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Abstrak :
Pencemaran udara ruang kelas terkait beberapa gangguan pernapasan pada anak usia sekolah. Stres oksidatif telah dilaporkan sebagai salah satu mekanisme penting dalam dampak kesehatan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pajanan pencemar udara PM2.5 dan NO2 di lingkungan sekolah dan hubungannya dengan penanda stres oksidatif GSH dan MDA saliva siswa sekolah dasar. Pengukuran pajanan PM2.5 dan NO2 dilakukan di tiga sekolah dasar negeri Jakarta Barat serta pengambilan sampel saliva dari 76 siswa pada tiga sekolah tersebut untuk pengukuran penanda stres oksidatif GSH dan MDA. Data diolah secara statistik untuk menguji hubungan pajanan dan penanda stres oksidatif. Penelitian ini menemukan pajanan di ketiga sekolah yaitu PM2.5 ruang rata-rata 102,19 ± 86,91 μg/m3 dan median 81,50 μg/m3; PM2.5 lapangan rata-rata 82,31 ± 36,56 μg/m3 sedangkan rata-rata pajanan NO2 ruang kelas 90,37 ± 84,97 μg/m3; NO2 lapangan 116,83 ± 83,58 μg/m3. Sedangkan rata-rata konsentrasi penanda stres oksidatif GSH 0,70 ± 0,07 μg/mL dan MDA 1,63 ± 1,06 nmol/mL. Rata-rata konsentrasi GSH antara sekolah terpajan rendah dan tinggi tidak berbeda signifikan namun rata-rata konsentrasi MDA berbeda signifikan. Kenaikan PM2.5 ruang 1 μg/m³ maka konsentrasi GSH akan naik sebesar 0,001 μg/mL, kenaikan PM2.5 ruang 1 μg/m3 berhubungan dengan kenaikan GSH 0,003 μg/mL dan MDA 0,035 nmol/mL. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan terdapat hubungan antara konsentrasi GSH saliva dengan pajanan PM2.5 ruang dan lapangan, tidak ada hubungan antara konsentrasi MDA saliva dengan PM2.5 ruang namun berhubungan dengan PM2.5 lapangan. Tidak ada hubungan antara konsentrasi GSH dan MDA saliva dengan pajanan NO2.

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Classroom air pollution is associated with several respiratory disorders in school-age children. Oxidative stress has been reported as one of the important mechanisms in this health impact. This study aims to determine the exposure to air pollutants PM2.5 and NO2 in the school environment and their relationship with markers of oxidative stress GSH and MDA saliva of elementary school students. Measurements of PM2.5 and NO2 exposure were carried out in three public elementary schools in West Jakarta and saliva samples were taken from 76 students at these three schools to measure oxidative stress markers GSH and MDA. The data were statistically processed to examine the relationship between exposure and markers of oxidative stress. This study found that the exposures in the three schools were PM2.5 with an average of 102.19 ± 86.91 g/m3 and a median of 81.50 g/m3; PM2.5 in the field averaged 82.31 ± 36.56 g/m3 while the average NO2 exposure in the classroom was 90.37 ± 84.97 g/m3; NO2 field 116.83 ± 83.58 g/m3. Meanwhile, the average concentration of oxidative stress markers GSH was 0.70 ± 0.07 g/mL and MDA 1.63 ± 1.06 nmol/mL. The average GSH concentration between low and high exposed schools was not significantly different, but the average MDA concentration was significantly different. An increase in PM2.5 room 1 g/m then the concentration of GSH will increase by 0.001 g/mL, an increase in PM2.5 space 1 g/m3 is associated with an increase in GSH 0.003 g/mL and MDA 0.035 nmol/mL. This study concludes that there is a relationship between salivary GSH concentrations with room and field PM2.5 exposure, there is no relationship between salivary MDA concentration and room PM2.5 but it is associated with field PM2.5. There was no relationship between salivary GSH and MDA concentrations with NO2 exposure.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang : Stunting pada anak usia di bawah dua tahun (U₂) menggambarkan kekurangan nutrisi kronis dengan berbagai faktor predisposisi dan prevalensinya masih tinggi di Indonesia. Kurang nutrisi kronis menyebabkan tubuh berdaptasi pada ukuran dan fungsi organ, yang berdampak meningkatnya risiko kardiometabolik (RKM) kemudian hari. Tujuan penelitian ini membuktikan perbedaan faktor predisposisi intrauterin (FPIntra), ekstrauterin (FPEkstra), stres oksidatif (SO), adaptasi metabolik (AM) dan RKM pada anak stunting (AnS) dan tidak stunting (AnTS) usia 6-24 bulan (U_6-24). Metode : Penelitian nested -kohort, cross-sectional komparatif digunakan untuk menilai peran FPIntra, yaitu antropometri ibu sebelum hamil, asupan dan status gizi ibu hamil, berat lahir (BL) dan panjang lahir (PL) subjek, FPEkstra yaitu ASI eksklusif, berat badan (BB) dan panjang badan (PB) enam bulan pertama (U_6I), antropometri anak, asupan gizi AnS dan AnTS U_6-24. Indikator SO yaitu kadar MDA serum. Indikator AM yaitu ekspresi microRNA -148a. Indikator RKM yaitu ukuran lingkar pinggang (LP), kadar