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"Pradiabetes merupakan suatu kondisi risiko untuk texjadinya Diabetes Melitus (DM) tipe 2, yang dapat disebabkan oleh faktor keturunan dan perilaku yang berisiko, seperti konsumsi lemak yang tinggi, kurang serat, rendah karbnhidrat, kurang gerak badan dan merokok. Diperkirakan prcvalensi pradiabetes lebih tinggi dibandingkan prevalensi DM itu sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hublmgan fhktor risiko perilaku (konsumsi lemak, konsunasi serat, konsumsi karbohidrat, aktivitas iisik dan merokok) dengan kejadian pradiabetes pada kelompok umur 40-59 tahun di Kota Padang Panjang tahun 2008 setelah dikendalikan oleh faktor keturunan, dengan menggunakan data primer, rancangan potong lintang. Responden dipilih secara acak sederhana dari tiap kelurahan yang menjadi kluster sebanyak |74 orang. Analisis data dcngan dcsain kompleks secara univariat, bivarial (regresi logistik sedcrhana) dan multivariat (regresi logistik ganda). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata kadar Gula Darah Sewaktu (GDS) kclompok umur 40-59 tahun adalah I15,4=t25,3 mg/dl, dengan jumlah pradiabetes scbcsar 57,5%. Ada hubungan bermakna antara konsumsi lemak, konsumsi serat dan aktivitas fisik dengan kejadian pradiabetes (p<0,05) tanpa dipengaruhi oleh faktor keturunan. Perilaku dominan yang berhubungan dengan kejadian pradiabetes adalah konsumsi lemak (OR=l 8,7, 95% CI: 6,0-57,5), dimana seseorang yang memiliki pola konsumsi lemak 252,10 g/hari akan berislko untuk pradiabetes 18,7 kali dibandingkan mereka yang konsumsi Iemaknya 62,10 g/hari. Konsumsi serat <1l,96 g/hari akan berisiko 9,5 kali untuk pradiabetes diaandingkan yang konsumsi seratnya 211,96 g/hari. Seseorang dengan aktivitas fisik <120 menit/hari akan berpeluang 13,7 kali untuk pradiabetes dibandingkan yang mcmiliki aktivitas fisik 2120 menit/hari. Disarankan kepada Dinas Kesehatan agar melakukan pencegahan pertama (prima1ypreventive)dengan KIE1entang kondisi pradiabetes serta faktor perilaku yang berisiko dan pembentukan ‘Queer group" pradiabetes ciiharapkan dapat menimbulkan mawas diri dari masyarakat terhadap kondisi pradiabetes sebagai pcnccgahan meningkatnya DM tipe 2.

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Pre-diabetes is a condition to the risk of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2, that can caused by genetic factor and behavior risk factors, such as fat consumption, insufficiently Eber consumption, low carbohydrate consumption, sedentary life, and smoking. Prevalence of pre-diabetes is assumed higher than prevalence of DM. This research purposed is assessed behavior risk factors association with pre-diabetes incident on 40-59 years old in Padang Panjang City in 2008 after genetic factor is controlled This study used cross sectional design. Respondent were sampled by multistage random sampling (n=l74). Data were analyzed with design complex by partial regression, simple logistic regression and multivariate (multiple logistic regression). The study found pre-diabetes incident is 57.5% with Random Plasma Glucose (RPG) 115.41 25.3 mg/dl in average. There is a significantly associated between fat consumption, fiber consumption and physical activity with pre-diabetes incident on 40- 59 years old in Padang Panjang (p<0.05), without adjustment by genetic. Dominant factor that is associated with pre-diabetes incident is fat consumption (0R=l8. 7; CI: 6.0-57.5), that who has tat consumption 252.10 gjday will have 18.7 times to pre-diabetes compared to people who fat consumption <52.l0g/day. Respondent who has Eber consumption <1l.96 g/day will have 9.5 times to pre-diabetes than who Hber consumption 211.96 g/day. They who have physical activity <1 20 minutes/day should have probability 13.7 times to pre-diabetes than who has physical activity index 2120 minutes/day. Health district office should develop primary preventive with elucidation (communication, information and education) about pre-diabetes condition and risk behavioral and than should form pre-diabetes peer group can be arise society introspection to pre-diabetes condition as prevent as increases DM type 2."

