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Abstrak :
Background: The purpose of this study was to provide a reference of chronic diabetes complications by investigating the prolonged hyperglycemia effects on hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes (liver, kidney, spleen, cardiac muscle, adrenal gland, and endocrine pancreas) in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. Methods: Ten adult female Sprague-Dawley of uniform age were divided into two Groups. Group 1 was made diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg/bw) whereas Group 2 served as control. After six months, the rats were anesthetized using pentobarbital. Cardiac puncture was performed to get 3 ml of the blood sample; following 12 hours of an overnight fast. Serum chemistry test and complete blood analysis for lipid profile and blood glucose test; liver and renal functions were performed. Tissue specimens of liver, kidney, spleen, cardiac muscle, adrenal gland, and endocrine pancreas were fixed in 10% formal saline and processed for histological study. Results: There were severe histopathological changes in the affected organs; and the presence of a significant abnormality of lipid profile, liver, and renal functions. Conclusions: The presence of histopathological changes with abnormal biochemical changes is related to the chronic absence of insulin production in the destroyed β –cells which reflect the diabetic complications in a human being.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang : Prevalensi penyakit dengan gejala kejang di Indonesia cukup tinggi. Sejalan dengan Iangkah strategis Universitas Indonesia untuk meneliti tanaman herbal yang bermanfaat, maka peneiitian ini ingin menyelidiki kemungkinan pemanfaatan piperine (ekstrak dari lada jawa) sebagai obat anti kejang. Tujuan : Mengetahui efek protektif piperin terhadap peningkatan kegiatan listrik otak tikus kejang akibat induksi oleh bicuculline dilihat dari iiekuensi dan amplitudo pada rekaman elektroensefalograii, dibandingkan kontrol. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental in-vivo, dilakukan pada empat kelompok tikus, masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 6 tikus. Seluruh tikus beljumlah 24 ekor, diberi induktor kejang bicuculline. Sam kelompok kontrol tanpa diberi piperin dan tiga kelompok uji diberikan piperin dengan dosis yang berbeda. Hewan uji yang digunakan adalah tikus Sprague Dawley jantan. Kelompok uji dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu kelompok dosis piperin 100 mg/kgBB, 200 mg/kgBB, dan 400 mg/kgBB. Perubahan amplitudo dan frekuensi EEG direkam pada menit ke-0, menit ke-30, menit ke-40, menit ke-50, dan menit ke-60 setelah pemberian piperin. Hasil penelitian : Pemberian piperin dosis 100 mg/kgBB, dosis 200mg/kgBB dan dosis 400 mg/kgBB menurunkan ampliludo dan meningkatkan frekuensi serta menghilangkan spike pada rekaman EEG. Piperin dosis 100 mg/kgBB setelah 50 menit pemberian peroral secara bermakna meningkatkan frekuensi dan menurunkan ampliludo. Kesimpulan : Piperin mempunyai efek pencegahan peningkatan kegiatan Iislrik otak dengan bukti meningkatkan frekuensi dan menunmkan amplitudo EEG. Pemberian piperin dosis 100 mg/kgBB lebih efektif dibandingkan dosis 200 mg/kgBB dan 400 mg/kgBB. ...... Background: The prevalence of disease with seizure symptom has found in Indonesia high enough. In line with strategic plan of University of Indonesia to encourage studies on ingenious herbs in Indonesia, the present study is directed to investigate the possible beneficial effect of pipperine (extract java pepper) in the treatment of seizure. Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of pipperine against amplitude and frequency alterations of electroencephalogram (EEG) induced by bicuculline in the rat. Design of study: Twenty four male Sprague Dawley rats were used in the study, in which the rats were grouped into 4, each consisted of 6 animals. The control group was the rats which received oral CMC 1% (carboxy methyl cellulose), 30 minute prior to subcutaneously injected bicuculline of 2,7 mg/kgBW. The other 3 treated goups received oral piperine 100mg/kgBW, 200mg/kgBW and 400 mg/kgBW respectively, 30 minute prior to subcutaneously injected bicuculline of 2,7 mg/kgBW. The amplitude and frequency of EEG were recorded at zero time, 30?' minute, 40?? minute, 50? minute, and 60"? minute aiter the administration of pipperine. Result: Injected of bicuculline in the rats, caused no alterations of EEG pattern as compared with the EEG at zero point measurement. At 20 minute after bicuculline injection, there was an were dose of amplitude and reduce of frequency of EEG with spike wave. Piperine at various concentrations reduced the EEG abnormalities. Piperine of l00 mg/kgBW showed the best protective effects against EEG alteration. Conclution: Pipperine l00 mg/kgBW given before bicuculline reduced the amplitude and increased the iiequency of EEG to near normal condition.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang. Doksorubisin dikenal sebagai antikanker yang sangat poten, namun penggunaanya dibatasi oleh toksisitas terhadap berbagai organ vital, salah satunya jantung. Mekanisme molekuler kardiotoksisitas doksorubisin berhubungan dengan produksi radikal bebas berlebih yang menyebabkan penurunan ekspresi gen-gen yang mengkode protein regulator kalsium intrasel sehingga terjadi gangguan homeostasis kalsium intrasel yang menyebabkan aktivasi jalur apoptosis intrinsik yang dimediasi caspase, terutama caspase-9 dan caspase-12. Stres oksidatif akibat DOX juga menyebabkan peningkatan produksi sitokin proinflamasi yang berperan dalam terjadinya apoptosis. Mangiferin merupakan salah satu kandidat potensial senyawa kardioprotektor untuk terapi doksorubisin, akan tetapi mekanisme molekulernya belum diketahui dengan pasti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah mekanisme molekuler mangiferin berhubungan dengan regulasi kalsium intraseluler. Metode. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap tikus Sprague Dawley jantan yang diinduksi doksorubisin dengan dosis total 15 mg/kg BB. Pemberian mangiferin dilakukan dengan dosis 30 dan 60 mg/kg BB secara oral selama tujuh minggu. Parameter yang diamati adalah ekspresi protein regulator Ca2+ intrasel yaitu SERCA2a, parameter apoptosis (caspase-12 dan caspase-9), kadar kalsium sitosol dan mitokondria, serta parameter inflamasi (TNF-α). Hasil. Induksi doksorubisin menyebabkan penurunan ekspresi SERCA2a, disertai peningkatan ekspresi gen pro-apoptosis yakni caspase-12 dan caspase-9 serta peningkatan derjat inflamasi dan kerusakan jantung. Pemberian mangiferin menyebabkan peningkatan ekspresi SERCA2a, penurunan ekspresi caspase-12 dan caspase-9 serta penurunan derajat inflamasi. Kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa normalisasi homeostasis kadar kalsium intrasel merupakan bagian dari mekanisme kardioproteksi mangiferin. ...... Background. Doxorubicin is well known as a potent anticancer agent despite its toxicity on various vital organs, especially the heart. The molecular mechanism of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity revolves around the overproduction of free radicals which cause downregulation of genes encoding calcium regulatory proteins, leading to disturbance of calcium homeostasis and activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway mediated by caspases, particularly caspase-12 and caspase-9. Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity is also accompanied by inflammation that is crucial for apoptosis. Mangiferin is currently studied as cardioprotective agents for doxorubicin therapy. However, its molecular mechanism has yet been revealed. This study was aimed to determine whether cardioprotective effect of mangiferin is caused by its effect on intracellular calcium regulation. Method. Male Sprague Dawley rats were induced by doxorubicin with a total dose of 15 mg/kg BW. Mangiferin was given orally at the dose of 30 and 60mg/kg BW for seven weeks. The parameters examined were mRNA expressions levels of calcium regulatory gene (SERCA2a), proapoptotic genes (caspase-9 and caspase-12) and proinflammatory cytokine gene (TNF-α), as well as mitochondrial and cytosolic calcium levels. Result. It was found that doxorubicin caused downregulation of SERCA2a expression and increased the expression of both proapoptotic genes. Interestingly, we found that mangiferin could attenuate those things above by increasing SERCA2a expression as well as decreasing caspase-9 and caspase-12 expressions, while ameliorating inflammation. Conclusion. Based on this finding, we suggest that the cardioprotective effect of mangiferin is at least in part due to the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis.

