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Abstrak :
Penelitian lanjutan yang terkait dengan perbanyakan bambu apus (Gigantochloa apus Kurz.) secara in vitro telah dilakukan. Pada periode penelitian kali ini, percobaan-percobaan yang dilakukan dititik beratkan pada masalah pengurangan tingkat kontaminasi, masalah perlu atau tidak pemberian NAA (zat pengatur tumbuh kelompok auksin) di dalam tahap induksi tunas, dilanjutkan dengan bagaimana agar tunas yang tumbuh dapat lebih dari satu (yang diharapkan minimal tiga) dan bagaimana eksplan yang telah tumbuh tunas dapat diinduksi sistem perakarannya. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, telah dilakukan berbagai cara sterilisasi (13 metode), dilanjutkan dengan penanaman eksplan pada media dasar (MS padat) ditambah dua macam zat pengatur tumbuh (Kinetin 5 mg/l) dan NAA (0; 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 dan 1 mg/l); untuk mengetahui pengaruh NM di dalam induksi tunas. Sedangkan untuk mengetahui apakah ada sinergi dari dua macam sitokinin, telah diujikan dua macam sitokinin (Kinetin dan BAP) baik secara tunggal maupun kombinasi. Terakhir, di dalam usaha menginduksi sistem perakaran, baik eksplan awal maupun eksplan yang telah tumbuh tunas ditanam pada media dasar MS dengan penambahan IBA dan Phloroglucinol. Hasil sementara dari berbagai percobaan tersebut di atas adalah sebagai berikut: Pertama, tingkat kontaminasi terendah (10%, metode ke-12) diperoleh jika antibiotik yang digunakan dalam prosedur sterilisasi adalah Dumocycline (Dumex) 500 mg/100 ml. Kedua, di dalam media induksi tunas keberadaan senyawa auksin (NM) menunjukkan kecenderungan pengaruh yang baik, yaitu pada konsentrasi NM 0,6 dan 0,8 mg/l. Ketiga, dari dua macam sitokinin yang diujikan (Kinetin dan BAP) menunjukkan adanya sinergisme dari kedua zat pengatur tumbuh tersebut, yang terlihat pada kombinasi konsentrasi Kinetin 7,5 mg/l dan BAP 5 mg/l Sementara itu, proses induksi sistem perakaran masih berlangsung hingga laporan ditulis, sehingga hasil akhirnya belum dapat dilaporkan. Namun demikian, dari sekian banyak perlakuan yang telah dicobakan ada satu eksplan yang sistem perakarannya dapat terinduksi. Selain itu, di dalam media yang mengandung IBA dan Phioroglucinol respon pertama dari eksplan adalah tumbuh tunas, serta dijumpai adanya varigasi daun. ...... An experiment to overcome the problem of contamination of explant in vitro and to obtain a multiple shoots, including rooting of the shoot of Gigantochloa apus Kurz. have been carried out. Single nodal segments with axillary buds were the starting material. The nodal segment (each segment was 2-3 cm long) was collected from Gigantochloa apus plants grown in the riverside at Griya Tugu Asri, Depok. Since a high rate of contamination is reported in bamboo, a series of sterilization methods were tested through successive modification. There were 13 methods of sterilization tested. After sterilization, nodal segments were directly inoculated on modified Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with Kinetin 5 mg/I and various concentration of NM (0; 0,2; 0,4; 0,6, 0,8; 1,0 mg/l) or in the same basal medium supplemented with 16 combination Kinetin (0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 mg/1) and BAP (0; 2,5; 5; 7,5 mg/l). Rooting of the shoots and initial explants were achieved under in vitro and ex vitro conditions. For rooting in vitro a series of combination IBA and Phloroglucinol were tested. The results of the experiment showed that the rate of contamination could be reduced to 10% with successive modifications in the methods of surface sterilization. The use of Dumocycline as an antibiotic seemed to be useful. The presence of NAA (0,6 or 0,8 mg/l) in the shoot induction medium contained 5 mg/l Kinetin, appeared to enhance the growth of the shoots. On the other hand, a combination of two cytokinines (Kinetin 7,5 mg/l and BAP 5 mg/l) showed slightly better than NAA-Kinetin combination, but this result should be confirmed. Rooting of the shoots either in vitro or ex vitro have not been successful yet, but the experiments are in progress to study the rooting induction.

