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Abstrak :
Kecenderungan perusahaan multinasional mempergunakan perjanjian alokasi biaya untuk merencanakan dan membentuk perjanjian komersial internasional menunjukkan tendensi kenaikan. Dan jika direncanakan dan ditata dengan sistematis, perjanjian ini dapat mengatasi kesulitan dan komplikasi masalah transfer pricing dalam transaksi internasional. Alokasi biaya antar unit-unit usaha grup perusahaan multinasional umumnya menggunakan metode biaya tidak langsung dalam pembebanannya, yang mengacu pada prinsip dan metode OECD. Indonesia, dalam hal ini juga menganut kesamaan prinsip dan metode dalam menentukan harga pasar yang wajar dalam transaksi hubungan istimewa. Penulis melakukan penelitian deskriptif terhadap perjanjian alokasi biaya antar unit usaha perusahaan multinasional, melalui studi literatur yang bersumber dari buku-buku teks, artikel, masalah, karya ilmiah, laporan, majalah/bulletin, peraturan-peraturan yang berhubungan dengan alokasi biaya; baik peraturan yang berlaku di Indonesia maupun peraturan yang berlaku pada beberapa negara OECD dan non OECD sebagai perbandingan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana kebijakan pajak terhadap prilaku perusahaan multinasional dalam aktivitasnya melalui perjanjian alokasi biaya, implikasi dan indikasi transfer pricing melalui perjanjian tersebut. Data sekunder untuk menunjang penelitian deskriptif yang dilakukan berdasarkan pengalaman penulis pada perusahaan-perusahaan multinasional, khususnya PT. XYZ, dengan mempelajari perjanjian alokasi biaya clan laporan keuangan PT. XYZ sebagai tahapan awal evaluasi ada tidaknya mekanisme transfer pricing yang tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku. Perkembangan dan peranan perusahaan multinasional dapat mempengaruhi perdagangan internasional dan pajak penghasilan suatu negara, melalui mekanisme transfer pricing yang tidak terlepas dari fenomena usaha grup perusahaan multinasional melakukan ekspansi dengan kecenderungan mengoperasikan usahanya secara desentralisasi. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari keinginan grup perusahaan untuk mencapai tujuan penghematan pajak, melalui ekspor/impor, pelayanan jasa oleh induk perusahaan ataupun unit usaha yang ditunjuk oleh grup perusahaan melalui alokasi biaya, royalti, dan pinjaman dengan bunga oleh induk perusahaan melalui perbankan; dimana penulisan ini difokuskan pada perjanjian alokasi biaya. Prinsip arm's length merupakan acuan dasar dari otoritas pajak suatu negara dalam menempatkan transaksi hubungan istimewa antar unit usaha grup perusahaan multinasional, dimana prinsip tersebut dapat mengeliminasi faktor keuntungan maupun kerugian sepihak dari transaksi hubungan istimewa; walaupun demikian prinsip arm's length tidak efektif pada usaha yang terintergrasi dan bersifat khusus. OECD memberi petunjuk penanganan transfer pricing harus selaras dengan prinsip arm's length dengan beragam tatacara, dari perbandingan transaksi sampai pada metodemetode peniaian yang dapat dilakukan oleh otoritas pajak suatu negara pada saat melakukan pemeriksaan pajak terhadap unit-unit usaha grup perusahaan multinasional yang berdomisili di negara tersebut. Beragam metode juga dilakukan oleh perusahaan dalam menerapkan mekanisme transfer pricing pada transaksi hubungan istimewa dengan unit-unit usahanya. Salah satu metode yang paling umum digunakan adalah metode cost-based, dan modifikasi metode ini juga sering digunakan baik oleh otoritas pajak maupun grup perusahaan yaitu metode cost-plus. Otoritas pajak berbagai negara menaruh perhatian yang sangat besar terhadap mekanisme transfer pricing, khususnya perjanjian alokasi biaya; dimana dokumentasi merupakan data pendukung utama untuk menentukan prinsip arm's length atas transaksi hubungan istimewa; dengan pengalihan tanggung jawab pembuktian kepada wajib pajak. Indonesia, dalam hal ini belum memperluas cakupan peraturan perpajakannya sehubungan dengan transfer pricing antar pihak yang mempunyai hubungan istimewa; namun peraturan yang ada masih mengacu pada petunjuk OECD tahun 1979. Hal ini terlihat dari peraturan yang masih berlaku, antara lain: Keputusan Dirjen Pajak nomor KEP-01/PJ.7/1993 dan Surat Edaran Dirjen Pajak nomor SE-04/PJ.7/1993. Peraturan yang berlaku di Indonesia seyogyanya telah dapat mengakomodir pemeriksaan sehubungan dengan masalah transfer pricing umumnya dan alokasi biaya khususnya; namun dalam pelaksanaannya para pemeriksa masih berpatokan pada Pasal 6 dan Pasal 9 UU PPh nomor 7 tahun 1983 sebagaimana telah diubah dengan UU nomor 17 tahun 2000. Perlunya pengaturan lebih lanjut, dalam hal tanggung jawab pembuktian, pembatasan jangka waktu kerugian usaha untuk mencapai keseimbangan dan keadilan alokasi penghasilan pajak; serta memperluas cakupan Keputusan Dirjen Pajak No. Kep-62/PJ/1995 dengan memasukkan Wajib Pajak dalam negeri karena kesamaan bentuk dan manfaat alokasi antara alokasi biaya untuk bentuk usaha tetap (BUT) dan Wajib Pajak dalam negeri. Peningkatan kualitas para pemeriksa pajak dalam penguasaan peraturan perpajakan sehubungan dengan transfer pricing, kerjasama antar instansi terkait di Indonesia dan pihak otoritas pajak negara lainnya, serta tindak lanjut para pembuat kebijakan dan peraturan perpajakan merupakan hal yang disarankan.

