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Abstrak :
The objective of this study is, through a review of current literature on product counterfeiting and piracy, to propose specific topics that future research needs to investigate....

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ABSTRACT
Zone pricing is one of the most important pricing policies that are prevalently used by very companies. This paper considers integrating zone pricing and location-routing problems for profit maximization. Hence, a node-based model is proposed as mixed integer nonlinear programming to solve the problem. In order to handle the nonlinearity elements and change the model to a mixed integer linear programming, a piecewise linearization method is employed to approximate the problem. Moreover, we introduce a new heuristic variable neighborhood search (VNS) and tabu search algorithm for large-scale problems. The proposed algorithms consist of four intra-tour and seven inter-tour operators in its local search. Finally, some test instances with 20, 200, 400, and 600 nodes are solved and the results of them confirm the efficiency of the proposed algorithms and comparative superiority of the VNS algorithm over the tabu search algorithm.

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< Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pengaruh dari pembuatan sebuah institusi atau kebijakan di masa lalu terhadap pembuatan institusi atau kebijakan di masa depan. Dengan menggunakan kasus pembuatan kebijakan pengawasan di Amerika Serikat, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh dari increasing returns yang timbul dari pembuatan Patriot Act pada tahun 2001 dan peristiwa pengungkapan pengawasan global oleh Snowden pada tahun 2013 sebagai exogenous shock terhadap pembuatan Freedom Act pada tahun 2013-2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori path-dependence, yang memosisikan Amerika Serikat ke dalam sebuah jalur pengambilan keputusan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dan menggunakan teknik studi literatur dalam mengumpulkan data. Temuan hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa Patriot Act memengaruhi pembuatan Freedom Act melalui 6 mekanisme increasing returns dengan cara menguatkan jalur Patriot dan menghilangkan opsi atau pilihan baru yang dimunculkan oleh peristiwa Snowden sebagai exogenous shock.

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ABSTRACT This research discusses the impacts of an institution or policy-making process in the past on a future institution or policy. By using U.S counter-terrorism surveillance policy-making process as its case, the purpose of this study is to identify the impacts of increasing returns which was formed by the Patriot Act since 2001 and the role of Global Surveillance Disclosure by Edward Snowden in 2013 as an exogenous shock, on the making of Freedom Act between 2013 and 2015. This research uses the path-dependence theory which positioned the U.S on a trajectory path. The method used in this research is qualitative method, with literature study as its method of data collection. The findings of this research shown that Patriot Act affects the Freedom Act making-process through 6 differents mechanisms of increasing returns having role to reinforce the Patriot path and eliminate all the options brought by the Snowden Disclosure as an exogenous shock