Abstrak :
Microglia were isolated from mixed primary cell cultures of the cerebral cortex from 3 day old male Wistar rats. The mechanically dissociated cells were plated in a flask at a density of 107per 300 cm2 and maintained at 30°C in a 10% CO2/90% air atmosphere. After 10-14 days in culture, floating and weakly attached cells on the mixed primary cultured cell layer were isolated by gentle shaking of the flask for 3-5 min. The resulting cell suspension was transferred to plastic dishes and allowed to adhere at 37°C. To investigate the morphological change of microglia, the cells after 2 days of culture were incubated with biotinylated GSA-I-B4 (10ug/ml) at 4°C for overnight. To detect the phagocytic, isolated microglia were incubated with opsonized zymosan (20mgl/ml) for Ih at 37°C and with Giemsa's staining solution for 30 min at room temperature. The results were about 90% of attached cells were positive for OX6. Morphologically, most of the isolated microglial cells had amoeboid and rod-shaped cell bodies with no or a few thick processes. Most of these cells became amoeboid-like cells and showed a number of vacuoles in the cytosol when cultured in the presence of IFN-y+ LPS - treated cells exhibited the intense phagocytic activity against zymosan particles.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Pengembangan kontrasepsi hormonal pria didasarkan pada penekanan gonadotropin sehingga mengbnmbat spermatogenesis dan berdampak pada penurunan konsentrasi spermatozoa. Pemberian depot medroksiprogesteron aselat (DMPA) efektif mengbambat spermatogenesis dan sekresi testosteron namun berakibat menurunnya libido dan potensi seksual. Berbagai tanaman yang dapat menstimulasi pembentukan androgen endogen telah ditemukan di dalam tanaman obat, salah satunya adalah cabe jawa (Piper retrofractum Vahl.). Secara tradisional buah cabe jawa digunakan untuk obat lemah syahwat dan telah terbukti dapat meningkatkan kadar hormon testosteron darah. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh komhinasi DMPA dan ekstrak cabe jawa terbadap konsent:rasi serta viabUitas spermatozoa vas deferenskadar hormon testosteron darah, berat badan, hernarologi, dan biokimia darah tikos (Rattus norvegicus L.). Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak 1engkap (RAL), equal size sample yaitu terdiri dari satu kelompok kontrol dan dua kelompok perlakuan yang menggunakan tikus jantan galur Sprague Dawley sebagal model. Kelompok perlakuan pertama adalah tikus kastrasi yang dicekok dengan ekstrak cabe jawa dosis 0 mg (plasebo), 0,94 mg, 1,88 mg, 2,82 mg, dan 3,76 mg. Kelompok perlakuan kedua adalah tikos yang disuntik dengan doais 1,25 mg DMPA dan dicekok dcngan ekstrak cabe jawa dosis 0 mg (plasebo), 0,94 mg, 1,88 mg, 2,82 mg, dan 3,76 mg. Penyuntikan DMPA dilakukan pada minggu ke-0 dan minggu ke-12 perlakuan, sedangkan pencekokan ekstrak cabe jawa dilakukan setiap hari dimulai dari minggu ke-7 sampai minggu ke-18 perlakuan. Hasil: Terjadi penurunan konsentrasi spermatozoa yang siguifikan dibanding kontrol (p<0,05) pada kelompok DMPA + cabe jawa (0,94 mg dan 1,88 mg). Penurunan konsentrasi spermatozoa kelompok DMPA + cabe jawa (2,82 mg dan 3,76 mg) tidak berbeda signifikan dibanding kontrol (p>0,05). Terjadi penurunan viabililas spennatozoa pada kelompok DMPA + berbagai dosis ekstrak cabe jawa. Kadar hormon testosteron darah kelompok DMPA + cabe jawa 3,76 mg lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol (p>0,05) antara praperlakuan dan selama perlakuan. Penyuntikan dosis minimal DMPA dan pencekokan berbagai dosis ekstrak cabe jawa tidak mempengaruhi hemotologi dan biokimia darah tikus.

