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"Proyek EPC pabrik merupakan suatu proyek yang kompleks karena tahap konstruksinya melibatkan pemasangan peralatan, yaitu pipa untuk menghasilkan produk dengan kapasitas tertentu dan pengujian terhadap peralatan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, banyak risiko yang mungkin terjadi. Analisis risiko dibutuhkan untuk menganalisis risiko dominan, serta menentukan penyebab, dampak, tindakan preventif, dan tindakan korektif untuk setiap risiko. Jenis penelitian ini adalah studi kasus proyek EPC pabrik yang dikerjakan oleh PT. X dengan metode penyebaran kuesioner dan wawancara mendalam. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan statistik deskriptif, uji normalitas, uji validitas dan realibilitas, uji homogenitas, dan analisis kualitatif risiko. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah 8 peristiwa risiko dominan dan risk register untuk setiap proses pekerjaan piping pada proyek EPC pabrik.

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EPC industrial plant project is a complex project because it involves equipment installation, which is pipe to provide products with certain capacity and testing for the equipment itself on the construction phase. Hence, many risks are most likely to occur. Risk analysis is needed to analyze the dominant risks, and also to determine causes, impacts, preventive actions, and corrective actions for each risk. The type of this research is case study in EPC Industrial Plant project which handled by PT. X with questionnaire and in-depth interview. Then, the data provided would be analyze with descriptive analysis, normality test, validity and realibility test, homogenity test, and qualitative risk analysis. The results are 8 dominant risk events and risk register for piping work on EPC industrial plant project."

"Fluida baik berupa gas atau cair memerlukan media penghantar untuk dapat dipindahkan dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain melalui sistem perpipaan. Untuk merancang sistem pipa dengan benar, engineer harus memahami perilaku sifat fluida dan sistem pipa akibat pembebanan dan regulasi (kode standar desain) yang mengatur perancangan sistem pipa. Perilaku sistem pipa ini antara digambarkan oleh parameter-parameter fisis, seperti perpindahan, percepatan, tegangan, gaya, momen dan besaran lainnya. Kegiatan perekayasaan untuk memperoleh perilaku sistem pipa ini dikenal sebagai analisis tegangan pipa atau analisis fleksibilitas.Tujuan tugas akhir adalah analisa tegangan sistem perpipaan pada model cabang dengan kode standar desain ASME B31.3 dengan menggunakan dua perangkat lunak yaitu Caesar II Ver. 4.2 dan Autopipe Ver. 6.2. Analisis tegangan yang dilakukan terhadap model mempertimbangkan kondisi yang sama dan pada akhirnya diketahui bahwa terdapat perbedaan-perbedaan yang terjadi dalam pengolahan data. Perbedaan ini menimbulkan hal yang menarik untuk diskusi sehingga dapat mengoptimalkan perancangan secara baik dan aman.;Fluids which are gas or liquids need transport medium to move from one place to another places with piping system. In order to design piping system correctly, an engineer should know abaout the behaviour of the piping system because its load and the regulations (design standard code) that rule the piping system design itself. The behaviour of the piping described from phisics parameters, for example are displacements, accelerations, stress, forces, moments and another variables. The engineering process in this piping system called as piping stress analysis or more familiar with flexibilitiy analysis.This paper would do a piping stress analysis system for a model which used two software that are Caesar II Ver.4.2 and Autopipe Ver.6.2 to find out stress result at a branch that using ASME B.31.3 design standard. The stress analysis to the model uses same condition and finally would be know the differences at data analysis. The differences are interesting topic to be discussed so it would uses for design correctly and safe.;Fluids which are gas or liquids need transport medium to move from one place to another places with piping system. In order to design piping system correctly, an engineer should know abaout the behaviour of the piping system because its load and the regulations (design standard code) that rule the piping system design itself. The behaviour of the piping described from phisics parameters, for example are displacements, accelerations, stress, forces, moments and another variables. The engineering process in this piping system called as piping stress analysis or more familiar with flexibilitiy analysis.This paper would do a piping stress analysis system for a model which used two software that are Caesar II Ver.4.2 and Autopipe Ver.6.2 to find out stress result at a branch that using ASME B.31.3 design standard. The stress analysis to the model uses same condition and finally would be know the differences at data analysis. The differences are interesting topic to be discussed so it would uses for design correctly and safe.

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Fluids which are gas or liquids need transport medium to move from one place to another places with piping system. In order to design piping system correctly, an engineer should know abaout the behaviour of the piping system because its load and the regulations (design standard code) that rule the piping system design itself. The behaviour of the piping described from phisics parameters, for example are displacements, accelerations, stress, forces, moments and another variables. The engineering process in this piping system called as piping stress analysis or more familiar with flexibilitiy analysis.This paper would do a piping stress analysis system for a model which used two software that are Caesar II Ver.4.2 and Autopipe Ver.6.2 to find out stress result at a branch that using ASME B.31.3 design standard. The stress analysis to the model uses same condition and finally would be know the differences at data analysis. The differences are interesting topic to be discussed so it would uses for design correctly and safe."

