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Abstrak :
Lipase B Candida antarctica (CALB) secara ekstensif dipelajari dalam produksi biodiesel, produk farmasi, deterjen, dan senyawa lainnya secara enzimatis. Salah satu kekurangan penggunaan CALB adalah suhu optimumnya yang relatif rendah pada 40oC (313 K). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk merancang mutan CALB yang lebih termostabil dibanding CALB wild type dengan rekayasa penambahan ikatan disulfida. Simulasi dinamika molekul dilakukan untuk mengamati proses unfolding atau denaturasi termal CALB. Denaturasi termal CALB dipercepat dengan melakukan simulasi pada suhu tinggi. Simulasi dinamika molekul CALB dilakukan dengan perangkat lunak GROMACS pada suhu 300-700 K. Prediksi pasangan residu yang dapat dimutasi menjadi sistein dilakukan dengan perangkat lunak ?Disulfide by DesignTM?. Pemilihan residu yang dimutasi, didasarkan pada hasil analisis fleksibilitas CALB. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut dirancang tiga mutan enzim CALB yaitu Mutan-1 (Leu73Cys/Ala151Cys), Mutan-2 (Trp155Cys/Glu294Cys), dan Mutan- 3 (Thr43Cys/Ser67Cys). Parameter yang digunakan untuk membandingkan termostabilitas enzim mutan dengan wild type adalah RMSD, SASA (solvent accessible surface area), jari-jari girasi (Rg), dan struktur sekunder. Simulasi dinamika molekul yang dilakukan pada ketiga mutan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Mutan-1 memiliki termostabilitas yang lebih baik dibanding CALB wild type. Diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat memberikan saran rancangan mutasi yang dapat diimplementasikan ke dalam laboratorium basah (wet experiment). ......Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is extensively studied in enzymatic production of biodiesel, pharmaceutical products, detergents, and other chemicals. One drawback of using CALB is its relatively low optimum temperature at 313 K (40oC). The objective of this research is to design CALB mutant with improved thermostability by introducing extra disulfide bond. Molecular dynamic simulation was conducted to get better insight on the process of thermal denaturation or unfolding in CALB. Thermal denaturation of CALB was accelerated by conducting simulation at high temperature. Molecular dynamic simulation of CALB was performed with GROMACS software package at 300-700 K. Prediction of possible mutation was conducted using ?Disulfide by DesignTM? software. Selection of mutated residues was based on flexibility analysis of CALB. From those analyses, three mutants were designed, which are Mutant-1 (73LeuCys/151AlaCys), Mutant-2 (155TrpCys/294GluCys), and Mutant-3 (43ThrCys/67SerCys). Parameters that were used to compare the thermostability of mutant with wild type enzyme were RMSD, SASA (solvent accessible surface area), radius of gyration (Rg), and secondary structure. Molecular dynamic simulation conducted on those three mutants showed that Mutant-1 have better thermostability compared to wild type CALB. The resulted mutant design will be used as a suggestion to engineer CALB mutant in wet experiment.

Abstrak :
Polianilin (PANI) (emeraldin terprotonasi / ES) berukuran kecil disintesis secara Bulk Polymerization dengan mengoksidasi anilin menggunakan Amonium Peroksodisulfat (APS) dengan dopan HCl. Hubungan antara pengaruh kondisi polimerisasi seperti: konsentrasi HCl, rasio mmol APS/Anilin, konsentrasi reagen, dan temperatur polimerisasi dengan distribusi ukuran partikel dipelajari menggunakan PSA (Particle Size Analyzer). Pengaruh ukuran partikel terhadap waktu kontak pembentukan PANI terdeprotonasi (emeraldin basa / EB) dipelajari dengan menggunakan ES berukuran terkecil. Sulfonasi pada EB dilakukan dengan menggunakan jumlah H2SO4 pekat (95-97%) yang berbeda menghasilkan emeraldin basa tersulfonasi, EBS 1 dan EBS 2, dimana EBS 2 diperoleh menggunakan H2SO4 pekat kurang lebih dua kali lebih banyak daripada EBS 1. Selanjutnya EB, EBS 1, dan EBS 2 digunakan untuk mereduksi Cr(VI). Karakterisasi produk dilakukan dengan menggunakan PSA, SEM, spektrofotometer UV-Vis, dan FT-IR. Ukuran partikel terkecil ES 0,452μm (24,4% Vol.) didapatkan dari rasio mmol APS/Anilin 0,07 dengan konsentrasi APS/Anilin 3,12x10-2 M/87,2x10-2 M dalam HCl 3 M. Pengamatan menggunakan SEM terhadap partikel tersebut menghasilkan morfologi nanofiber (diameter ±100nm). Dedoping Nanofiber ES dalam NaOH 0,1M berlangsung dalam waktu kontak optimum selama 3 Jam. EB, EBS 1, dan EBS 2 mampu mereduksi Cr(VI) dalam larutan. Kecepatan dan kapasitas reduksi Cr(VI) diperoleh dengan urutan EBS2 > EBS1 > EB. ......Polianilin (PANI) (emeraldine salt / ES) with small particle size was synthesized by Bulk Polymerization from aniline with ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) as oxidator and HCl as a dopan. The relationship between polymerization conditions such as: concentration of HCl, the mmole ratio of APS/aniline, reagent concentration, and temperature of polymerization with the distribution of particle sizes studied using PSA (Particle Size Analyzer). The contact time of deprotonated PANI (emeraldine base / EB) formation from ES with smallest particle size was studied. Furthermore, sulfonation on EB was carried out using different amount of concentrated H2SO4 (95-97%) to produced sulfonated emeraldin, EBS 1 and EBS 2. EBS 2 was preparered by using twice amount of concentrated H2SO4 than for EBS 1. Finally, the EB, EBS 1 and EBS 2 prepared were used for reducing Cr(VI). Characterizations of products were observed by using PSA, SEM, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and FT-IR. ES with smallest particle size 0.452 μm (24.4% Vol.) was obtained from the mmole ratio of APS/aniline 0.07 with the APS/aniline concentration 3.12 x10-2 M/87.2x10-2 M in HCl 3 M. The morphology of the particles shown nanofiber (diameter ± 100nm). Dedoping nanofiber ES in 0.1 M NaOH took place within 3 hours. EB, EBS 1 and EBS 2 prepared can be used to reduce Cr (VI) in solution. The reduction rate and capacity for Cr(VI) is in order of EBS 2 > EBS 1 > EB.

Abstrak :
Biopolymers : applications and trends provides an up-to-date summary of the varying market applications of biopolymers characterized by biodegradability and sustainability. It includes tables with the commercial names and properties of each biopolymer family, along with biopolymers for each marketing segment, not only presenting all the major market players, but also highlighting trends and new developments in products. The book includes a thorough breakdown of the vast range of application areas, including medical and pharmaceutical, packaging, construction, automotive, and many more, giving engineers critical materials information in an area which has traditionally been more limited than conventional polymers. In addition, the book uses recent patent information to convey the latest applications and techniques in the area, thus further illustrating the rapid pace of development and need for intellectual property for companies working on new and innovative products.

Abstrak :
Summary "This book describes advances in synthesis, processing, and technology of environmentally friendly polymers generated from renewable resources. With contents based on a wide range of functional monomers and contributions from eminent researchers, this volume demonstrates the design, synthesis, properties and applications of plant oil based polymers, presenting an elaborate review of acid mediated polymerization techniques for the generation of green polymers. Chemical engineers are provided with state-of-the-art information that acts to further progress research in this direction