Abstrak :
Dringo (Acorus calamus L.), genetic diversity, Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) Abstrak Dringo (Acorus calamus L.) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan obat yang digunakan sebagai obat tradisional oleh berbagai etnis di Indonesia berdasarkan hasil Riset Tumbuhan Obat dan Jamu (Ristoja) tahun 2012. Tujuan umum Ristoja adalah tersedianya database pengetahuan etnomedisin, ramuan obat tradisional (OT) dan tumbuhan obat (TO) di Indonesia, termasuk data keragaman genetik tumbuhan obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman genetik Dringo yang digunakan di 20 etnis terpilih di Indonesia berdasarkan penanda molekular Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) untuk mendukung tersedianya database tumbuhan obat di Indonesia. Sebanyak 10 primer ISSR terpilih menghasilkan 82 fragmen DNA dengan polimorfisme 51,2 %. Koefisien Dice digunakan untuk menghitung indeks similaritas antar aksesi Dringo dan konstruksi dendrogram menggunakan UPGMA. Indeks similaritas aksesi Dringo sebesar 76,7 sampai 100%, hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa keragaman genetik Dringo rendah. Adanya database keragaman genetik Dringo akan membantu dalam pemetaan dan upaya konservasi tumbuhan obat terutama secara in situ.

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ABSTRAK
Dringo (Acorus calamus L.) used as medicinal plant in Indonesian ethnic groups. Those information based on Ristoja (Research Programme on Medicinal Plants) in year 2012. The objective of Ristoja was to provide a database of local ethnomedicine knowledge, herbal formula and medicinal plant in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of Dringo from 20 selected ethnic groups in Indonesia based on Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR). Ten selected ISSR primers generated 82 amplified fragments with 51,2% were polymorphic. Dice coefficient was used to calculate similarity index and UPGMA was used to construct a dendogram. The genetic similarity index among accessions ranged from 76,7 to 100% thus indicating that low level of genetic diversity in Dringo. Genetic diversity database can be useful for medicinal plant mapping and conservation especially for in situ conservation.

Abstrak :
This book brings together for the first time the conceptual and theoretical underpinnings of polyploid genome evolution with syntheses of the patterns and processes of genome evolution in diverse polyploid groups. Because polyploidy is most common and best studied in plants, the book emphasizes plant models, but recent studies of vertebrates and fungi are providing fresh perspectives on factors that allow polyploid speciation and shape polyploid genomes. The emerging paradigm is that polyploidy, through alterations in genome structure and gene regulation, generates genetic and phenotypic novelty that manifests itself at the chromosomal, physiological, and organismal levels, with long-term ecological and evolutionary consequences.

Abstrak :
This book presents an overview of our current knowledge of endocytosis in plants with a main focus on the key molecules undergoing and regulating endocytosis. It also provides up to date methodological approaches as well as principles of protein, structural lipid, sugar and microbe internalization in plant cells. The individual chapters describe clathrin-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis, as well as flotillin-mediated endocytosis and internalization of microbes.

Abstrak :
Precise regulation of gene expression in both time and space is vital to plant growth, development and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. This is achieved by multiple mechanisms, with perhaps the most important control being exerted at the level of transcription. However, with the recent discovery of microRNAs another ubiquitous mode of gene regulation that occurs at the post-transcriptional level has been identified. MicroRNAs can silence gene expression by targeting complementary or partially complementary mRNAs for degradation or translational inhibition. Recent studies have revealed that microRNAs play fundamental roles in plant growth and development, as well as in adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses. This book highlights the roles of individual miRNAs that control and regulate diverse aspects of plant processes.