"Pada penelitian kali ini, dilakukan penilaian kelayakan, FFS Assessments, dari sepuluh jalur pipa, delapan di bagian compression section dan dua di flow section. Penilaian kelayakan dilakukan dengan melihat kemampuan pipa yang telah terkorosi dalam menahan tekanan. Data ketebalan yang didapat lewat metode ultrasonic testing akan dibandingkan dengan ketebalan nominal pipa pada desain untuk mendapatkan laju korosi. Dengan laju korosi maka akan dapat diperkirakan sisa usia pakai (remaining useful life, RUL) dari setiap jalur. Serangan korosi akan menyebabkan terjadinya penipisan dinding pipa yang menurunkan kekuatan pipa dalam menahan tekanan. Pipa yang nilai RUL-nya tidak mencapai interval inspeksi berikutnya harus diperiksa kekuatannya. Proses pemeriksaan kekuatan dilakukan dengan perangkat lunak RSTRENG.Laju korosi rata-rata tertinggi terdapat pada jalur PG-0110-XD-20? di flow section (0.760 mmpy). Sementara dari hasil pengukuran nilai RLA masing-masing jalur didapatkan bahwa dua jalur di compression section yaitu PG-0105-D-10? dan PG-0123-D-2? memiliki nilai dibawah expected life (10 tahun). Sementara jalur pada flow section yaitu PG-0021-D-16? juga berada dibawah nilai espected life (1 tahun). Dari ketiga jalur yang memiliki nilai RUL dibawah nilai expected life yang dihitung nilai kekuatannya, didapatkan nilai MAOP dari dua buah jalur yaitu PG-0105-D-10? (922 psig) dan PG-0021-D-16? (924 psig) dibawah tekanan desain 1200 psig. Sementara satu jalur lagi PG-0123-D-2? mendapatkan nilai MAOP 1253 psig.Dari hasil perhitungan MAOP dan analisa ketebalan, maka dua jalur yaitu PG-0105-D-10? dan PG-0021-D-16? disarankan untuk mengalami derating tekanan proses menjadi 922 psig dan 924 psig. Sementara jalur PG-0123-D-2? disarankan untuk mengalami perbaikan total (pergantian komponen).Perhitungan RSTRENG harus dilakukan dengan memperhatikan kondisi profil dari korosi yang terjadi. Persamaan B31G konvensional adalah persamaan yang paling sederhana dan cenderung mengecilkan nilai kekuatan pipa, sementara persamaan 0.85 dL cenderung sejalan dengan effective area, namun terkadang berbeda saat terdapat satu cacat pitting yang jauh lebih dalam disbanding sekitarnya.

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On this research, FFS Assessments were done in ten piping systems, eight in compression section and a pair in flow section. These assessments were carried on by observing corroded pipes abilities in providing enough strength to prevents leakage. The results from thicknesses measurements by UT compared to nominal thickness to get the corrosion rate of every piping system. From those calculated corrosion rate, we could predict the remaining useful life, RUL of each piping systems. For piping system which its calculated RUL is below the interval of next inspection should be checked for it strength by using RTSRENG software.The results of this research told us that the corrosion rate in M2 offshore oil platform were ranged from medium to severe with highest average corrosion rate were occur in flow section PG-0110-XD-20? (0.760 mmpy).From remaining life assessment, it is known that there were three piping system which it calculated remaining life is below the expected life. Two of them are in compression section, PG-0105-D-10? and PG-0123-D-2? and the other one is PG-0021-D-16? which located in flow section. The calculation of those three remaining wall thickness strength which is carried on by RTSRENG software resulted in conclusion that two piping system PG-0105-D-10? (922 psig) and PG-0021-D-16? (924 psig) were inadequate to hold off design pressure of 1200 psig. The other piping system PG-0123-D-2? is predicted having MAOP of 1253 psig.By combining the RSTRENG results and thickness analyses, it is concluded that two lines, PG-0105-D-10? and PG-0021-D-16? should be derated to new pressures which is equal to their RSTRENG MAOP calculation (922 and 924 psig), while the other line PG-0123-D-2? must be replaced.This research also notice that before verifying the results of RSTRENG calculation, one should also take consideration of corrosion profile which occur. The conventional B31G were the simplest and tends to create result which underestimate the strength of pipe, while 0.85 dL result were usually close to the effective area, except when there?s an unique shape where there?s a deep pit with penetration much higher than it surrounding area."