kolesterol-LDL, kolesterol-HDL, trigliserida, dan glukosa darah. Semua subjek merupakan peserta TKA, Bogor dan pengambilan data dilakukan sejak bulan Juli 2017 hingga Februari 2018, dilaksanakan di Rumah Kohort TKA, Bogor. Analisis statistik univariat, bivariat dan multivariat digunakan untuk membandingkan kelompok AnS dan AnTS dengan batas kemaknaan p <0,05. Hasil : Sebanyak 38 AnS dan 46 AnTS U_6-24 memenuhi kriteria penelitian dan didapatkan FPIntra AnS lebih rendah secara bermakna dibanding AnTS, yaitu kategori kadar seng serum ibu hamil, tinggi badan ibu, BL dan PL subjek (p = 0,047, p < 0,001, p = 0,009, p = 0,025). Asupan mangan (p= 0,007), isoleusin (p =0,015), pertambahan BB U_6-I (p =0,002), rerata pertambahan BB/bulan U_6-I (p =0,002), pertambahan PB U_6-I (p <0,001), rerata pertambahan PB/bulan U_6-I (p <0,001) dan kadar Hb anak (p =0,005) lebih rendah secara bermakna pada AnS, sementara RDW-CV lebih tinggi pada AnS (p =0,009). Tidak ditemukan perbedaan SO pada kedua kelompok, tetapi gambaran adanya AM pada usia dini terlihat pada normalized expression ratio microRNA -148a AnS sebesar 2,6 kali lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan AnTS, yang mengakibatkan kolesteol-LDL di sirkulasi lebih tinggi pada AnS. Ditemukan dua indikator RKM berbeda bermakna yaitu ukuran LP AnS lebih kecil bermakna, namun kadar trigliseridanya lebih tinggi pada AnS. Kadar kolesterol-LDL cenderung lebih tinggi pada AnS. Kesimpulan : FPIntra dan FPEkstra terbukti memberikan dampak terhadap kejadian stunting anak U_6-24. Adaptasi metabolik dan RKM pada AnS sudah terdeteksi pada U_6-24. Saran : Penting untuk memantau status gizi ibu sebelum hamil dan memberikan intervensi nutrisi dalam 1000 hari awal kehidupan untuk mengurangi RKM di kemudian hari.

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Background : Stunting children under two years of age (U2) illustrates chronic nutritional deficiency with various predisposing factors and the prevalence is still high in Indonesia. Chronic malnutrition causes the body to adapt organ size and function, which results in increased cardio metabolic risk (CMR) in adulthood The aim of this study was to prove differences in intrauterine predisposition (PFIntra), extra uterine (PFExtra), oxidative stress (OxS), metabolic adaptation (MetAdapt) and CMR in stunting children (StC) and non stunting children (NStC) aged 6-24 months (U6-24). Methods : A nested-cohort, comparative cross-sectional study was used to assess the role of PFIntra, namely maternal anthropometry before pregnancy, nutrition intake and nutritional status of pregnant women, birth weight (BW) and birth length (BL) of subjects, PFExtra namely exclusive breastfeeding, weight and body length in the first six months (U6I), pediatric anthropometry and nutritional intake in StC and NStC U6- 24. Indicator of OxS was serum MDA level. MetAdapt indicator was microRNA-148a expression. The CMR indicators were waist circumference (WC), LDL-cholesterol levels, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood glucose. All subjects were participants in Bogor Longitudinal Study Child Growth and Development (BLSCGD), in Bogor Tengah sub-district. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical analyzes were used to compare StC and NStC groups with significant p value <0.05. Results : There were 38 StC and 46 NStC U6- 24 fulfilled the study criteria and obtained significantly lower PFIntra in StC compare to NStC, namely the serum zinc level category of pregnant women, maternal height, BW and BL subjects (p = 0.047, p <0.001, p = 0.009, p = 0.025). Manganese intake (p = 0.007), isoleucine intake (p = 0.015), increase in weight U6-I (p = 0.002), weight gain per month U6-I (p = 0.002), increase in length U6-I (p <0.001), length increase per month U6-I (p <0.001) and Hb levels of children (p = 0.005) were significantly lower in StC, while RDW-CV was higher in StC (p = 0.009). There were no significant differences in OxS between two groups, but MetAdapt at an early age was seen in the StC as show in normalized expression ratio of microRNA-148a was 2.6 times faster than NStC, which resulted in higher circulation of LDL in StC. Two of five CMR indicators were significantly different, namely the size of WC in StC was significantly smaller, but the triglyceride level was higher in StC. LDL-cholesterol levels tend to be higher in StC. Conclusion : PFIntra and PFExtra proved to have an impact on the incidence of stunting children U6- 24. Metabolic adaptation and CMR in StC have been detected in U6- 24. Suggestion: It is important to monitor the nutritional status of the mother before pregnant and provide nutritional interventions within the first 1000 days of life to reduce cardio metabolic risk in the future.