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Background: The development of hormonal male contraception retied on suppression of gonadotropin so that inhibit spermatogenesis and reduced sperm concentration. 1njection of DMPA will inhibit spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion but also cause degradation of sexual potency and libido. Various plants able to stimulate forming of androgen endogen. one of them is javanese long pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl.). Traditionally, the fruits of javanese long pepper was used to cure weaken lust and have been proven to improve blood testosterone level. Purpose: Knowing the effect of combination of DMPA and javanese long pepper extract on concentration and viability of sperm in was deferens, blood testosterone level, haematology and blood chemistry level of rat (Rattus norvegicus L.). Method: This research is using complete random device, equal size sample that is consisting of one group of control and two groups of treatment which is taking male rat strain Sprague-Dawley as a model. The fast group of treatment is castration rat that feed with javanese long pepper exiract dosis 0 mg (placebo), 0.94 mg, 1.88 mg, 2.82 mg and 3.76 mg. The second group of treatment is injected rat with DMPA dosis 1.25 mg and also feed with javaoese long pepper extract dosis 0 mg (placebo), 0.94 mg, 1.88 mg, 2.82 mgand 3.76 mg. Injection of DMPA done at week 0 aod 12 oftrealment while feed ofjavanese long pepper extract done every day started from week 7 until week 18 of treatment. Result: There was decreasing of spenn concentrstion significantly (p<0.05) at group of DMPA + (0.94 mg and 1.88 mg) of javanese long pepper extract which compered to controL Sperm concentration in group ofDMPA + (2.82 mg and 3.76 mg) of javanese long pepper extract was decreased but not significantly differ to control (p>O,OS). The sperm viability was decreased in group of DMPA + various dosis of javanese long pepper extract. The blood testosterone level was higher than control in group of DMPA + 3.76 mg of javanese long pepper extract (p>0.05). The body mass index was increased significantly (p<0.05) between before and during treatment. In general, injection of minimal dosis of DMPA and feeding various dosis of javanese long pepper extract do not influence to the rat haemotology and blood chemistry level.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Bayi dengan berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) dan retardasi perkembangan intrauterin (IUGR) masih merupakan masalah, khususnya di Indonesia, karena menunjukkan angka kejadian yang tinggi dan pertu diturunkan. Malnutrisi pada anak kurang dan 1 tahun terbanyak pada bayi BBLR. Penyebab gagal tumbuh terbanyak pada bayi adalah masalah saluran cerna, terutama maldigesti, malabsorpsi, dan diare kronik. Pada penelitian dengan menggunakan hewan coba, didapatkan mukosa usus halus hipotrofi dan normoplasi pada tikus malnutrisi. Keadaan normoplasi tercermin dari kandungan DNA mukosa usus halus yang menetap pada malnutrisi. Keadaan ini selain memperlihatkan bahwa usus halus dapat mempertahankan jumlah selnya dalam menghadapi pembatasan nutrien, juga memberi petunjuk bahwa akan dapat berkembang apabila mendapatkan masukan nutrien yang cukup. Apakah reatimentasi dapat memulihkan mukosa yang hipotrofi normoplasi menjadi normotroti normoplasi? Apabila keadaan tersebut terjadi, apakah respon pemulihan itu berbeda antara tikus yang diinduksi pada masa pranatal dan yang diinduksi malnutrisi pada masa pascasapih? Penelitian ini berusaha menjawab pertanyaan tersebut.

