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"Senyawa fenol dan 4-klorofenol merupakan polutan organik yang bersifat toksik, persisten, dan bioakumulatif, bahkan dalam konsentrasi rendah. Kedua senyawa tersebut banyak terkandung pada limbah cair industri, sehingga diperlukan pengolahan limbah yang memadai. Pada penelitian ini, telah dipelajari fotodegradasi polutan organik fenol dan 4-klorofenol dengan sistem Fenton heterogen menggunakan katalis bentonit Tapanuli terpilar Fe(III) oksida (Fe-bentonit). Penentuan nilai kapasitas tukar kation (KTK) Na-bentonit dengan metode [Cu(en)2]2+ menghasilkan nilai KTK 48,7490 mek/100 gram bentonit. Fe-bentonit dipreparasi melalui metode tukar kation menggunakan larutan pemilar yang terdiri dari larutan NaOH dan FeCl3 dengan rasio mol OH/Fe 2:1 dan dikalsinasi pada suhu 300°C dan 500°C.Karakterisasi material Fe-bentonit dilakukan dengan XRD, FTIR, EDS dan AAS. Reaksi foto-Fenton yang terdiri dari sinar UV, H2O2 dan Fe-B mampu mendegradasi fenol dan 4-klorofenol secara efektif menjadi intermediet asam-asam karboksilat. Konsentrasi H2O2 optimum untuk reaksi foto-Fenton fenol didapatkan pada konsentrasi H2O2 78,3528 mM. Penentuan peran dari setiap komponen pada reaksi foto-Fenton dianalisis menggunakan rangkaian kondisi reaksi adsorpsi, fotolisis, efek H2O2, Fenton dan foto-Fenton homogen. Variasi suhu pilarisasi dan konsentrasi fenol serta 4-klorofenol dilakukan untuk membandingkan aktivitas katalisis. Pengamatan dari variasi kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Reaksi foto-fenton heterogen dengan katalis Fe-B memberikan persen penurunan konsentrasi fenol dan klorofenol yang terbaik.

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Phenol and 4-chlorophenol are recalcitrant organic pollutants characterized as toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative, even in low concentration. Those two compounds has been detected in industrial wastewater, thus need to be processed further in waste management. In this research, photodegradation of phenol and 4-chlorophenol in Fenton heterogeneous system was conducted using Fe (III) oxide pillared Tapanuli bentonite (Fe-bentonite). Prior to catalyst preparation, cation exchange capacity (CEC) of Na-bentonite was determined by [Cu(en)2]2+ method and was found to be 48.7490 meq/100 grams of bentonite. Fe-bentonite was prepared by cation exchanging process using pillaring solution comprised of NaOH and FeCl3 solution with molar ratio of OH/Fe 2:1 and calcined at 300°C and 500°C.Material characterization was conducted by XRD, FTIR, EDS and AAS. Photodegradation reaction which consist of UV-C light, H2O2 and Fe-bentonite was successful to break down phenol and 4-chlorophenol effectively into carboxylic acid intermediates. The optimum H2O2 concentration was obtained at 78.3528 mM. Role of each reaction components was analyzed by a series of control reactions (adsorption, photolysis, H2O2 effect, Fenton and homogeneous photo-Fenton). The effect of pillarization temperature and phenol and 4-chlorophenol concentration also carried out as comparison. To conclude, the heterogeneous system of Fe-B in the presence of UV-C light and H2O2 showed to give the highest photodegradation activity."

"PLA adalah salah satu biodgradable polymer yang umum digunakan untuk perangkat medis terutama implan dengan ukuran kecil. Sifat biodegradable yang dimiliki PLA mem-buat implan PLA akan terdegradasi dengan sendirinya ketika ditanamkan kedalam jaringan tubuh manusia seperti tulang sehingga tidak diperlukan untuk melakukan operasi pencabutan implan setelah ditanamkan. Saat ini, banyak merk-merk polimet yang mengeluarkan produk PLA mereka sendiri dengan propertiesdan karakteristik yang berbeda-beda. Karakteristik tersebut akan memperngaruhi hasil akhir dari produk yang akan dibuat melalui proses produksi. Salah satu proses produksi yang dapat di aplikasikan pada PLA adalah melalui proses injection molding. Injection molding adalah proses pencetakan polimer yang dapat di aplikasikan pada industri skala besar. Proses injection molding dapat juga di aplikasikan ke produk dengan ukuran kecil, menengah maupun besar tergantung mesin yang digunakan. Sejatinya, pada setiap proses produksi yang menggunakan mold dan polimer cair akan ter-dapat efek samping yaitu shrinkage dan warpage yang merupakan dimensional flaw. Shrink-age dan warpage dapat ditentukan menggunakan beberapa metode salah satunya adalah menggunakan software Autodesk Moldflow untuk memperkirakan shrinkage dan warpage tersebut.

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PLA is a biodgradable polymer that is commonly used for medical devices, especially small implants. The biodegradable nature of PLA makes PLA implants degrade automatically when implanted into human body tissues such as bone, so there is no need to perform implant removal surgery after implantation. Currently, many polymer brands are releasing their own PLA products with different properties and characteristics. These characteristics will affect the final result of the product that will be made through the production process. One of the production processes that can be applied to PLA is through the injection molding process. Injection molding is a polymer molding process that can be applied to large-scale industries. The injection molding process can also be applied to products with small, medium or large sizes depending on the machine used. In fact, every production process that uses molds and liquid polymers will have side effects, namely shrinkage and warpage which are dimensional flaws. Shrinkage and warpage can be determined using several methods, one of which is using Autodesk Moldflow software to estimate the shrinkage and warpage."

"This book about salen metal complexes as catalysts for the synthesis of polycarbonates from cyclic ethers and carbon dioxide, material properties of poly(propylene carbonates), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) from carbon monoxide, ecoflex® and ecovio® : biodegradable, performance-enabling plastics, biodegradability of poly(vinyl acetate) and related polymers, recent developments in ring-opening polymerization of lactones, recent developments in metal-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of lactides and glycolides : preparation of polylactides, polyglycolide, and poly(lactide-co-glycolide), bionolle (polybutylenesuccinate), and polyurethanes from renewable resources."

"Biopolymers reuse, recycling and disposal is the first book covering all aspects of biopolymer waste management and post-usage scenarios, embracing existing technologies, applications, and the behavior of biopolymers in various waste streams.The book investigates the benefits and weaknesses, social, economic and environmental impacts, and regulatory aspects of each technology. It covers different types of recycling and degradation, as well as life cycle analysis, all supported by case studies, literature references, and detailed information about global patents. Patents in particular—comprising 80% of published technical literature in this emerging field, widely scattered, and often available in Japanese only—are a key source of information.Dr. Niaounakis draws on disciplines such as polymer science, management, biology and microbiology, organic chemistry, environmental chemistry, and patent law to produce a reference guide for engineers, scientists and other professionals involved in the development and production of biopolymers, waste management, and recycling. This information is also valuable for regulators, patent attorneys and academics working in this field."