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"Prompted by poor performance of most state-owned enterprises, the Indonesian government has made the partnership between state-owned and private firms as one of its `strategic' steps. However, partnership between business entities from different institutional backgrounds can cause uneasy relationship stemming from different characters and imbalanced position between partners. In the Indonesian context, partnerships between state and private firms show imbalance in which the former enjoy more prestige and power than the later. Dependency is reflected in the obligation of spending some cost by private companies, some of which become additional income or rent to the executives of state firms.

The case study looks at the joint-operation in sugar production for the milling season of 2001-2002 between the state-owned PT Perkebunan Nusantara XIV (PTPN XIV) and the privately owned PT Kalpataru Semesta (PTKS). During the course of the joint-operation, relations between two partners have demonstrated lack of transparency and growing distrust. Complexities have intensified because of a persistent competition between key actors, namely president directors of the respective firms, in an attempt to show that each was more powerful than the other.

This research tries to answer four questions. First, how is partnership between PTPN XIV and PTKS possible? Second, why are differences between both partners so wide and very difficult to reconcile? Third, how are the relationships between actors during the implementation of the partnership? Fourth, how do partners eventually agree on the termination of their joint-operation? In brief, this study attempts to reveal various processes, networks, and structures that affect the partnership. Due to his position as a member of the Monitoring Team of the joint-operation project, the researcher chooses to apply participant observation as the main method of data collection. Informal talks and interviews with other actors and informants also contribute to the process.

This study takes into consideration three theoretical perspectives, namely Exchange, Exchange-Network, and Governance theories, but all lack of comprehension in describing the overall structures and processes behind the partnership. This has led to the formulation of a combination of relevant ideas and aspects of those theories by utilizing concepts and ideas of the dramaturgical and social capital perspectives. This attempt has resulted in the emergence of a pair of exchange network models of key actors; and a matrix of all relevant actors and elements.

This research finds that in contrast to widespread practices in Indonesia, state firms are not permanently stronger than their private counterparts. The relative position between PTPN XIV and PTKS demonstrates a dynamic imbalance in the sense that either the state-owned or private firms may hold dominance over the other. In the initiation phase, the private partner gains strong position over the state-owned partner. During the implementation of the partnership, both demonstrate dominance interchangeably depending on the specific circumstances. At the final phase, the state-owned firm shows its strength and the private company has to accept that it is dependent on its state-owned counterpart.

In general, the partnership between PTPN XIV and PTKS reflects a success and a failure simultaneously. It has succeeded in salvaging the ill-fated state-owned firm, or serving public interest, but at the same time it fails in delivering satisfactory profit to private partner. In addition to its failure, the project proves that a governance arrangement fails to perform well under a distrustful relationship between partners as a result of mysterious behavior of the PTPN XIV president director. However the involvement of a state official has served two functions; first, help make partnership possible in the first place, second, create a forum through which partners meet to discuss differences.

The study recommends that state officials should . take a more active role in managing tensions and reducing unnecessary differences between partners. State-owned enterprises should be encouraged to open up their data and predictions that are highly relevant to the joint-project. This will help create trust and norm of mutual benefit between partners. Private companies, despite their strong position, should be well-prepared prior to entering into an agreement with state firms. They should obtain sufficient knowledge especially on the calculation methods of production costs and the familiarity with key actors from the other side in the partnership."