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[ABSTRAK
Tesis ini berjudul Analisis Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pembuat Kebijakan Di Bank Indonesia Dalam Menjalankan Fungsinya Sebagai Lender of The Last Resort. Tugas sebagai Lender of The Last Resort (LoLR) merupakan tugas yang melekat dalam sejarah keberadaan bank sentral. LoLR dalam sistem keuangan Indonesia ditujukan untuk membantu bank-bank yang mengalami kesulitan likuiditas dan berfungsi untuk mencegah terjadinya krisis keuangan yang sistemik. Sebagai bank sentral, tugas LoLR tidak lepas dengan tugas dan kewenangan Bank Indonesia. Namun demikian, dalam pelaksanaan tugas LoLR ini beberapa kali pembuat kebijakan di Bank Indonesia terkait dengan kasus hukum. Oleh karena itu, perlindungan hukum bagi para pejabat pengambil kebijakan atau keputusan di Bank Indonesia sangatlah penting, apalagi kebijakan erat kaitannya dengan diskresi yang apabila menyangkut urusan pemerintahan akan lebih mengutamakan pencapaian tujuan sasarannya (doelmatigheid) daripada legalitas hukum yang berlaku (rechtsmatigheid). Terdapat 2 (dua) permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana pengaturan perlindungan hukum bagi pembuat kebijakan di Bank Indonesia dan bagaimana ketentuan perlindungan hukum yang diberikan kepada pegawai dan pejabat pengambil keputusan dengan ketentuan yang berlaku. Penelitian dalam tesis ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat deskriptif analitis dengan menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang dan ketentuan serta analisis konsep hukum. Bahan hukum yang digunakan terdiri dari bahan hukum primer berupa perundang-undangan dan ketentuan, bahan hukum sekunder berupa literatur yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan, dan bahan hukum tersier berupa kamus hukum dan artikel. Bentuk pengaturan hukum terhadap perlindungan hukum diatur dalam Pasal 45 Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 1999 Tentang Bank Indonesia sebagaimana telah diubah beberapa kali terakhir dengan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2009 dan Peraturan Bank Indonesia Nomor No.11/10/PDG/2009 tentang Bantuan Hukum. Perlindungan hukum ditujukan untuk menciptakan suasana kerja yang kondusif guna meningkatkan kinerja pelaksana tugas kedinasan Bank Indonesia dalam menghadapi permasalahan hukum yang semakin kompleks dan berkembang. Prinsip penyediaan perlindungan hukum adalah bahwa pegawai atau pejabat BI tidak dapat dihukum atas pelaksanaan tugas dan wewenangnya atau karena telah mengambil keputusan yang diperlukan dalam melaksanakan tugas dan wewenangnya, sepanjang dilakukan dengan itikad baik dan sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled Analysis of Legal Protection for Policy Makers in Bank Indonesia on Doing of Its Function as Lender of the Last Resort. The task as Lender of Last Resort (LoLR) is embedded in the existence of the central bank's history. LoLR in Indonesia's financial system aims to help banks experiencing liquidity problems and serves to prevent a systemic financial crisis. As a central bank, LoLR cannot be separated with the duties and authority of Bank Indonesia. However, in the execution of LoLR several times policy makers in Bank Indonesia related to the legal case. Therefore, legal protection for officials or policy makers in Bank Indonesia is very important, moreover policy is closely related to discretion regarding the affairs of government will prioritize the achievement of the target objectives (doelmatigheid) rather than the legality of applicable law (rechtsmatigheid). There are two (2) issues examined in this research is how the legal protection arrangements for policymakers in Bank Indonesia and how the legal protection that is given to employees and decision makers with applicable regulations. The research in this thesis is a normative legal research that is descriptive analytical approach by using legislation and regulations as well as analysis of legal concepts. Legal materials consisted of primary legal materials in the form of legislation and regulations, secondary legal materials in the form of literature related to the problems, and tertiary legal materials in the form of legal dictionaries and articles. Form of legal regulation of the legal protection provided for in Article 45 of Law No. 23 of 1999 concerning Bank Indonesia as amended several times, most recently by the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2009 and Regulation of Bank Indonesia Number 11/10 / PDG / 2009 on Legal Assistance. Legal protection is intended to create a working atmosphere which is conducive to improve the performance of executing official duties of Bank Indonesia in the face of increasingly complex legal problems and develop. The principle of the provision of legal protection is that BI‟s employee or official cannot be punished for the implementation of tasks and authority or for taking the necessary decisions in carrying out its duties and authorities, all done in good faith and in accordance with legislation., This thesis entitled Analysis of Legal Protection for Policy Makers in Bank Indonesia on Doing of Its Function as Lender of the Last Resort. The task as Lender of Last Resort (LoLR) is embedded in the existence of the central bank's history. LoLR in Indonesia's financial system aims to help banks experiencing liquidity problems and serves to prevent a systemic financial crisis. As a central bank, LoLR cannot be separated with the duties and authority of Bank Indonesia. However, in the execution of LoLR several times policy makers in Bank Indonesia related to the legal case. Therefore, legal protection for officials or policy makers in Bank Indonesia is very important, moreover policy is closely related to discretion regarding the affairs of government will prioritize the achievement of the target objectives (doelmatigheid) rather than the legality of applicable law (rechtsmatigheid). There are two (2) issues examined in this research is how the legal protection arrangements for policymakers in Bank Indonesia and how the legal protection that is given to employees and decision makers with applicable regulations. The research in this thesis is a normative legal research that is descriptive analytical approach by using legislation and regulations as well as analysis of legal concepts. Legal materials consisted of primary legal materials in the form of legislation and regulations, secondary legal materials in the form of literature related to the problems, and tertiary legal materials in the form of legal dictionaries and articles. Form of legal regulation of the legal protection provided for in Article 45 of Law No. 23 of 1999 concerning Bank Indonesia as amended several times, most recently by the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2009 and Regulation of Bank Indonesia Number 11/10 / PDG / 2009 on Legal Assistance. Legal protection is intended to create a working atmosphere which is conducive to improve the performance of executing official duties of Bank Indonesia in the face of increasingly complex legal problems and develop. The principle of the provision of legal protection is that BI‟s employee or official cannot be punished for the implementation of tasks and authority or for taking the necessary decisions in carrying out its duties and authorities, all done in good faith and in accordance with legislation.]