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Abstrak :
The objective of this research was to determine the pathogenicity of Nomuraea rileyi on larvae of Spodoptera litura. The isolate was from the infected Crocidolomia binotalis. This fungus was reproduced in rice, corn, and mixture of rice and bran media. The results showed that rice was the best medium for N. rileyi. The spore production in the media of rice, corn, and mixture of rice and bran media after three weeks cultivation age were 7,65 x 10"; 1, 78 x 1013; and 1,06 x 1013 spore-/ml, respectively. The pathogenicity tests of N. rileyi were employed against three instars (first, third, and fifth instar) of S. litura by spraying the soybean leaves with different concentration of spores. The spray volume was calculated based on the recommended field rate (500 I/ha). No mortality was observed on the first instar of S. litur. However, the third and fifth instar were found to be more susceptible to N. rileyi than the first instar with the LC50 values of 1,471 x 10° and 1,754 x 106 spore/ml respectively. Furthermore the LC95 of N. rileyi against the third and fifth instar was 1,319 x 10" and 2,574 x 1017 spore/ respectively.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Perawat mempunyai risiko terinfeksi virus yang ditularkan melalui darah seperti virus HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B dan Hepatitis C. Penularan dapat dicegah dengan penerapan prinsip kewaspadaan universal.Tujuan : Diketahuinya gambaran praktik kewaspadaan universal oleh perawat di RSUD Karawang dan hubungannya dengan faktor predisposisi, faktor pemungkin dan faktor penguat. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan metode potong lintang yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni-Juli 2013. Data diperoleh dari 77 responden melalui self administered questionnaires dan observasi. Hasil : Penelitian menunjukkan hanya 44,2% responden yang melakukan praktik kewaspadaan universal dengan baik. Dari hasil uji chi square, variabel yang secara signifikan berhubungan dengan praktik kewaspadaan universal adalah pengetahuan (p = 0,045) dan pengawasan atasan (p = 0,011) serta dukungan teman sekerja (p = 0,037). Variabel yang tidak berhubungan adalah adalah pendidikan, lama masa kerja, sikap, ketersediaan SOP, ketersediaan fasilitas dan pelatihan. Kesimpulan : Faktor yang paling berhubungan dengan praktik kewaspadaan universal adalah pengawasan atasan. Responden yang mendapatkan pengawasan atasan mempunyai peluang lebih dari 3 kali untuk melakukan praktik kewaspadaan universal dibandingkan yang tidak mendapatkan pengawasan atasan.

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ABSTRACT
Background : The nurse has a risk to be invected by the virus that is infected blood borne pathogens through the blood such as the virus of HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. The infection can be prevented by the principle of Universal Precautions. Objective: Knowledgeable overview of the practice of universal precautions by nurses in RSUD Karawang and the associated with predisposition factor, enabling factors and reinforcing factors. Methods: The research uses the analytic descriptive with a crosssectional method which is held on June-July 2013. The data is obtained from 77 respondents through self administered questionnaires and observation. Results: Result of research shows only 44.2% of respondents who practice universal precautions as well. From the results of the chi square test, the variables that were significantly associated with the practice of universal precautions is knowledge (p = 0.045) and control superiors (p = 0.011) as well as the support of co-workers (p = 0.037). Variables are unrelated is education, length of service, attitude, availability of SOP, availability of facilities and training. Conclusions: Factors most associated with the practice of universal precautions is superior supervision. Respondents who have a chance of getting control superiors more than 3 times to practice universal precautions than not getting control superiors.

Abstrak :
Preterm low birth weight (PLBW) infants are more likely to die during the neonatal period and PLBW survivors face neurodevelopmental problems, respiratory problems, and congenital anomalies. It is said that the poor periodontal health of the pregnant woman is a potential risk factor of PLBW. This investigation aims to study the oral hygiene and gingival inflammation condition of 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy women and relate to the putative periodontal pathogen bacteriae as the probable cause of PLBW. The plaque index (Pll), calculus index (CI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) of the subjects of both groups were measured and compared. Maternal infection during pregnancy has been demonstrated to perturb cytokines and hormone- regulated gestation because of the translocation of the infection. The level of gingival cervicular fluid prostaglandin E2 (PG E2), interleukin 1β (lL-1β), lL-6, tumor necrotizing factors a (TNF-a) are usually highly correlated with those in amnion fluid of pregnant women without bacterial vaginosis (BV) and with intact placental membrane. It is concluded that the periodontal health of pregnant women must be in good condition to prevent the risk of having PLBW still need to be anticipated due to the presence of the inflammation signs.

