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Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai akurasi penentuan dosis warfarin berdasarkan genotip VKORC1 dan CYP2C9 pada populasi China. Metode: Sebanyak 37 pasien diambil sampel darah. Dilakukan perbandingan antara dosis warfarin yang didapat dari genotip (merujuk pada www.warfarindosing.org) dengan dosis terapi kadar INR 2,0 sampai 3,0. Hasil: Majoritas penduduk China pada studi ini memiliki genotip VKORC1 AA homozigot (89,2%), jarang ditemukan penduduk dengan VKORC1 AG heterozigot, dan tidak ditemukan pasien dengan GG homozigot. Untuk genotip CYP2C9, hampir seluruh pasien dengan variasi wildtype (CYP2C9*2 CC dan CYP2C9*3 AA). Dosis warfarin pada pasien dengan VKORC1 AA dan CYP2C9*3 AC lebih rendah daripada variasi genotip yang lain. Kesimpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara dosis warfarin berdasarkan algoritma farmakogenetik dan dosis terapi kami. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa algoritma farmakogenetik akurat dalam menentukan dosis warfarin.

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Abstract
Background: The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of warfarin dosage based on VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotype in Chinese population. Methods: Blood samples were taken from 37 patients. We compared the warfarin dosage obtained from genotype (according to www.warfarindosing.org) and treatment dosage with international normalized ratio (INR) value within 2.0-3.0. Results: The majority of Chinese people in our study are VKORC1 homozygous AA (89.2%), rarely VKORC1 heterozygous AG and we cannot find a patient with homozygous GG. For CYP2C9 genotype, most patients have the wildtype variants (CYP2C9*2 CC and CYP2C9*3 AA). The warfarin dosage for patients with VKORC1 AA and CYP2C9*3 AC is lower than for patients with other genotype variants. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between pharmacogenetic algorithm (www.warfarindosing.org) and our treatment dosage. Our conclusion is that the pharmacogenetic algorithm is accurate to predict the warfarin dose.

Abstrak :
Fueled by the expertise of a team of international specialist authors, this first reference on the booming topic covers everything a drug researcher needs to know about targeting epigenetic mechanisms of disease. The first part of the book surveys current methodologies for finding and validating drug candidates that act via epigenetic mechanisms. The second part systematically surveys known and suspected drug targets within the epigenetic machinery, including the discovery and development of vorinostat, the first marketed epigenetic drug.

Abstrak :
Chemogenomics brings together the most powerful concepts in modern chemistry and biology, linking combinatorial chemistry with genomics and proteomics. This first reference devoted to the topic covers all stages of the early drug discovery process, from target selection to compound library and lead design. With the combined expertise of 20 research groups from academia and leading pharmaceutical companies, this is a must-have for every drug developer and medicinal chemist applying the powerful methods of chemogenomics to speed up the drug discovery process.

Abstrak :
This book discuss early characterization of toxicity and efficacy would significantly impact the overall productivity of pharmaceutical R&D and reduce drug candidate attrition and failure. By describing the available platforms and weighing their relative advantages and disadvantages and including microarray data analysis.

Abstrak :
Molecular pathology offers tools and techniques that can greatly enhance the drug discovery and development process, helping to make the promises of personalized medicine a reality. Molecular Pathology in Drug Discovery and Development provides an unmatched guide to this cutting-edge discipline and its applications to pharmaceutical science. With contributions from leading lights in drug discovery, drug development, and molecular pathology balanced by a consistent editorial approach, this reference offers both an overview of molecular pathology and a close look at the methods as they are applied to the process of drug discovery and development. Presented as steps in the drug development process, the coverage includes the use of molecular pathology to :

• Identify and validate new drug candidates
• Enhance transcriptional profiling to better find and validate biomarkers
• Assess toxicology
• Employ toxicogenomics to identify genes relevant to the safety of compounds
• Identify correct doses for different drugs
• Identify patients for treatment
• Develop molecular therapies
• Further the new techniques of Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence

With many tests and treatments already working today, drug research and development using molecular pathology has shown itself an extremely fruitful area. Molecular pathology in drug Discovery and development gives practitioners an up-to-date resource on this highly active discipline and its role in furthering pharmaceutical research.