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Abstrak :
Meningkatnya perhatian global terhadap isu perubahan iklim telah mendorong lahirnya beragam program pengurangan emisi karbon. Sebagai bagian dari negara Annex 1 Protokol Kyoto, Jerman telah berkembang menjadi salah satu donor utama bagi upaya perlindungan hutan global. Tulisan ini berupaya menganalisis motif yang melandasi keputusan alokasi bantuan perlindungan hutan berbasis REDD+ oleh Jerman kepada Brazil, Republik Demokratik Kongo, dan Indonesia sebagai bagian dari program negara tersebut dalam mengurangi emisi karbon global. Mengadaptasi tiga kerangka alokasi bantuan luar negeri: kebutuhan, kepatutan, dan kepentingan pribadi donor, peneliti berupaya mengidentifikasi sejumlah faktor yang berkaitan dengan keputusan alokasi bantuan Jerman kepada ketiga negara resipien. Temuan yang ada menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perpaduan antara motif pembangunan dan kepentingan pribadi dalam keputusan alokasi bantuan perlindungan hutan berbasis REDD+ Jerman. Kehadiran kedua motif tersebut berkaitan dengan karakteristik bantuan perlindungan hutan berbasis REDD+ Jerman yang cenderung diberikan dalam bentuk hibah, memberikan keleluasaan bagi negara resipien dalam menggunakan dana bantuan, memadukan bantuan keuangan dengan bantuan teknis, dan membuka kesempatan partisipasi masyarakat hutan dalam proses pembuatan keputusan terkait upaya perlindungan hutan. Bagi Jerman, kegiatan pemberian bantuan tersebut mampu berdampak positif bagi penguatan hubungan perdagangan teknologi lingkungannya dengan negara resipien, penguatan reputasi dan soft-power dalam isu iklim, mencapai enlightened self-interest, dan memenuhi tanggung jawab moral sebagai bagian dari negara Annex 1 Protokol Kyoto. ......The increasing global concern regarding climate change has influenced the development of various carbon emission reduction programs. As a part of Kyoto Protocol’s Annex 1 countries, Germany has grown as one of the top donors in the field of global forest protection. This thesis analyzes motives behind the allocation of German’s REDD+ based forest protection aid to Brazil, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia as a part of the country’s programs to cut carbon emission globally. Adapting the aid allocation framework: need, merit, and donor self-interest, the researcher identifies several factors related to German’s decision in allocating it’s aid to those three recipient countries. The findings indicate that there’s a mixture between developmental motive and donor-self interest behind German’s REDD+ based forest protection aid. The existance of those two motives related to the characteristics of German’s REDD+ based forest protection aid which tend to be given in the form of grant, giving wider autonomy in using the aid to its recipient countries, offering technical assistance as well as financial support, and opening opportunity for forest people to participate in the decision making process related to forest protection. Especially for German, its act of giving aid could give positive impacts for strengthening its environmental technology trade with its aid recipient countries, improving reputation and soft-power in the climate issue, achieving enlightened self-interest, and fulfilling moral responsibility as a part of Kyoto Protocol’s Annex 1 countries.

Abstrak :
Before Pearl Harbor, Americans feared foreign invasions, air raids, biological weapons, and, conversely, the prospect of a dictatorship being established in the United States. To protect Americans from foreign and domestic threats, Franklin D. Roosevelt warned Americans that the world has grown so small and eventually established the precursor to the Department of Homeland Security-an Office of Civilian Defense (OCD). As its head, FDR appointed New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia; First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt became its assistant director. Defenseless Under the Night argues that the politics of national vulnerability are traceable to the rise of fascist threats during world war II. It shows how the debate about home defense was actually a debate about the direction of New Deal liberalism after 1938. While La Guardia used the government to protect the country against foreign attack and militarize the civilian population (national security liberalism), Eleanor Roosevelt insisted that the OCD should primarily focus on establishing a wartime New Deal, what she and her allies called social defense. The book reveals how social defense liberals saw the war as a chance to mobilize the grassroots through Washington to meet social needs, while La Guardia prioritized peoples physical safety, with consequences for postwar liberalism. It explores constitutional questions about civil liberties, the role and power of government propaganda, the Blitzs impact on U.S. politics and policy, and competing liberal visions for American national security.