"Pada beberapa sumur gas di Indonesia tercatat memiliki tingkat korosifitas yang tinggi dikarenakan adanya kandungan H2S sebagai ikutan gas hidrokarbon yang terproduksi dari struktur formasi sumur. Kondisi korosi yang terjadi akibat adanya H2S ini dikenal sebagai korosi pada sour system yang terjadi pada kondisi H2S tertentu, sebagai akibat dari hydrogen embrittlement (HIC) atau sulphide stress cracking (SSC). Terkait dengan penggunaan material baja pada kondisi sour service, salah satu faktor yang bisa meningkatkan kerentanan material baja terhadap serangan SSC adalah proses pengelasan.Pada penelitian ini akan menentukan jarak terdekat antara 2 jarak pengelasan pada baja karbon jenis ASME SA 106 Grade B sehingga pada jarak tersebut masing - masing lasan dan area sekita HAZ dan logam induk tidak mengalami penurunan ataupun kehilangan sifat - sifat mekanis dan ketahanan korosi SSC pada kondisi sour service, dengan memperhatikan parameter - parameter yang digunakan dalam proses pengelasan dan faktor - faktor yang berpengaruh dalam korosi SSC.

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Some gas wells in Indonesia has recorded with a high level of corrosion where is possibility of experiencing the process of cracking due to the presence of H2S content as an associated gas that can be produced by hydrocarbon gas from the well structure formation. The corrosion condition that occurs due to the presence of H2S as an acid gas that known as corrosion in sour systems which is occur in certain H2S condition, caused by hydrogen embrittlement (HIC) or sulphide stress cracking (SSC). In regards to use of steel materials in sour service conditions, one of the factors that can be increased vulnerability to attacks SSC steel material is a welding process.In this research will determine the shortest distance between two distances welding on carbon steel types ASME SA 106 Grade B so that at the distance of each area of welds and heat affected zones (HAZ) and base metal that not decrease or loss of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of SSC on condition sour service, and to consider the parameters that used in the process of welding of carbon steel material ASME SA 106 Grade B and the factors that influence the corrosion SSC."

"Experiments were performed in a piping system to examine the effects of flow rates and Cu2+, a common metal ion in wastewater, on the kinetics of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) scale formation. The scaling was monitored by measuring the decrease in Ca2+ concentrations, [Ca2+], of the scaling solution. AAS analysis shows that [Ca2+] reduces progressively after a certain induction time, during which time the concentration remains steady. Thus, the gypsum precipitation which leads to scaling in pipes does not occur spontaneously. Higher impurity concentrations (0 to 10 ppm Cu2+) result in longer induction time (26 to 42 min), which indicate that Cu2+ could inhibit the scale formation. Impurity concentrations and the scale mass generated are negatively correlated. Reduction in scale mass was as high as 61% depending on impurity concentrations and flow rates. Data of [Ca2+] versus time were used to calculate the reaction rate of the gypsum precipitation which led to scaling. It was found that the reaction follows a first order kinetics with respect to [Ca2+], with rate constants ranging between 5.28 and 7.37 per hour, which agree with most published values for mineral scale formation."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas mengenai perencanaan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mesin-Gas PLTMG dengan mesin Jenbacher Type-3 Engine J320 G. Dengan menggunakan data spesifikasi mesin yang ada maka data dapat diolah untuk menentukan rancangan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mesin-Gas PLTMG khususnya pada sistem bahan bakar. Bahan bakar yang akan digunakan adalah Liquified Petroleum Gas LPG . Pada skripsi ini akan menampilkan teori dasar heat rate dan flow rate serta desain pipa. Selain itu, dalam penelitian ini juga akan menghitung pressure drop pada pipa serta hubungan flow rate dengan siklus dan sistem distribusi bahan bakar. Diperoleh hasil nilai heat rate sebesar 8624.69 BTU/kWh dan nilai flow rate sebesar 0.058 kg/s. Ukuran pipa yang digunakan 4 rdquo; dengan schedule 80 serta besarnya tekanan yang hilang pressure drop sebesar 192.68 Pa.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the planning of Gas Engine Power Plant with Jenbacher Engine Type 3 Engine J320 G. Using the machine specification that can be processed to determine the design of Gas Engine Power Plant especially in the system fuel. The fuel to be used is Liquified Petroleum Gas LPG . In this thesis will show the basic theory of heat rate and flow rate and pipe design. In addition, in this study will also calculate the pressure drop on the pipeline and the flow rate relationship with cycle and fuel distribution system. The result of heat value value is 8624.69 BTU kWh and the flow rate is 0.058 kg s. The size of the pipe used 4 with the schedule 80 and the amount of pressure drop of 192.68 Pa. "