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"Kemitraan antara sekolah, orangtua dan komunitas akan berdampak pada makin baiknya fungsi sekolah yang pada akhirnya juga memberi dampak positif pada perkembangan anak didik secara keseluruhan. 'Salah satu kata kunci untuk membangun kemitraan sekolah- orangtua-masyarakat adalah yaitu partisipasi. Konsep partisipasi ini menempatkan masyarakat setempat (komunitas) sebagai stakehofder utama dari proses pendidikan yang ada di komunitas tersebut. Program yang dilaksanakan untuk tugas akhir ini adalamemfasilitasi komunitas untuk membuat 'mobile-preschool' yang melibatkan koinunitas dalam proses belajar mengajarnya. Tahap awal dari program ini adalah melakukan studi dasar (baseline study) dengan teknik partisipasi masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan dalam proses memfasilitasi berdirinya kelompok bermain berbasis komunitas ini adalah pendekatan partisipasi masyarakat menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, workshop. pelatihan dan diskusi kelompok. Strategi yang digunakan untuk melakukan intervensi adalah dengan melakukan fasilitasi terbentuknya organisasi komunitas yang akan menjadi penggerak dan pelaksana program. Hasil yang dilaporkan dalam tugas akhir ini adalah terbentuknya organisasi-organisasi komunitas yang terdiri dari organisasi kelompok tokoh masyarakat dan agama sebagai sponsoring organization, organisasi kelompok ibu sebagai organizing committee. Juga telah terciptanya jejaring sosial (social networking) dan jejaring kerja di antara para stakeholders di komunitas. Saran untuk tahapan selanjutnya adalah peningkatan kapasitas kelompok kerja komunitas, mengembangkan jejaring kerja antar organisasi komunitas dan forum kerja relawan.Selanjutnya juga memperluas jejaring sosial dan jejaring kerja di luar komunitas baik yang berkait dengan Pemerintah, swasta maupun pengelola aset di sekitar komunitas agar proses implementasi bisa berjalan dengan baik."

"Seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk dan pendapatan per kapita penduduk Indonesia, kebutuhan akan hasil-hasil peternakan juga meningkat. Sektor agribisnis peternakan mengalami perkembangan yang pesat. Pola Inti-Plasma merupakan salah satu bentuk kemitraan yang diterapkan di sektor peternakan, termasuk dalam budidaya peternakan ayam. Penggunaan Pola Inti-Plasma semakin menguat setelah krisis yang melanda Indonesia pada kurun waktu 1997-1998 yang juga telah memukul sektor peternakan. Hal ini merupakan manifestasi dari adanya kehendak dari para peternak untuk mencari rasa aman dari fluktuasi harga meskipun keuntungan yang diperoleh relatif lebih sedikit. Perjanjian kerjasama kemitraan yang dibuat antara perusahaan inti dengan peternak plasma harus mengacu pada aspek-aspek hukum perjanjian, baik asas-asas hukum perjanjian, syarat sahnya perjanjian, bagian-bagian atau unsur-unsur perjanjian, serta bentuk perjanjian. Dari studi kasus ini diketahui bahwa perjanjian kerjasama kemitraan pada budidaya peternakan ayam yang diterapkan di PT. CAS telah memenuhi asas konsensualisme, asas kekuatan mengikat, asas kebebasan berkontrak, serta syarat sahnya terbentuknya perjanjian. Demikian juga dengan bentuk atau anatomi perjanjian telah memadai. Namun demikian, perjanjian kerjasama kemitraan tersebut belum sepenuhnya memenuhi asas keseimbangan dan asas itikad baik. Guna memenuhi kedua asas tersebut, diperlukan keterlibatan pemerintah dalam memberikan bimbingan dan bantuan teknis kepada peternak dan menetapkan mekanisme arbitrase untuk menyelesaikan konflik antara perusahaan inti dengan peternak plasma. Selain itu, diperlukan juga keyakinan perusahaan inti untuk menerapkan jaminan kepada peternak plasma.