Metodologi
Penelitian eksperimental dengan desain post test-control group dilakukan dengan menggunakan anak tikus jantan jenis Sprague-Dawley, dalam kurun waktu April 2003 - Desember 2004. Delapan puluh ekor anak tikus jantan yang dilahirkan dari 10 induk tikus berumur 8 minggu dengan berat badan antara 250- 300 gram, diberikan makanan baku yang lazim digunakan untuk penelitian. Penelitian dibagi dalam 2 tahap : (1) induksi malnutrisi pranatal yaitu 3 minggu pada masa gestasi, 3 minggu masa laktasi dan 3 minggu pascalaktasi, dan induksi malnutrisi pascasapih selama 9 minggu dimulai segra setelah disapih; dilanjutkan dengan tahap (2) Realimentasi selama 8 minggu. Pada setiap akhir tahapan dilakukan nekropsi untuk memperoteh data. Data tersebut adalah (1) kadar albumin serum, (2) ukuran badan (berat badan, panjang badan, Iingkar dada), (3) ukuran usus (berat usus, panjang usus, diameter usus dan berat mukosa), (4) morfologi usus halus (tebat mukosa, tinggi vilus, kedalaman kripta, nisbah vitus/kripta, jumlah virus, kandungan protein, kandungan DNA, dan nisbah protein/DNA), dan (5) aktivitas disakaridase (laktase, maltase, sukrase).

Hasil Penelitian
Berat badan tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi Iebih rendah dari tikus kontrol. Semua parameter yang digunakan untuk menilai morfologi pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi lebih rendah dibandingkan tikus kontrol. Aktivitas spesifik disakaridase pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi lebih rendah dari nilai kontro. Sedangkan aktivitas spesifik disakaridase pada tlkus malnutrisi pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih rendah dari tikus malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi lebih tinggi dari nilai kontrol. Persentase peningkatan beberapa parameter terhadap kontrol yaitu berat usus, berat mukosa, dan kandungan protein mukosa usus halus tikus malnutrisi pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi pranatal yang direalimentasi.

Kesimpulan
Malnutrisi tidak mengurangi populasi enterosit usus halus tikus. Realimentasi dapat meningkatkan berat badan tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih, tetapi tidak mencapai berat badan tikus normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih dapat memperbaiki hipotrotl mukosa usus halus tetapi tidak mencapai nonnotroti Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal dapat meningkatkan aktivitas disakaridase tetapi tidak mencapai nilai normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pascasapin dapat me-ngaklbatkan perubahan aktivitas disakaridase tetapi tldak mencapai nilai normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih dapat memperbaiki maturitas mukosa usus halus, tetapi tidak mencapai normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pascasapih memberikan respon yang lebih baik daripada tikus malnutrisi pranatal.

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Abstract
Background

Low birth-weight infant and intrauterine growth retardation (lUGR) are still a health problem, especially in Indonesia due to high prevalence and need to be reduced. Malnutrition in infants are most common occur in low birth-weight infants. The most common etiology of failure to thrive in infants is due to gastrointestinal origin, particularly nutrient maldigestion and malabsorption, and chronic diarrhea.

