurred, conflicts as the result of the reform, and the solution of sub-national govemment are interesting to study.

This study used qualitative method with sub-districts in Bogor municipality as the analysis unit. Data was collected by observation technique, document studv, intensive interview, observation, and focused discussion. Key informants were snow ball. The analysis was conducted at the government of Bogor Municipality and sub-districts. Data was analyzed through collecting raw data, transcribing, coding, interim concluding, triangulating, and final concluding.

Findings at sub-national government are: Firstly, local instrument body (LIB) is slim enough, however, the establishment of 26 UPTDs (local technical service unit) makes LIB ineffective and inefficient. The establishment of 26 UPTDs is full conflict of interest of local elites, and, in any cases, becomes the source of conflict among bodies and agencies. Secondly, the delegation of authority from the Mayor to Camat is a positive aspect, but has not been supported yet by the appropriate delegation ofpersonnel, facilities, and budge. Thirdly, the accepted authority is considered by the sub-district apparatus as the half hearted, and gives less economic value for the sub-district.

Findings at sub-district level: Hrslin the sub-district structure is simpler, more flexible where the system and procedure of services have changed. The services are not complicated and more transparent, whereas the discipline and the working velocity are still low. Sub-district has very limited performance-based budget. Moreover, by the liquidation of sub-agency (cabang dinas), it makes sub-district get more and more duties with the restricted authority. The role of Camat is very strategic-delivering the community?s aspiration to the local govemment and conducting the development mission to the community- thus require Camat to function as a community leader and a sub-district manager. Secandig the structure change has not been followed significantly by the change of individual perfonnance. The education qualification of apparatus is still low. They dont have enough technical skills, and hardly take part of in trainings. Working culture improves positively, although it is soil paternalistrc. The apparatus? point of view changes as well. They are more helpful, friendlier and more responsible, but they still spend the times ineffectively, less responsive and rule driven.

The observed conflicts occurred in the individual, institutional and community levels. The individual conflict happened frequently to Camat whose authority decreases significantly so that he/she becomes, naturally, less responsive toward any changes. Conflicts between institutions occurred due to the conflict of interest, me ambiguous and overlapping duties and responsibilities, the skeptical atdtude, and the bad running cardination. Conliict with the community is caused by the better bargaining sition of the community- as the consequences of the development of democracy and gf time awaren s of human rights. The community tends to be the pressure groups.

Sub-national govemment and sub-district make conliict resolution through discussion, dialog, agreement, and consensus rn order to create the win-win solution. Concerning me auighgfiry, the local government is going to review the other authorities given to me sob district with any parties. Besides, the existence of UPTDS is also going to be Fewiewed doe to the fact that UPTDS tend to lengthen bureaucracy and be inefficient. The Mayor gives Camat discretion to solve the problems autonomously. Above all, the local government has not yet developed grand design to resolve the conflict and to make the sub district become a service center.

Based on the result of the study, the existence of sub-district as the closest service centre to the community is still needed in the future. Sub-district also needs more real authority, discretion and the support of personnel, facility and budget. The most important thing is that the local government has good political will, commitment, and consistency to develop sub-district. The theoretical implication of this study is the development of sub-district service models whether it is as a single or as a multi purpose agency. Those models are interested to study further.
Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 2007
D728
UI - Disertasi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Tjuk Atmadi
Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 2002
361.6 TJU r
Buku Teks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Syamsuddin Haris
Jakarta: Erlangga, 1999
321.8 SYA r
Buku Teks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Abstrak :
Berbagi langkah telah dan terus menerus dilakukan pemerintah untuk segera dapat meningkatkan kinerja birokrasi kita.....
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Abstrak :
Pembahasan terhadap metode penemuan dan penciptaan hukum oleh Hakim dalam Spirit Reformasi adalah antara lain, Pertama bertujuan untuk mengetahui hakim dalam melaksanakan tugas yang berfungsi ganda.......
REHUKUM
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Abstrak :
Political party has been an important instution in the democracy system.The role is to unify nation and to grow free and justice and brotherhood to form an united nation....
JUILPEM
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Abstrak :
Konstruksi berbangsa dan bernegara Indonesia sejauh ini belum mencapai bentuknya yang ideal dan final. Dinamika politik dan amandemen konstitusi yang berlangsung sejak tumbangnya Orde Baru tahun 1998 memberikan warna tersebdiri bagi ketatanegaraan dan politik di negara ini .....
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Abstrak :
Discussing on bureaucracy reform is the same thing that making effort how to realize restructuring and reposition of the existing system and the behavior of government bureaucracy in order to create goog governance. The reform of the system and beahavior of government bureaucracy must be taking in account tree main thing as following : first, the desire to implement, consistently, the democracy; second, the chance from single majority system to multi - party system and ;third, the paradigm's changing from government to governance. How to reform the existing system and the behavior of government bureaucracy based on those three main aspects above mentioned will be the content of this paper.
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Abstrak :
Administration reformation is the main changes in a bureaucracy system to change old structure, behavior and existence or habitual. Therefore, a better administration system in the space of governance and good cooperation between administrators and private world in development implementation and public service and professional public supervision, it can motivate the goverment to place itself professionally to overcome serious things deal with public service implementation and should be directed to giving the opportunity to community participation through the openness of governance mechanism , deregulation, decentralization and opportunity distribution and a fair competition as well together with protection to weak parties.
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Abstrak :
The bureaucratic reform agenda during the first year will be expanded to 8 in 2009, a term of SBY presidency has only given priority to limited number of departements and agencies, 1 in 2008, expanded to 3 and cover three areas; administrative efficiency , administrative structures and human resources management. As an incentive to futher reform, the government through the MInistry of Finance is rewarding agencies which can demontrate performance improvement with an additional performance budget, given to staff as performance bonuses. These reform initiatives are seen as the first of a three phase approach to bureaucratic reform with the second phase the 2010 - 14 presidential term and the last phase being completed by 2020-2024. The second phase of Indonesia's bureaucratic reform needs to go beyond the three areas and the limited approach. To build a professional, a-political and high performance Indonesia's civil service the reform initiatives should focus on the following areas : a)Develop position based human resource management system, b) creating an independent authority for Indonesia's civil service, c)Develop multi - category civil service, d) Lunch salary and pension reforms.
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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