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Along with the increasing of numbers and income per capita of Indonesia's population, the need for the livestock’s product is also increases. Livestock agribusiness sector experienced rapid development. The Pattern of Nucleus-Plasma is one of form of partnership that is also applied in the livestock sector, including in chicken farming. The Pattern of Nucleus-Plasma increasingly used after the crisis that hit Indonesia in the period of 1997-1998, that had also strike the livestock sector. This is a manifestation of the willingness of chicken farmers to seek security from price fluctuations despite the benefits are relatively few. Partnership Agreement made between the nucleus-company and plasma-farmers should refer to the legal aspects of the agreement, namely the principles of contract law, the validity requirements of the agreement, the parts or elements of the agreement, and the form of agreement. From the case study, it is found that the partnership agreement on chicken farming applied in PT. CAS has fulfilled the principle of consensus, the principle of the binding force, the principle of freedom of contract, as well as the validity requirements of the agreement. Likewise, the form or anatomy of agreement is adequate. However, the partnership agreement does not fully comply with the principle of balance and the principle of good faith. To meet the last both principles of contract law, it is necessary for government to involve in providing guidance and technical assistance to farmers, and establish an arbitration mechanism to resolve the conflict between the nucleuscompany and plasma-farmers. In addition, the nucleus-company should confidence to require a warranty to plasma-farmers."

"Perkembangan Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) di beberapa negara memiliki peranan yang penting dan merupakan penggerak roda perekonomian. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan oleh UMKM dalam meningkatkan peranannya dalam bidang ekonomi adalah melalui hubungan kerjasama dengan Usaha Besar melalui mekanisme kemitraan. Dalam hubungan kemitraan Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah menghadapi persaingan yang tidak sebanding diantara Usaha Besar dan UMKM akibat skala usaha yang lebih kecil dan posisi tawar yang lemah. Dalam rangka meningkatkan posisi tawar dari UMKM, terbentuknya struktur pasar yang menjamin tumbuhnya persaingan usaha yang sehat dan melindungi konsumen serta mencegah terjadinya penguasaan pasar oleh orang perorangan atau kelompok tertentu yang merugikan UMKM maka diterbitkan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 tentang usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 Tentang Usaha Mikro, Kecil, Dan Menengah berdasarkan ketentuan perundang-undangan tersebut pelaksanaan kemitraan perlu diawasi secara tertib dan teratur oleh lembaga yang dibentuk dan bertugas untuk mengawasi persaingan usaha yaitu Komisi pengawas persaingan Usaha (KPPU). Amanat pengawasan pelaksanaan kemitraan melahirkan tugas dan kewenangan baru kepada KPPU untuk menjaga iklim usaha dan persaingan yang sehat khususnya dalam pelaksanaan kemitraan di Indonesia.

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The development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in some countries have an important role and is driving the economy. One effort that can be made by SMEs in enhancing its role in the economy is through partnerships with large company through a partnership mechanism. In a partnership relationship Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises face competition not comparable between Large Enterprises and SMEs due to the smaller scale enterprises and weak bargaining position. In order to improve the bargaining position of SMEs, the formation of market structure that ensures the growth of fair competition and protect consumers and prevent market domination by an individual or group that is detrimental to SMEs then passed Law No. 20 of 2008 on Micro, Small and medium and Government Regulation No. 17 of 2013 on the Implementation of Law No. 20 of 2008 on Micro, Small, and medium Enterprises under the provisions of the legislation implementing the partnership needs to be monitored in an orderly and organized by the institution established and tasked to oversee the Commission For Supervison Of Business Competition (KPPU). Supervision of the implementation of the mandate of the partnership spawned new duties and powers to the Commission to keep the business climate and fair competition, especially in the implementation of partnership in Indonesia."