Malnutrition in rats resulted in hypotrophic and norrnoplastic mucosa of the small intestine. The nomioplasia was reflected from persistent DNA content of the intestinal mucosa in malnutrition. The finding was not only showed that small intestine was able to maintain its cell number in condition with restriction nutrient, however also suggested the posibility of epithelial regeneration if given the adequate nutrient intake. Did realimentation recover the hypotrophic normoplastic mucosa to nonnotrophic normoplastic? lf so, will the recovery response be different between rats with malnutrition induced in prenatal period and post-weaning period. The study aim to answer the above question.

Methodology
Experimental animal study with post test-control group design was perfomied using male litter of Sprague-Dawley rats, from April 2003 to December 2004. Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats bom from 10 female rats which were 8 week old and body weight of 250-300 grams, was fed standard chow. The study was divided into 2 phases: (1) prenatally-induced malnutrition, i.e. 3 weeks gestation period, 3 weeks lactation period, and 3 weeks post-weaning period, and post- weaning-induced malnutrition for 9 weeks starting right after weaning, continued with phases (2) realimentation for 8 weeks. At the end of each phase, the rats were sacrilied to obtain data. The data include (1) serum albumin level, (2) physical parameters (body weight, body length, chest cirouimstance), (3) small intestinal parameters (intestinal weight, length, diameter, and mucosal weight), (4) small intestinal morphology (mucosal thickness, villus height, cryptus depth, ratio of villus/crypt, number of villi, protein content, DNA content, ratio of protein/DNA), and (5) disaocharidases (lactase, maltase, sucrase) activities.

Results
Both in pranatally and postweaning-induced malnutrition, the body weight of rats in realimentation group was higher than non-realimentation group, but lower than control group. All parameters to evaluate the morphology of rats with prenatally and postweanlng-induced malnutrition in realimentation group were higher than those of non-realimentation, but lower than control group. Specihc activity of disaocharidases in rats with prenatally-induced malnutrition in realimentation group was higher than those without realimentation, but lower than control. While specific activity of disaccharidases in postweaning-induced malnutrition rats in realimentation group was lower than those without realimentation, but higher than control. After relimentation, percentage of increase from control values in some parameters in realimentation rats (intestinal and mucosal weight, protein content of intestinal mucosa) in postweaning-induced malnutrition rats was higher compared to prenatally-induced malnutrition rats.

Conclusions
Malnutrition did not reduced the population of small intestinal enterocytes. Realimentation was able to increase the body weight of rats in prenatally and post-weaning-induced malnutrition, but the increase did not reach the nom1al body weight. Realimentation in rats in prenatally and postweaning-induced malnutrition was able to improve the hypotrophy of small intestinal mucosa but not fully recover to nomiotrophic state. Realimentation in rats in prenatally- induced malnutrition was able to increase the disacxsharidases activities but not to the nom'|al values. Realimentation in rats of postweaning-induced malnutrition was able to decrease the disaccharidases activities, but not to nom1al values. Realimentation was able to improve the maturity of small intestinal mucosa of rats in prenatally and postweaning-induced malnutrition, but did not reach the nomtal values. Realimentation in rats of postweaning-induced malnutrition showed better responses than rats of prenatally-induced malnutrition.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang
Bayi dengan berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) dan retardasi perkembangan intrauterin (IUGR) masih merupakan masalah, khususnya di Indonesia, karena menunjukkan angka kejadian yang tinggi dan pertu diturunkan. Malnutrisi pada anak kurang dan 1 tahun terbanyak pada bayi BBLR. Penyebab gagal tumbuh terbanyak pada bayi adalah masalah saluran cema, terutama maldigesti, malabsorpsi, dan diare kronik. Pada penelitian dengan menggunakan hewan coba, didapatkan mukosa usus halus hipotrofi dan normoplasi pada tikus malnutrisi. Keadaan normoplasi tercermin dari kandungan DNA mukosa usus halus yang menetap pada malnutrisi. Keadaan ini selain memperlihatkan bahwa usus halus dapat mempertahankan jumlah selnya dalam menghadapi pembatasan nutrien, juga memberi petunjuk bahwa akan dapat berkembang apabila mendapatkan masukan nutrien yang cukup. Apakah reatimentasi dapat memulihkangmukosa yang hipotrofi normoplasi menjadi normotroti normoplasi? Apabila keadaan tersebut terjadi, apakah respon pemulihan itu berbeda antara tikus yang diinduksi pada masa pranatal dan yang diinduksi malnutrisi pada masa pascasapih? Penelitian ini berusaha menjawab pertanyaan tersebut.