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Mainstream of multinational companies are increasingly using Cost Contribution Agreements to structure and plan their international commercial agreements. And if structured and documented properly, these agreements can provide with solution to difficult and complicated transfer pricing issues in global business. Cost contribution among the business units of multinational company generally use method of indirect expenses in its encumbering, what related to principal and method of OECD. Indonesia, in this case also embraces equality of principal and method in determining the arm's length price in the special relationship transactions. A writer conduct an descriptive research to Cost Contribution Agreements among the business units of multinational company, through study of literature from textbooks, articles, working papers, journals, reports, bulletins, regulation which deal with cost contribution; even regulation going into effect in Indonesia and also the regulation going into effect in OECD and non OECD countries as comparison to know how far the tax policy effected to multinational companies in its activity through Cost Contribution Agreements, implication and indication of transfer pricing through the agreements. The secondary data to support descriptive research done by pursuant to experience of a writer at multinational companies, specially PT. XYZ, learnedly the Cost Contribution Agreements and financial statement of PT. XYZ as the first step of evaluation that no mechanism of transfer pricing which is disagree with rule going into effects. Growth and roles of multinational companies can influence international trades and income taxes of an countries, through mechanism of transfer pricing which is not quit of phenomenon effort the group of multinational companies in conduct expansion with tendency operate effort by decentralized. This matter is not quit of desire of the group of companies to reach target of tax savings, through exports/imports, service activities by parent companies and or business units which showed by the group of companies through costs contribution, royalties, and loans with interests by parent companies through banking; where this writing focused at Cost Contribution Agreements. The arm's length principle represent elementary reference from tax authority of a country in placing the special relationship transactions of the business unit of a group multinationals efforts, where the principle can eliminate of advantage factors and also unilateral losses from the special relationship transactions; even though the arm's length principle is not effective at the integrated efforts and have the special characters. OECD give an guideline in handling transfer pricing have to be in harmony with the arm's length principle at the ways of immeasurable, from comparison of transaction come up with method of assessment which can be done by the tax authority of a country at the time of conducting the tax audit to the business unit of a group multinational company which living in the country. The method also has done by company in applying mechanism of transfer pricing at the special relationship transactions with business units efforts. One of method, which most commonly used is cost-based method, and modification of this method also often used by the tax authority and also a group of company that is cost-plus method. The tax authorities of various countries put a profound interests to mechanism transfer pricing, specially the Cost Contribution Agreements; where documentation represent as a main supporting data to determine the arm's length principle for the special relationship transactions; with transfer of verification responsibility to a Taxpayer. Indonesia, in this case not extended the taxation regulation coverage yet, referring to transfer pricing between a parties having a special relationship, but the existing regulations still relate with OECD Guideline for the year of 1979. This matter seen from the regulations which still go into effect, for example: Tax Director Decision Letter number KEP-O1/PJ.7/1993 and Tax Director Circular Letter number SE-04/PJ.7/1993. The regulation going into effect in Indonesia have earned to accommodate audit properly referring to transfer pricing problem generally and the cost contribution specially; but in its execution all tax auditors still based on Section 6 and Section 9 Income Tax Law number 7 of the year 1983 as have been altered by the Law number 17 of the year 2000. The importance of furthermore arrangement, in the case of responsibility verification, restriction of business losses duration to reach justice and balance of tax income allocation, and also extend the coverage of Tax Director Decision Letter number Kep-62/P3/1995 with included Domestic Taxpayers because the equality form and the allocation benefit among the cost contribution to Permanent Establishment and Domestic Taxpayers. Improvement of all tax auditors quality in hand of mastery the taxation regulation referring to transfer pricing, cooperation among the related institutions in Indonesia and the tax authorities of other countries, and also follow-up of the taxation regulation and policy maker represent suggested matters.