"Sektor usaha yang pada saat ini sedang berkembang di kalangan masyarakat adalah usaha peternakan, yang salah satunya adalah peternakan ayam. Kemitraan dapat menjadi solusi terhadap kurang berkembangnya pelaku usaha peternakan yang dapat membantu meningkatkan peran pelaku usaha peternakan. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana hubungan hukum antara PT. Charoen Pokhand  Indonesia  dan mitra peternak ayam dalam perjanjian kemitraan dan bagaimana pelaksanaan perjanjian kemitraan antara Perusahaan inti dengan mitra peternak ayam. Metode yang digunakan pada penyusunan penelitian ini deskriptif-analitis, dalam hal ini akan diinventarisir peraturan yang berlaku mengenai kemitraan dalam intensifikasi ternak unggas, inventarisasi ini dilakukan melalui proses klasifikasi yang logis dan sistematis, dan dengan cara menemukan hukum yang dalam hal ini diawali dengan mendiskripsikan masalah-masalah yang menyangkut perlindungan hukum inti dan plasma, kemudian membantu mencarikan pemecahnya dengan kritis pada perangkat norma-norma hukum positif yang ada. Pola kemitraan yang diterapkan oleh PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia yaitu pola kemitraan Inti Plasma yaitu pola kemitraan antara pengusaha kecil dengan pengusaha menengah atau besar ini berkedudukan sebagai inti dan usaha kecil sebagai plasma. Dalam perjanjian inti plasma dalam ternak ayam terdapat dua pihak yang saling terlibat, yaitu pihak perusahaan sebagai inti, sedangkan pihak peternak sebagai plasma. Berdasarkan perjanjian kerjasama antara PT. Charoen Pokhpand Indonesia dan peternak, kedua belah pihak telah menyebutkan tentang hak dan kewajiban kedua belah pihak dalam kerjasama tersebut dan pelaksanaan dari perjanjian kemitraan inti plasma. Perjanjian kerjasama kemitraan pada budidaya peternakan ayam yang diterapkan di PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia telah memenuhi asas kekuatan mengikat, asas kebebasan berkontrak, serta syarat sahnya terbentuknya perjanjian. Demikian juga dengan bentuk perjanjian telah memadai. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dengan responden dapat diketahui bahwa Peternak plasma sangat terbantu dengan adanya kemitraan ini memperoleh berupa permodalan, sarana produksi serta bimbingan secara teknis kepada para peternak. Namun demikian, perjanjian kerjasama kemitraan tersebut belum sepenuhnya berjalan memenuhi asas keseimbangan dan asas itikad baik, diperlukan keterlibatan pemerintah dalam memberikan bimbingan dan bantuan teknis kepada peternak ntuk menyelesaikan konflik antara perusahaan inti dengan peternak plasma