Metodologi
Penelitian eksperimental dengan desain post test-control group dilakukan dengan menggunakan anak tikus jantan jenis Sprague-Dawley, dalam kurun waktu April 2003 - Desember 2004. Delapan puluh ekor anak tikus jantan yang dilahirkan dari 10 induk tikus berumur 8 minggu dengan berat badan antara 250- 300 gram, diberikan makanan baku yang lazim digunakan untuk penelitian. Penelitian dibagi dalam 2 tahap : (1) induksi malnutrisi pranatal yaitu 3 minggu pada masa gestasi, 3 minggu masa laktasi dan 3 minggu pascalaktasi, dan induksi malnutrisi pascasapih selama 9 minggu dimulai segra setelah disapih; dilanjutkan dengan tahap (2) Realimentasi selama 8 minggu. Pada setiap akhir tahapan dilakukan nekropsi untuk memperoteh data. Data tersebut adalah (1) kadar albumin serum, (2) ukuran badan (berat badan, panjang badan, Iingkar dada), (3) ukuran usus (berat usus, panjang usus, diameter usus dan berat mukosa), (4) morfologi usus halus (tebat mukosa, tinggi vilus, kedalaman kripta, nisbah vitus/kripta, jumlah virus, kandungan protein, kandungan DNA, dan nisbah protein/DNA), dan (5) aktivitas disakaridase (laktase, maltase, sukrase).

Hasil Penelitian
Berat badan tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi Iebih rendah dari tikus kontrol. Semua parameter yang digunakan untuk menilai morfologi pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi lebih rendah dibandingkan tikus kontrol. Aktivitas spesifik disakaridase pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi lebih rendah dari nilai kontro. Sedangkan aktivitas spesifik disakaridase pada tlkus malnutrisi pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih rendah dari tikus malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi lebih tinggi dari nilai kontrol. Persentase peningkatan beberapa parameter terhadap kontrol yaitu berat usus, berat mukosa, dan kandungan protein mukosa usus halus tikus malnutrisi pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi pranatal yang direalimentasi.

Kesimpulan
Malnutrisi tidak mengurangi populasi enterosit usus halus tikus. Realimentasi dapat meningkatkan berat badan tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih, tetapi tidak mencapai berat badan tikus normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih dapat memperbaiki hipotrotl mukosa usus halus tetapi tidak mencapai nonnotroti Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal dapat meningkatkan aktivitas disakaridase tetapi tidak mencapai nilai normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pascasapin dapat me-ngaklbatkan perubahan aktivitas disakaridase tetapi tldak mencapai nilai normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih dapat memperbaiki maturitas mukosa usus halus, tetapi tidak mencapai normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pascasapih memberikan respon yang lebih baik daripada tikus malnutrisi pranatal.

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Abstract
Background

Low birth-weight infant and intrauterine growth retardation (lUGR) are still a health problem, especially in Indonesia due to high prevalence and need to be reduced. Malnutrition in infants are most common occur in low birth-weight infants. The most common etiology of failure to thrive in infants is due to gastrointestinal origin, particularly nutrient maldigestion and malabsorption, and chronic diarrhea.

Malnutrition in rats resulted in hypotrophic and norrnoplastic mucosa of the small intestine. The nomioplasia was reflected from persistent DNA content of the intestinal mucosa in malnutrition. The finding was not only showed that small intestine was able to maintain its cell number in condition with restriction nutrient, however also suggested the posibility of epithelial regeneration if given the adequate nutrient intake. Did realimentation recover the hypotrophic normoplastic mucosa to nonnotrophic normoplastic? lf so, will the recovery response be different between rats with malnutrition induced in prenatal period and post-weaning period. The study aim to answer the above question.

Methodology
Experimental animal study with post test-control group design was perfomied using male litter of Sprague-Dawley rats, from April 2003 to December 2004. Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats bom from 10 female rats which were 8 week old and body weight of 250-300 grams, was fed standard chow. The study was divided into 2 phases: (1) prenatally-induced malnutrition, i.e. 3 weeks gestation period, 3 weeks lactation period, and 3 weeks post-weaning period, and post- weaning-induced malnutrition for 9 weeks starting right after weaning, continued with phases (2) realimentation for 8 weeks. At the end of each phase, the rats were sacrilied to obtain data. The data include (1) serum albumin level, (2) physical parameters (body weight, body length, chest cirouimstance), (3) small intestinal parameters (intestinal weight, length, diameter, and mucosal weight), (4) small intestinal morphology (mucosal thickness, villus height, cryptus depth, ratio of villus/crypt, number of villi, protein content, DNA content, ratio of protein/DNA), and (5) disaocharidases (lactase, maltase, sucrase) activities.