"Obstructive Sleep Apnea OSA adalah gangguan di mana seseorang sering berhenti bernapas selama tidurnya. OSA ditandai oleh episode henti napas apnea minimal 10 detik/episode. Gejala OSA sering terjadi, namun sulit untuk dideteksi. Hal ini disebabkan OSA terjadi saat pasien tidur. Hal inilah yang menjadikan OSA penyebab terbesar morbiditas dan mortalitas di seluruh dunia. OSA terkait dengan beberapa penyakit, salah satunya adalah Diabetes Melitus DM. Kejadian OSA melalui hipoksemia intermitten dapat menyebabkan intoleransi glukosa, seperti DM tipe 2 dan prediabetes. OSA, DM, dan prediabetes diketahui memiliki faktor risiko bersama antara lain obesitas dan tekanan darah tinggi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui model hubungan OSA, DM tipe 2, dan prediabetes secara simultan. Setelah model hubungan antar ketiganya diketahui, maka faktor-faktor risiko OSA, DM tipe 2, dan prediabetes secara bersamaan dapat diketahui. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer yang diperoleh dengan pemeriksaan langsung ke pasien OSA di RSCM. Metode sampling yang digunakan adalah non-probability sampling, yaitu purposive sampling. Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini didapat sebanyak 205 pasien. Metode Partial Least Squares PLS digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian. PLS digunakan untuk memodelkan hubungan langsung maupun tidak langsung antara variabel laten dan variabel terukur secara simultan. Selain itu, PLS dipertimbangkan sebagai pendekatan soft modeling yang tidak mensyaratkan asumsi-asumsi yang kuat, seperti ukuran sampel, skala pengukuran, dan asumsi distribusi. Variabel dependen dalam penelitian ini adalah OSA, DM tipe 2, dan prediabetes. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis kelamin, usia, tekanan darah, obesitas, dan sleep hygiene. OSA dipengaruhi secara langsung oleh obesitas dan sleep hygiene. DM tipe 2 dipengaruhi secara langsung oleh prediabetes, dan dipengaruhi secara tidak langsung oleh jenis kelamin, usia, obesitas, dan OSA. Sedangkan prediabetes dipengaruhi secara langsung oleh jenis kelamin, usia, dan OSA, dan dipengaruhi secara tidak langsung oleh sleep hygiene. Prediabetes dapat dipengaruhi baik secara tidak langsung dan tidak langsung oleh obesitas melalui OSA.

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Obstructive Sleep Apnea OSA is a disorder in which a person frequently stops breathing during his or her sleep. OSA is characterized by episodes of stop breathing apnea at least 10 seconds episode. Symptoms of OSA are common, but difficult to detect. This is because OSA occurs when patient sleeps. That is what causes OSA to be the biggest morbidity and mortality worldwide. OSA has been linked with several diseases, one of which is Diabetes Mellitus DM . Incidence of OSA through hypoxemia intermitten can cause glucose intolerance, such as Diabetes Mellitus type 2 and prediabetes. OSA, DM, and prediabetes are known to have shared risk factor such as obesity and high blood pressure. The purpose of this research is to know the relationship model of OSA, DM type 2, and prediabetes simultaneously. Once the relationship model is known, then the risk factors of OSA, DM type 2, and prediabetes can simultaneously be known. Data used in this research is primary data which obtained by direct examination to patients with OSA at RSCM. Sampling method used in this research is non probability sampling, such as purposive sampling. The number of samples in this research as many as 205 patients. Partial Least Squares PLS method is used to obtain the purpose of this research. PLS is used to modeling a direct and indirect relation between latent variables and manifest variables simultaneously. Moreover, PLS has been considered as soft modeling approach because PLS does not require strong assumptions, such as sample size, measurement scale, and distribusions. OSA, DM type 2, and prediabetes are dependent variables. Independent variables are gender, age, blood pressure, obesity, and sleep hygiene. OSA is directly affected by obesity and sleep hygiene. DM type 2 is directly affected by prediabetes, and indirectly affected by gender, age, obesity, and OSA. Gender, age, and OSA have direct effect to prediabetes, meanwhile sleep hygiene has indirect effect to prediabetes. Obesity has direct and indirect effect to prediabetes, through OSA. "

"Prevention of type 2 diabetes can be achieved properly by simultaneous prevention of obesity. Prediabetes, or metabolic syndrome, is the period between simple obesity and diabetes, and this critical period needs to be identified in a more consistent and systematic manner by clinicians worldwide. Clinical trials have indicated that diabetes prevention can be achieved by lifestyle changes and also by certain medications, though none are yet approved for use in prevention. On the other hand, there are funding agencies such as the NIH, CDC, and state institutions that are interested in studying the prevention paradigms in different communities and ethnic minorities who are most prone to this epidemic. For these reasons, this title by renowned physician-scientist Derek LeRoith is both timely and vitally important for academic physicians, practitioners, allied health care providers, analysts, community activists, and all others interested in this increasing epidemic. This book provides a unique and comprehensive synthesis of the prevention and early diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes, focusing on identifying risk factors and then moving into topics that address how to prevent their progression to full-blown diabetes. The difficult task of changing patients’ behavior is given special emphasis. The chapters in this practical volume are written by a wide range of international experts, reflecting the editor’s distinguished, internationally renowned career. The volume is organized in eight sections: an introduction to the overall issue of prevention, definitions of values based on ADA guidelines, pathophysiology, discussion of a range of interventional trials regarding prevention, and an overview of state-of-the-art clinical management approaches. "