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Antonia Soriente
"This paper describes the encounters that Italian travellers, explorers, and traders had with the peoples of the Malay world at the turn of the century. In particular, it focuses on the linguistic descriptions and observations made by Italian explorers of the languages spoken in the places they visited and included in their travel writings. In addition to the pioneering work of Pigafetta, the Italian scribe who followed Magellan on his voyage around the world and produced the first “Italian-Malay vocabulary” in 1521, other linguistic descriptions and observations were made by Giovanni Gaggino, a merchant who compiled an Italian-Malay dictionary in Singapore, Odoardo Beccari, a naturalist who offered reflections on the Malay spoken in Borneo, and Celso Cesare Moreno, a ship captain and adventurer. Elio Modigliani, in his travels to Nias, Enggano, Mentawai, and the Batak country, provided detailed information on the local languages spoken in these islands in North and West Sumatra, while Giovanni Battista Cerruti, an explorer and ship captain who visited Singapore, Batavia, and the Malay Peninsula, commented on the languages, as did Emilio Cerruti, who travelled to the Moluccas and Papua. This paper focuses on how these languages were described and perceived by these nineteenth-century Italian travellers. It concludes that these explorers were all united by a common necessity, namely the importance of speaking local languages in order to be able to interact with the people they met on their travels. Malay, in particular, was always viewed positively as an international language, a powerful tool for communicating, learning, and interacting with others, and a beautiful language. Conversely, the other minority languages were seen as poor and simple, but still a powerful tool to overcome barriers and lay the foundations for intercultural communication."
Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia, 2024
909 UI-WACANA 25:2 (2024)
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Nurul Arsyianti Arsyad
"ABSTRAK
Tesis ini menunjukkan bahwa kira-kira dari tahun 1800 sampai tahun 1900 dengan rnenerapkan nilai-nilai budaya Amerika, wanita frontier (daerah perbatasan) memberi sumbangan kepada ekonomi keluarga dan Iingkungannya.
Pada wakti itu. pemerintah merasa perlu memperluas daerahnya ke arah barat, mengingat terus meningkatnya jumlah pendatang baru ke Dunia Baru itu. Westward Movement atau Gerakan ke Barat ini akan memberi kesempatan kepada warga Amerika untuk memiliki lahan seluas mereka inginkan, karena kawasan yang membentang sampai ke Samudra Pasifik hanya dihuni suku Indian dan binatang buas. Perbatasan di antara daerah yang sudah dihuni dan yang belum dihuni disebut frontier. Penghuni frontier disebut pioneer atau perintis. Mereka harus menjalani hidup yang sangat sulit disebabkan medan yang sering tidak bersahabat, iklim dan cuaca yang sering merugikan, serta ancaman serangan suku Indian.
Khususnya wanita frontier memikul beban tugas yang arnat berat. Di samping pekerjaan rumah tangga biasa, seperti memasak, mencuci, membersihkan, dan sebagainya, dia juga mengurus trenak sapi dan unggas, bercocok tanam sayuran di pekarangan, dan mencari bahan bakar kayu dan gambut. Kecuali itu dia juga menjadi guru anak-anaknya yang masih kecil, yang belum mampu berjalan jauh ke sekolah di kota kecil terdekat. Dia juga merawat anggota keluarga yang sakit, mengawetkan makanan untuk musim salju, serta membuat lilin, mentega dan keju sendiri. Tidak jarang wanita frontier membantu suaminya di ladang atau turut menghalau atau menangkis serangan-serangan suku Indian.
Untuk menambah pendapatan keluarga dan menyumbang ekonomi lingkungannya, wanita frontier sering menjual produk rumah tangganya, seperti telur, susu, mentega, keju, sayuran dan daging yang sudah diawetkan, di kota kecil terdekat. Tidak jarang dia menjual hasil jahitan dan rajutannya seperti taplak meja, sprei, atau selimut.
Sebagai wanita frontier dia tidak mungkin melakukan semua pekerjaan di atlas tanpa menerapkan nilai-nilai budaya Amerika. Beberapa di antara nilai-nilai yang diterapkan wanita frontier adalah keraa keras, individualisme, dan self-reliance atau mengandalkan kemampuan diri sendiri.

ABSTRACT
This thesis attempts to show that approximately between 1800 and 1900 American frontier women made contributions to the economies of the family and environment, while applying American cultural values, such as hard work, individualism, and self-reliance.
Because the increase of new immigrants in America, the government launched the Westward Movement to find new land for the population. The border between the populated and new territory is called frontier. Farmers and their families who lived on the frontier owned large lands, but they had a difficult and hard life. They had to work their lands by themselves, because they lived far from their neighbors and their neighbors were also too busy with their farms. These pioneers had to work very hard and had to protect themselves from wild animals and Indian attacks.
Especially the wives must work very hard. They had to do the household work, such as cooking, washing, cleaning, and sewing. They also had to teach their small children, who could not walk to the distant schools. Wives also had to nurse sick family. They also looked after their cows and chickens, and vegetable garden. Wives often helped their husbands in the fields and had to collect wood and peet as fuels for cooking and to keep warm in the winter. Beside performing the above work, wives usually sell products in the nearest small city. For instance she sold eggs, milk, home made butter and cheese, sewn or knitted ware, such as tablecloths and blankets.
The frontier women carried out all the above work by applying American norms, such as hard work, individualism. and self-reliance.
;This thesis attempts to show that approximately between 1800 and 1900 American frontier women made contributions to the economies of the family and environment, while applying American cultural values, such as hard work, individualism, and self-reliance.
Because the increase of new immigrants in America, the government launched the Westward Movement to find new land for the population. The border between the populated and new territory is called frontier. Farmers and their families who lived on the frontier owned large lands, but they had a difficult and hard life. They had to work their lands by themselves, because they lived far from their neighbors and their neighbors were also too busy with their farms. These pioneers had to work very hard and had to protect themselves from wild animals and Indian attacks.
Especially the wives must work very hard. They had to do the household work, such as cooking, washing, cleaning, and sewing. They also had to teach
their small children, who could not walk to the distant schools. Wives also had to nurse sick family. They also looked after their cows and chickens, and vegetable garden. Wives often helped their husbands in the fields and had to collect wood and peet as fuels for cooking and to keep warm in the winter. Beside performing the above work, wives usually sell products in the nearest small city. For instance she sold eggs, milk, home made butter and cheese, sewn or knitted ware, such as tablecloths and blankets. The frontier women carried out all the above work by applying American norms, such as hard work, individualism. and self-reliance.
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Jakarta: Program Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia, 2006
T16843
UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Hasluck, Alexandra
London: Oxford University Press, 1965
994.109 24 HAS t
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Singapore: Public libraries, 2012
959.57 STO
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Dark, Eleanor, 1901-
London: Collins,, 1948
823.2 DAR s
Koleksi Publik  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Fairbairn, Anne
Melbourne: Angus & Robertson, 1983
828.99 FAI s
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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De, Serville Paul
New York : Oxford University Press, 1980
994.07 DES p
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Hasluck, Alexandra
Melbourne : Oxford University Press, 1955.
994.102.09 HAS p
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Hasluck, Alexandra
Melbourne : Oxford University Press,, 1955.
994.102 HAS p
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Sandoz, Mari
Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1935
978.2 SAN o (1)
Buku Teks SO  Universitas Indonesia Library
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