Results
Both in pranatally and postweaning-induced malnutrition, the body weight of rats in realimentation group was higher than non-realimentation group, but lower than control group. All parameters to evaluate the morphology of rats with prenatally and postweanlng-induced malnutrition in realimentation group were higher than those of non-realimentation, but lower than control group. Specihc activity of disaocharidases in rats with prenatally-induced malnutrition in realimentation group was higher than those without realimentation, but lower than control. While specific activity of disaccharidases in postweaning-induced malnutrition rats in realimentation group was lower than those without realimentation, but higher than control. After relimentation, percentage of increase from control values in some parameters in realimentation rats (intestinal and mucosal weight, protein content of intestinal mucosa) in postweaning-induced malnutrition rats was higher compared to prenatally-induced malnutrition rats.

Conclusions
Malnutrition did not reduced the population of small intestinal enterocytes. Realimentation was able to increase the body weight of rats in prenatally and post-weaning-induced malnutrition, but the increase did not reach the nom1al body weight. Realimentation in rats in prenatally and postweaning-induced malnutrition was able to improve the hypotrophy of small intestinal mucosa but not fully recover to nomiotrophic state. Realimentation in rats in prenatally- induced malnutrition was able to increase the disacxsharidases activities but not to the nom'|al values. Realimentation in rats of postweaning-induced malnutrition was able to decrease the disaccharidases activities, but not to nom1al values. Realimentation was able to improve the maturity of small intestinal mucosa of rats in prenatally and postweaning-induced malnutrition, but did not reach the nomtal values. Realimentation in rats of postweaning-induced malnutrition showed better responses than rats of prenatally-induced malnutrition.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian fortifikan Fe fumarat dalam susu kedelai terhadap kadar zat besi plasma darah tikus (Rattus norvegicus L.) jantan galur Sprague-Dawley. Metode penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), terdiri atas 25 ekor tikus putih jantan yang dibagi ke dalam 5 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu KK 1 yang diberi larutan CMC 0,5%; KK 2 yang diberi larutan CMC 0,5% dan susu kedelai tanpa fortifikan; dan KP 1, 2, dan 3 yang diberi larutan CMC 0,5% dan susu kedelai dengan fortifikan Fe fumarat dosis 1,35 mg Fe/ kgBB, 2,7 mg Fe/ kg BB, dan 5,4 mg Fe/ kgBB selama 21 hari berturut-turut. Pengambilan darah dilakukan pada hari ke-0 dan setelah pencekokan hari ke-21. Darah dipreparasi menggunakan destruksi basah lalu ditentukan kadar zat besinya dengan AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). Hasil uji ANAVA satu arah (P < 0,05) menunjukkan pengaruh nyata pemberian fortifikan Fe fumarat dalam susu kedelai terhadap kadar zat besi antar kelompok perlakuan. Peningkatan kadar zat besi tertinggi terjadi pada KP 1 yaitu sebesar 27,90% terhadap KK 1 dan 17,49% terhadap KK 2.

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The effect of Fe fumarate fortificant addition in soy milk intake on plasma iron concentration of male Sprague-Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) had been studied. By using Complete Random Design (CRD), twenty five rats were divided into five groups, consist of normal control group (KK 1) which was administered with CMC 0.5% solution, treatment control group (KK 2) which was administered with CMC 0.5% solution and unfortified soy milk, and three treatment groups which were administered with soy milk added with fortificant Fe fumarate 1.35 mg Fe/kgbw (KP 1); 2.7 mg Fe/kgbw (KP 2); and 5.4 mg Fe/kgbw (KP 3). All of the five groups were treated for consecutive 21 days. The plasma iron concentration was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). One way ANOVA test and post-hoc LSD test (P < 0.05) showed significant effect of fortificant Fe fumarate addition in soy milk intake on plasma iron concentration in all treatment groups. The highest increase of plasma iron concentration was detected on KP 1, which is 27.90% to KK 1 and 17.49% to KK 2.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Nanopartikel emas telah diteliti untuk sistem penghantaran tertarget obat sitotoksik. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan hasil karakterisasi dan biodistribusi dari konjugat trans-resveratrol-PEG-Asam Folat-Nanopartikel Emas. Nanopartikel emas disintesis dengan reduksi HAuCl4 menggunakan natrium sitrat. Nanopartikel emas dikonjugasikan dengan PEG-FA dan resveratrol membentuk konjugat resveratrol-PEGAsam Folat-Nanopartikel Emas (rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP). Karakterisasi konjugat rsv-PEG-FAAuNP dilakukan dengan pengukuran partikel, zeta potensial, FTIR, UV, dan TEM. Studi biodistribusi pada tikus Sprague Dawley betina sehat dilakukan setelah 90 menit pemberian injeksi konjugat rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP melalui vena ekor. Hasil karakterisasi rsv-PEG-FAAuNP diperoleh nilai diameter rata-rata nanopartikel dan zeta potensial rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP 249,03 ± 10,31 nm dan -36,33 ± 3,12 mV. Pada uji biodistribusi ditemukan konjugat rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP di ginjal (1,90 ± 0,20 μg/g) dan limfa (2,65 ± 1,18 μg/g) setelah 90 menit pemberian iv, namun resveratrol bebas tidak ditemukan di darah, ginjal, dan limfa setelah 90 menit pemberian iv. Konjugat rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP pada sirkulasi sistemik ditemukan pada waktu yang lebih lama dibandingkan dengan resveratrol bebas dan distribusinya tersebar pada organ otak, ginjal, limpa, hati, dan paru.