"Dunia industrialisasi dan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yangbegitu pesat menitikberatkan salah satunya pada sektor industri. Didalam sektor industri,pipa digunakan sebagai alat transportasi fluida berupa cairan, gas, endapan dan partikelpartikelhalus.Sebuah sistemperpipaan merupakan suatu interkoneksi dari pipa-pipa, termasuk didalamnyakomponen-komponen dan peralatan-peralatan instalasi. Sistem perpipaan merupakan saranayang sangat penting dan paling sering dipergunakan dalam setiap kasus pemindahan fluida,oleh karena itu bila terjadi kesalahan dalam perancangan sistem perpipaan dan tidak sesuaidengan htyy b1 kode standar yang telah ditetapkan dapat membahayakan jiwa manusia.Kenyataannya banyak kecelakaan fatal sering terjadi, baik itu berupa ledakan, kebakarandan lebih jauh lagi dapat menimbulkan kerugian bagi perusahaan atas investasi instalasiperpipaan tersebut.Untuk itu pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisa tegangan pada sistem perpipaan denganmenggunakan suatu metode yaitu Metode Grinnell. Dari hasil perhitungan dan analisadengan metode Grinnell tersebut didapat tegangan expansi maximum adalah 4512,433 lb/in2, sedangkan tegangan akibat kekuatan tarik/tekan material yang diizinkan adalah 21718,75lb/in2."

"Formula dari Navier-Stokes umum dipakai menghitung kerugian tekanan aliran dalam pipa. Dimana setiap pertambahan panjang diikuti oleh pengurangan tekanan. Semakin panjang pipa atau semakin kecil diameter pipa atau semakin cepat fluida atau semakin kasar permukaan pipa akan menaikkan kerugian tekanan. Dimana formula tersebut tidak berlaku pada ujung pipa masuk, belokan/cabang pipa, setelah katup, adanya perubahan diameter (unsteady flow), adanya getaran, dll. Tujuan penelitian adalah melihat pengaruh panjang pipa masuk (inlet) terhadap nilai pengukuran kerugian tekanan aliran dalam pipa atau melihat jarak inlet minimum untuk dapat menggunakan formula Navier-Stokes. Eksperimen ini menggunakan pipa acrylic berdiameter 10 mm. Variasi panjang pipa masuk terhadap titik pengukur tekanan pertama (pressure tap) yaitu dengan mengatur atau menggeser pipa masuk didalam pipa uji hingga keadaan fluida mencapai kondisi berkembang penuh. Panjang inlet diatur dengan memasukkan diameter pipa yang lebih kecil ke dalam pipa uji. Pada pipa uji dipasang 4 buah pressure tap dengan jarak masing-masing tap 25 cm. Pergeseran pipa kecil menuju pressure tap pertama akan mempengaruhi nilai tekanan pada manometer. Kondisi aliran berkembang penuh (fully developed flow) dan sedang berkembang (developing flow) mempengaruhi nilai pencapaian aliran transisi dan nilai koefisien gesek. Air murni sebagai fluida uji. Debit yang keluar diukur debitnya pada periode waktu tertentu untuk mendapatkan nilai bilangan Reynolds. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik aliran dipengaruhi panjang aliran pipa masuk, transisi akan cepat tercapai dan kenaikan nilai koefisien gesek pada bilangan Reynolds yang sama. Rasio panjang masuk minimal untuk aliran laminar yaitu _0,05 Re sedangkan untuk aliran turbulen yaitu dengan pendekatan terhadap persamaan 4,4 Re1/6.

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Navier-stokes formula is commonly used to calculate a current pressure loss in a pipe wherein every length increase will be followed by a pressure decrease. The more the pipe length or the smaller the pipe diameter, or the faster the build moves or the rougher the pipe surface, it will raise the pressure loss. This formula could not be applied to pipe access tip, the turning or branch of the pipe, after the valve, pipe in which its diameter has changed (unsteady flow), shock or vibration occurs, etc.

The goal of this research is to measure the influence of inlet pipe length to the value of current loss measure in pipe or to see the minimum inlet space in order to use the Navier-Stokes formula. The experiment used acrylic pipe with 10 mm diameter. Variation of inlet pipe length to first pressure tap is arranged the inlet pipe in test pipe which will achieve the condition of fully developed flow. On the test pipe are used four pressure taps with 25 cm distance. Displacement the inlet pipe into first pressure tap will be effected to the value of pressure in the manometer. Fully developed flow and developing flow conditions are effected by the result of transition flows and the value of friction coefficient. Water as a test fluid. Debit or rate of the flow is measured in period of time to get Reynolds number.

The results had showed that the characteristic of flows are effected by the inlet pipe length, the transition of flow will be reached and the increasing of friction coefficient in the same Reynolds number. The minimum ratio of inlet pipe lenght for laminar flow is _ 0,05 Re while turbulent flow is closely to relation of 4,4 Re1/6."