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The business sector currently experiencing growth among communities is the livestock industry, one of which is poultry farming. Partnership can be a solution to the underdevelopment of livestock business actors, which can help enhance the role of livestock business actors. The problem in this research is how the legal relationship between PT. Charoen Pokhand Indonesia and chicken farm partners in partnership agreements and how the implementation of partnership agreements between the Core Company and chicken farm partners. The method used in the preparation of this research is Descriptive-Analytical, in which regulations regarding partnerships in poultry intensification will be inventoried. This inventory is carried out through a logical and systematic classification process, and by finding the law which starts by describing the problems related to the legal protection of core and plasma, then helping to find solutions critically on the positive legal norms available. The partnership pattern applied by PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia is the Core Plasma partnership pattern, which is a partnership pattern between small entrepreneurs and medium or large entrepreneurs, with the latter being the core and the former being the plasma. In the core plasma cooperation agreement in chicken farming, there are two parties involved, namely the company as the core, and the farmers as the plasma. Based on the cooperation agreement between PT. Charoen Pokhpand Indonesia and farmers, both parties have mentioned the rights and obligations of both parties in the cooperation and the implementation of the core plasma partnership agreement. The partnership cooperation agreement in chicken farming applied by PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia has fulfilled the principles of binding strength, freedom to contract, and the requirements for the formation of a valid agreement. Likewise, the form of the agreement is adequate. Based on the results of interviews conducted by the author with respondents, it can be seen that plasma farmers are greatly assisted by this partnership, obtaining capital, production facilities, and technical guidance for farmers. However, the partnership cooperation agreement has not fully met the principles of balance and good faith, government involvement is needed to provide guidance and technical assistance to farmers to resolve conflicts between the core company and plasma farmers."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang tanggung jawab sekutu komplementer lainnya terhadap perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh sesama sekutu komplementer dalam suatu Persekutuan Komanditer. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Persekutuan Komanditer menganut Aggregate Theory atau teori yang menyatakan bahwa dalam suatu perkumpulan orang yang diutamakan adalah keberadaan orang-orang tersebut atau gabungan orang, bukan kesatuan dari orang-orang tersebut sebagai suatu badan (Entity Theory). Hal ini mengakibatkan Persekutuan Komanditer tidak berstatus badan hukum, keberadaan Persekutuan Komanditer ditentukan oleh para sekutunya, dan hubungan hukum diantara para sekutu tidak terpisahkan. Oleh karena itu, apabila sekutu komplementer melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum yang menyebabkan Persekutuan Komanditer harus membayar ganti kerugian, maka sekutu komplementer lainnya dapat turut menanggung kerugian tersebut; Pertimbangan Hukum Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Salatiga dalam kasus CV. Sinar Patimura Nomor 34/Pdt.G/2011/PN.Sal yang menyatakan bahwa hanya sekutu komplementer CV. Sinar Patimura yang melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum saja yang bertanggung jawab kurang tepat karena sekutu komplementer tersebut melanggar prinsip kesetiaan (duty of loyalty) dan prinsip (duty of care) dengan melakukan penggelapan dan kelalaian dalam pengurusan pembukuan CV. Sinar Patimura. Sekutu komplementer tersebut melanggar kewajibannya berdasarkan janji/ kesepakatan diantara para sekutu untuk setia (duty of loyalty) dan penuh kehati-hatian (duty of care) dalam pengurusan CV. Sinar Patimura sebagaimana tercantum dalam Akta Pendirian CV. Sinar Patimura. Sehingga, sekutu komplementer tersebut telah melakukan Wanprestasi terhadap sekutu komplementer lainnya. Dengan demikian, sudut pandang perbuatan Melawan Hukum yang digunakan Majelis Hukum PN. Salatiga bahwa sekutu komplementer tersebut melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum kurang tepat.

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This research discusses about the liability of managing partners (beherende venoot) on the unlawful acts (Perbuatan Melawan Hukum) committed by the fellow managing partner (beherende venoot) in a Limited Partnership (Commanditaire Venootschap). Using a normative legal research, the research shows that Limited Partnership (Commanditaire Venootschap) is seen as the totality of the partners or consists of people who are bound by an agreement, instead of an entity with a separate legal existence apart from its partners (Entity Theory). This is called Aggregate Theory, Limited Partnership (Commanditaire Venootschap) is not a legal entity that it is considered as an integral part of the partners/ as one unity with the partners. Therefore, if managing partner (beherende venoot) committed an unlawful acts that caused Limited Partnership (Commanditaire Venootschap) to pay amends, fellow managing partner (beherende venoot) is at place to compensate as well; Consideration made by Court Judges District of Salatiga in CV. Sinar Patimura case District Court Decision No. 34/ Pdt.G/2011/ PN. Sal which stated that only the managing partner (beherende venoot ) who has done the unlawful acts that has to take the liability is not precisely right because the managing partner (beherende venoot ) himself breaks the principle of duty of loyalty and duty of care based on the obligation between partners. Akta Pendirian CV. Sinar Patimura has stated duties of partners to act on behalf CV. Sinar Patimura within loyalty and care while that managing partner (beherende venoot ) has shown his disloyalty by claiming CV. Sinar Patimura’s property and has done negligence to his duty on maintaining CV. Sinar Patimura’s bookkeeping. Therefore, that managing partner (beherende venoot ) himself has done Wanprestasi (breach of contract) to fellow managing partner (beherende venoot ) in CV. Sinar Patimura. Thus in conclusion, the view point of the unlawful acts (Perbuatan Melawan Hukum) used by Court Judges District of Salatiga in this case is not completely right."