Abstrak :
Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi dan membandingkan performa model tiga faktor (FF3) dan lima faktor (FF5) Fama-French di Indonesia dan Singapura. Penelitian ini juga menguji apakah faktor book-to-market (HML) redundant dalam menjelaskan average returns dengan adanya faktor profitability dan investment di Indonesia dan Singapura. Penelitian ini menggunakan Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dengan data time series bulanan dari tahun 2000 sampai 2015. Berdasarkan rata-rata adjusted R2 dari kedua model, FF5 lebih mampu menjelaskan variasi excess return portofolio daripada FF3 di Indonesia dan Singapura, walaupun faktor profitability dan investment hanya menunjukkan pengaruh yang lemah terhadap excess returns saham. Apabila kami mengacu pada kriteria zero intercept Merton (1973), kedua model tidak valid di Indonesia, namun kedua model masih valid di Singapura. Hasil penelitian juga menemukan bahwa HML redundant dalam menjelaskan variasi excess returns di Indonesia, namun HML tidak redundant di Singapura. Tes idiosyncratic risk menunjukkan bahwa portofolio pasar saham Indonesia tidak terdiversifikasi dengan baik, sementara portofolio pasar saham Singapura terdiversifikasi dengan baik. Uji beda intersep antara Indonesia dengan Singapura mengindikasikan bahwa pasar Singapura lebih efisien daripada pasar Indonesia. ......The main purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the performances of the Fama-French three- (FF3) and five-factor (FF5) models in Indonesia and Singapore. This study also examines whether the book-to-market factor (HML) is redundant in describing average returns in the presence of the profitability and investment factors in Indonesia and Singapore. This study employs Ordinary Least Square (OLS) with monthly time series data from 2000 to 2015. Based on the average adjusted R2 from the two models, FF5 explains portfolio excess return variations better than FF3 in Indonesia and Singapore, although the profitability and investment factors only display weak effect on stock excess returns. If we refer to Merton?s (1973) zerointercept criterion, both models are not valid in Indonesia, but they are still valid in Singapore. The results also find that HML is redundant in explaining variation of excess returns in Indonesia, but it is not redundant in Singapore. The tests of idiosyncratic risk show that Indonesia stock market portfolios are not welldiversified, while Singapore stock market portfolios are well-diversified. The test of intercept difference between Indonesia and Singapore indicates that Singapore market is more efficient than Indonesia market.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Ketentuan tentang transfer pricing di Indonesia diatur secara tegas dalam PMK 213/PMK.03/2016. Wajib Pajak yang telah memenuhi threshold sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 2 ketentuan tersebut, diwajibkan untuk menerapkan prinsip kewajaran dan kelaziman usaha dengan menyelenggarakan transfer pricing documentation. PT FGD Indonesia adalah Wajib Pajak yang memiliki hubungan istimewa dengan perusahaan induknya yakni FGDK Corporation Korea Selatan. PT FGD Indonesia memiliki peredaran bruto melebihi 50 miliar Rupiah, maka PT FGD Indonesia wajib untuk menyelenggarakan dokumentasi transfer pricing sesuai yang diamanatkan PMK-213. PT FGD Indonesia memiliki sejumlah transaksi afiliasi, salah satu dari transaksi tersebut adalah transaksi pembayaran bunga atas utang pinjaman. Berdasarkan fakta tersebut, PT FGD Indonesia wajib membuat transfer pricing documentation atas pembayaran bunga pinjaman yang dibayarkan untuk membuktikan bahwa transaksi yang dilakukan memenuhi prinsip kewajaran dan kelaziman usaha. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan PT FGD Indonesia dalam penerapan transfer pricing documentation atas transaksi pembayaran bunga pinjaman telah memenuhi prinsip kewajaran dan kelaziman usaha dengan terpenuhinya tiga tahap pengujian yakni pengujian eksistensi, pengujian kewajaran utang dan pengujian tingkat suku bunga pinjaman. Adapun hambatan-hambatan yang dihadapi dalam penerapan PMK-213 dilihat dari 2 dua sudut pandang yaitu dari sisi fiskus terkait dengan adanya perubahan pola pemeriksaan serta dari sisi Wajib Pajak yaitu semakin tingginya cost of compliance. Hambatan-hambatan yang dihadapi dalam penerapan ketentuan dokumentasi transfer pricing PT FGD Indonesia atas pembayaran bunga pinjaman adalah terkait dengan sedikitnya informasi serta pemberian data yang cukup lama oleh Wajib Pajak hambatan teknis serta tidak adanya credit rating yang dimiliki oleh sebagian besar perusahaan di Indonesia hambatan substansi.