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ABSTRACT
Gold nanoparticles had been studied for active targeting purpose of cytotoxic agent. This study was presenting the result of characterization and biodistribution of trans resveratrol-PEG-Folic Acid-Gold Nanoparticle conjugates rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP. Gold nanoparticles were generated by reduction of HAuCl4 using sodium citric. Rsv-PEG-FA-AuNPs were produced by conjugation of gold nanoparticles with PEG-folic acid and resveratrol. Characterization of rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP conjugates were held by examination of particle size, zeta potential, FTIR, and TEM. Biodistribution study in female Sprague-Dawley rats conducted after 90 minutes i.v tail vein delivery of rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP conjugates. The mean particle size and zeta potential of rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP were 249.03 10.31 and -36.33 3.12 respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed almost spherical shape of rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP conjugates. Rsv-PEG-FA-AuNP conjugates were found in kidney 1.90 0.20 μg/g and spleen 2.65 1.18 μg/g after 90 minutes i.v. delivery in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Resveratrol-PEG-FA-AUNP conjugates have longer systemic circulation than free resveratrol and restrained throughout brain, spleen, kidney, lung, and liver after distribution.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penyembuhan luka adalah peristiwa kompleks yang meliputi kemotaksis, angiogenesis, pembelahan sel, sintesis matriks ekstraseluler, pembentukan dan remodeling jaringan parut. Angiogenesis, densitas kolagen, kontraksi luka, epitelisasi dan luas area luka adalah beberapa parameter yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai baiknya penyembuhan luka. Pemberian ADSC-CM pada penelitian terdahulu terbukti meningkatkan proses penyembuhan luka melalui mekanisme parakrin ADSC. Penelitian ini menilai efek pemberian ADSC-CM monolayer dalam inkubasi normoxia selama tiga hari terhadap angiogenesis, kontraksi luka, epitelisasi dan kualitas penyembuhan luka kulit tikus Sprague Dawley. Adanya konsentrasi growth factor seperti VEGF dan EGF dinilai melalui pemeriksaan ELISA. Efek angiogenesis, densitas kolagen, kontraksi luka, epitelisasi dan luas area luka dinilai dengan pemeriksaan histologi menggunakan pewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin dan Masson?s Trichome. Dua puluh sembilan tikus dibalurkan ADSC-CM pada bagian punggung (full thickness wound) dan dinilai gambaran histologinya pada hari ke-3, 7, 14, 21 dan 28. Konsentrasi VEGF dan EGF ditemukan dalam ADSC-CM dengan 5052,698 ± 0,31 pg/mL dan 0,233 ± 0,08 pg/mL. Gambaran histologi pada parameter angiogenesis, densitas koalgen, kontraksi luka, epitelisasi dan luas area luka menunjukkan perbedaan tidak bermakna antara kelompok luka yang dibalurkan ADSC-CM dan kelompok kontrol namun secara klinis dan epidemiologis pembaluran ADSC-CM meningkatkan proses penyembuhan luka.

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ABSTRACT
Wound healing is a complex event that consist chemotaxis, angiogenesis, proliferation, synthesis of matrix extracellular, formation and remodeling scar tissue. Angiogenesis, colagen density, wound contraction, epithelialization and wound area is a several parameter to analyze wound healing. Previous studies have shown that ADSC-CM are able to accelerate wound healing due to paracrine effect. This study investigate the effect of monolayer ADSC-CM on angiogenesis, colagen density, wound contraction, epithelialization and wound area in a rat full thickness wound. Consentration of growth factor such as EGF and VEGF were assessed with ELISA examination. Angiogenesis, colagen density, wound contraction, epithelialization and wound area were analyzed histologically with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson?s Trichome staining. Twenty nine rats were administered topically with ADSC-CM. Histological examination was measured on day 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Amount of VEGF and EGF is 5052,698 pg/mL dan 0,233 pg/mL. Histology examination angiogenesis, colagen density, wound contraction, epithelialization and wound area show there is no significant difference between ADSC-CM group and control group but meaningful difference to accelerate wound healing.