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ABSTRACT
Penyakit ikan merupakan salah satu masalah serius dalam budidaya ikan. Penyakit ikan dapat disebabkan oleh faktor infeksi (yaitu bakteri) dan faktor non infeksi (yaitu kondisi lingkungan). Karena itu, perlu diberikan senyawa antioksidan dan antibakteri untuk ikan. Eleocharis dulcis atau dikenal sebagai purun tikus/chinese water chesnut adalah tanaman air dari Asia Tenggara yang biasa ditemukan di rawa-rawa. Dalam penelitian sebelumnya, ekstrak metanol daun Eleocharis dulcis menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan dan ekstrak etanol Eleocharis dulcis peel dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri terhadap Aeromonas hydrophila, Flavobacterium columnare, Edwardsiella ictaluri dan untuk menentukan kandungan fenolik total dari ekstrak etanol 70% daun Eleocharis dulcis yang diperoleh dari dua metode ekstraksi yaitu maserasi dan UEA. Uji aktivitas antioksidan ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode DPPH dan FRAP. Uji aktivitas antibakteri diukur menggunakan metode difusi cakram dan mikrodilusi. Total konten fenolik ditentukan secara spektrofotometri menurut metode Folin-Ciocalteu. Nilai IC50 dari metode DPPH adalah 46,91 dan 41,00 ppm untuk ekstrak dari maserasi dan metode UEA, masing-masing. Nilai FeEAC dari metode FRAP adalah 223,11 dan 317,95 μmol/g untuk ekstrak dari maserasi dan metode UEA, masing-masing. Dalam metode difusi, zona hambat untuk ekstrak dari maserasi dan metode UEA adalah 7 mm dan 8,8 mm terhadap Aeromonas hydrophila kemudian 6,4 mm dan 7 mm terhadap Flavobacterium columnare. Dalam metode mikrodilusi, nilai MIC adalah 1,56 mg/mL terhadap Aeromonas hydrophila untuk kedua metode ekstraksi. Selain itu, terhadap Flavobacterium columnare dan Edwardsiella ictaluri menunjukkan nilai MIC yang sama, yaitu 6,25 mg/mL untuk ekstrak maserasi dan 3,12 mg/mL untuk ekstrak UEA. Total konten fenol adalah 79,08 mg GAE/gram dan 85,02 mg GAE/gram masing-masing untuk metode maserasi dan UEA. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode ekstraksi UEA dapat memperoleh ekstrak daun Eleocharis dulcis dengan aktivitas yang lebih baik, yaitu aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat meskipun aktivitas antibakteri yang lemah terhadap Aeromonas hydrophila, Flavobacterium columnare dan Edwardsiella ictaluri.

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ABSTRACT
Fish disease is one of the serious problems in fish farming. Fish disease can be caused by infectious factors (ie bacteria) and non-infectious factors (ie environmental conditions). Therefore, it is necessary to provide antioxidant and antibacterial compounds for fish. Eleocharis dulcis or known as purun rat/chinese water chesnut is an aquatic plant from Southeast Asia commonly found in swamps. In a previous study, Eleocharis dulcis leaf methanol extract showed antioxidant activity and ethanol extract of Eleocharis dulcis peel was reported to have antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Flavobacterium columnare, Edwardsiella ictaluri and to determine the total phenolic content of 70% ethanol extract of Eleocharis dulcis leaves obtained from two extraction methods namely maceration and UAE. The antioxidant activity test was determined using the DPPH and FRAP methods. Antibacterial activity test was measured using the disk diffusion and microdilution methods. The total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method. IC50 values ​​from the DPPH method were 46.91 and 41.00 ppm for extracts from maceration and the UAE method, respectively. The FeEAC values ​​from the FRAP method were 223.11 and 317.95 μmol/g for extracts from maceration and the UAE method, respectively. In the diffusion method, the inhibitory zone for extracts from maceration and the UAE method are 7 mm and 8.8 mm against Aeromonas hydrophila then 6.4 mm and 7 mm against Flavobacterium columnare. In the microdilution method, the MIC value is 1.56 mg/mL against Aeromonas hydrophila for both extraction methods. In addition, the Flavobacterium columnare and Edwardsiella ictaluri showed the same MIC value, ie 6.25 mg/mL for maceration extract and 3.12 mg/mL for UAE extract. The total phenol content was 79.08 mg GAE/gram and 85.02 mg GAE/gram respectively for maceration and UAE methods. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the UAE extraction method can obtain Eleocharis dulcis leaf extract with better activity, namely strong antioxidant activity despite weak antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Flavobacterium columnare and Edwardsiella ictaluri.