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ABSTRAK
The provisions on transfer pricing in Indonesia are strictly regulated in PMK 213 PMK.03 2016. Taxpayers who have fulfilled the threshold as stipulated in Article 2 of such provisions shall be obliged to apply the arm rsquo s length principle by conducting transfer pricing documentation. PT FGD Indonesia is a Taxpayer with special relationship with its parent company, FGDK Corporation of South Korea. PT FGD Indonesia has a gross turnover exceeding 50 billion Rupiah, then PT FGD Indonesia is obliged to hold documentation of transfer pricing as mandated by PMK 213. PT FGD Indonesia has a number of affiliate transactions, one of which is an interest payment transaction on loan debt. Based on these facts, PT FGD Indonesia is required to make transfer pricing documentation on loan interest payments paid to prove that the transaction fulfills the principle of fairness and business practice. The result of the research shows that PT FGD Indonesia in implementing transfer pricing documentation on loan interest payment transaction has fulfilled the arm rsquo s length principle with the fulfillment of three testing phases namely testing of existence, testing the reasonableness of debt and testing loan interest rate. The obstacles faced in the application of PMK 213 seen from 2 two point of view that is from the fiscal side associated with the change of inspection pattern and from the Taxpayer side that is the higher cost of compliance. The obstacles faced in applying the transfer pricing documentation of PT FGD Indonesia to the interest payment of the loan are related to the lack of information and long data giving by the Taxpayer technical barrier and the absence of credit rating owned by most companies in Indonesia substance barrier .

Abstrak :
This study aims to examine the implementation of carbon pricing collection in Indonesia. This study also provides a review of the potentials for excise revenue, income tax (PPh), and value-added tax (VAT) from carbon emissions and an effort to build integrated supervision among stakeholders. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The research data were obtained from a review of documents and regulations regarding carbon emissions. The research was conducted by comparing the best practices in the worldwide with the Indonesia government policy on carbon taxes. The results show a great potential for the country to apply carbon pricing collection through carbon taxes, carbon permits, or cap-and-trade (emission trading system). On the other hand, the collection of a tax on carbon or cap-and-trade schemes requires complex oversight. Therefore, a synergy among institutions is needed, such as the Directorate General of Taxes (DJP), the Financial Services Authority (OJK), and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK). The digitization of the system and the establishment of a data warehouse are the main strategies to support the performance of the task force involving the three institutions in implementing joint audits. The recommendation from this research is that Indonesia should immediately implement the carbon pricing policy and form joint audits in monitoring its implementation. This research encourages further research on carbon pricing, carbon tax, PPh and VAT, as well as research on the economic impact of the policy at each level of carbon emission rates.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK

Studi ini menganalisa perilaku pricing dari eksportir produk industri Indonesia berdasarkan heterogenitas pasar dengan mengestimasi derajat Exchange Rate Pass Through (ERPT) dari harga ekspor produk industri Indonesia (pada level 4 digit klasifikasi Harmonized System) terhadap 3 negara mitra dagang utamanya dalam menghadapi fluktuasi nilai tukar pada periode 2005-2014. Dilakukan estimasi model regresi data panel Pricing to Market (PTM) untuk ekspor ke pasar China, US, dan Jepang, membedakan produk homogen dengan produk terdiferensiasi dengan mengontrol tingkat inflasi dan keterbukaan perdagangan di negara mitra dagang, indeks kebijakan makroekonomi yang merefleksikan perubahan cost eksportir, share eksportir di negara tujuan ekspor dan share produk yang di ekspor ke negara tujuan terhadap total ekspor. Hasil studi menemukan bahwa derajat PTM secara signifikan berbeda antara produk homogen dengan produk terdiferensiasi, tetapi heterogenitas pasar tidak secara signifikan menyebabkan perbedaan derajat PTM. Perilaku PTM yang dipraktekan oleh eksportir Indonesia dapat membatasi keefektifan nilai tukar sebagai instrumen untuk memperbaiki neraca perdagangan.

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ABSTRACT

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In this paper we studied pricing behaviour of Indonesian industrial product exporters based on market heterogeneity by estimating the degree of Exchange Rate Pass Through (ERPT) of  industrial product`s export price (at the-4 digit level of Harmonized System classification) to 3 Indonesian major trading partners in facing the exchange rate fluctuations during 2005-2014. We estimate a Pricing to Market (PTM) model using panel data regression for exports to China, US, and Japan markets, distinguishing homogeneous from differentiated goods and correcting for changes in the level of inflation and openness in the export destination market, a maroeconomic policy index partly reflecting changes in exporter`s costs, the share of the exporter in the destination market and the share of the products in the exporter`s total exports. We find that PTM significantly different between homogeneous and differentiated products, but the market heterogeneity does not significantly differ the level of PTM. The PTM behaviour that conducted by Indonesian exporters limit the effectiveness of exchange rate as an instrument to fix the trade balance.