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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilatarbelakangi adanya dualisme status hakim sebagai pejabat negara dan pegawai negeri sipil dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, dan jaminan keamanan dan kesejahteraan hakim terfokus pada gaji pokok, tunjangan hakim, dan kemahalan saat sedang bertugas, sedangkan tunjangan tersebut dan jaminan lain belum diatur secara komprehensif ideal (dalam konteks jelas dan rinci bagi hakim dan keluarga dimulai dari hakim sebagai calon hakim sampai dengan pensiun) sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 48 Undang-Undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman, Putusan Nomor 37/PUU-X/2012, dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 94 Tahun 2012 tentang Hak Keuangan dan Fasilitas Hakim Yang Berada Di Bawah Mahkamah Agung. Sebagai pijakan teoritis, penelitian ini menggunakan teori negara hukum menurut Muchtar Kusumaatmaja, kekuasaan kehakiman menurut Paulus E Lotulung, dan keadilan menurut John Rawls. Hakim sebagai pejabat negara merupakan personifikasi dari kekuasaan kehakiman yang menjadi aktor sentral dalam penegakan hukum di Indonesia dengan putusan yang memiliki rasa keadilan, kemanfaatan dan kepastian hukum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Implikasi teoritis menunjukan bahwa upaya menjamin kemerdekaan dan independensi hakim dalam memeriksa, mengadili, dan memutus perkara berhubungan erat dengan jaminan tersebut. Jadi wajib dilakukan harmonisasi mengenai status hakim sebagai pejabat negara dan adanya kriteria jaminan keamanan dan kesejahetraan hakim yang komprehensif ideal.

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ABSTRACTThis research is motivated dualism judge status as state officials and civil servants in the legislation, and the security and welfare of the judge focused on the basic salary, allowances of judges, and the expensiveness while on duty, while the allowances and other guarantees have not been comprehensively regulated ideal (in the context of clear and detailed for the judge and the family started from the judge as a potential judge until retirement) as referred to in Article 48 of Law No. 48 of 2009 on Judicial Power, Decision No. 37/PUU-X/2012, and Government Regulation number 94 of 2012 on the Rights of the Finance and Facilities Judges Being under the Supreme Court. As a theoretical foundation, this study uses the theory of law by Mochtar Kusumaatmaja, judicial authorities according to Paul E Lotulung, and justice according to John Rawls. Judges as state officials is the personification of the judiciary became a central actor in law enforcement in Indonesia with a decision that has a sense of justice, expediency and legal certainty. This study uses normative legal research. Theoretical implications indicate that the efforts to preserve the independence and the independence of judges to examine, hear and decide cases closely related to these guarantees. So mandatory harmonization of the status of judges as state officials and the security criteria of a comprehensive and well-being of an ideal judge."

"More and more environmental cases are being heard and decided by international courts and tribunals which lack special environmental competence. This situation raises fundamental questions of legitimacy of the environmental practice of international courts. This book addresses inter alia questions of who has legal standing to bring an environmental claim before an international court, on which legal norms is the case decided and whether judges have the necessary expertise to adjudicate environmental cases of often complex nature. It analyses which challenges international courts face, which possibilities they have and which advances international judicial practice has been able to make in protecting the environment. Through the prism of legitimacy important insights emerge as to whether international courts and tribunals are fit for addressing some of the most pressing global challenges of our time"