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Abstrak :
Orangutans are arboreal, semi solitary, and frugivor primates. They spend the majority of their time consuming fruits. The percentage of fruit consumption reaches 60–70 % of the total feeding time. The fluctuating fruit availability in the nature significantly impacts the orangutan’s nutritional intake. When fruits are available in low amounts, orangutans will use their fat storage to produce energy. The final result of the fat metabolism is ketone bodies, which can be detected in the orangutan’s urine. Tuanan is a secondary forest that would be an interesting valuable site for comparative studies, to ensure whether a certain type of habitat impacts the orangutan’s behavior and its necessity for food. The objectives of this research were (1) to observe the orangutan’s daily activity, food proportion, as well as the presence of ketone bodies in the orangutan’s urine, and (2) to ensure whether fruit availability affects those values. Data were collected from the following 12 orangutans (5 nonreproductive females, 1 reproductive female, 3 flanged males and 3 unflanged males) using instantaneous focal animal sampling method. The proportion of time spent in feeding, resting, moving, nesting, and social activity were 61,20%, 27,08%, 10,30%, 1,24% and 0,18%, respectively. Significant difference was obtained only in moving activity. Social activity has significant correlation with fruit availability. From this research, food proportion consisted of fruits (50,94%), leaves (27,24%), vegetative (9,87%), flowers (5,42%), cambium (3,65%), insects (2,80%), and others (0,08%). There was different proportion in flower intake based on gender and social class. Proportion of fruit consumption in orangutans was significantly correlated with fruit availability. From 116 orangutans' urine samples, ketone bodies were only found in non-reproductive females. The female had just given birth to her first offspring. There was no significant correlation between the presence of ketone bodies in orangutans with fruit availability.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap aktivitas anak orangutan tanpa keberadaaan induk di Kebun Binatang Tamansari, Bandung. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengamati aktivitas dan mengetahui proporsi waktu terhadap aktivitas dari tiga individu anak orangutan yang diasuh tanpa keberadaan induk di Kebun Binatang Tamansari, Bandung. Pengambilan data aktivitas dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode scan sampling dan ad libitum pada satu ekor anak orangutan betina (Kiki usia 6 tahun 3 bulan) dan dua ekor anak orangutan jantan (Atim, usia 7 tahun 3 bulan, dan Idul, 5 tahun 6 bulan) selama 35 hari. Pencatatan aktivitas terbagi menjadi aktivitas mandiri (makan, istirahat, bergerak, bermain sendiri, dan menelisik diri sendiri) dan interaksi sosial (menelisik individu lain, bermain dengan individu lain, interaksi dengan keeper, dan agresi). Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa anak orangutan memiliki aktivitas dari tinggi ke rendah yaitu makan (50,94 %), bermain dengan individu lain (16,30 %), istirahat (10,40 %), bermain sendiri (9,33 %), bergerak (7,35 %), menelisik diri sendiri (2,60 %), interaksi dengan keeper (2,11 %), agresi (0,55 %), dan menelisik individu lain (0,44 %). Aktivitas makan dan istirahat meningkat pada siang hari, sedangkan aktivitas bergerak, bermain sendiri, bermain dengan individu lain, dan interaksi dengan keeper mengalami penurunan pada siang hari.

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A study on activity pattern of orangutan juveniles without the presence of mothers had been done at Kebun Binatang Tamansari, Bandung, Indonesia. The aim of the studies were to observe the activity pattern and determine the proportion of time on the activity pattern of three orangutan juvenile taken care of without the existence of orangutan mother at Kebun Binatang Tamansari, Bandung. Methods of scan sampling and ad libitum were used to observe the activity of the female juvenile orangutan named Kiki (age 6 years and 3 months) and two male juvenile orangutan named Atim and Idul (aged 7 years and 3 months and 5 years 6 months) during 35 days. Recording the activity is divided into independent activity (feeding, resting, moving, solitary playing, and autogrooming) and social interaction (allogrooming, social playing, interaction with keeper, and aggression). The results show orangutan juveniles had the activities from high to low which are feeding (50.94 %), social playing (16.30 %), resting (10.40 %), solitary playing (9.33 %), moving (7.35 %), autogrooming (2.60 %), interaction with the keeper (2.11 %), aggression (0.55 %), and allogrooming (0.44 %). Feeding and resting increased in the afternoon, while moving, solitary playing, social playing, and interaction with the keeper decreased in the afternoon.

Abstrak :
Pengetahuan lingkungan sangat diperlukan dalam memitigasi kerusakan lingkungan. Masalah pada riset ini adalah kurang sadarnya masyarakat menjaga orangutan yang merupakan bagian dari biodiversitas, hal penting yang menjadi fokus pada riset ini.. Tingginya tingkat konflik antara manusia dengan orangutan merupakan ancaman terhadap turunnya populasi orangutan. Tujuan riset ini adalah menyusun strategi  pengetahuan lingkungan dengan arus utama hidup berdampingan antara manusia dengan orangutan berdasarkan kasus penembakan 74 peluru kepada orangutan di Kota Subulussalam, Provinsi Aceh. Metode yang digunakan pada pengumpulan data adalah wawancara dan Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Analisis yang digunakan adalah SWOT kualitatif. Strategi pengetahuan lingkungan untuk melindungi hutan dan isinya perlu didukung penuh oleh  masyarakat, NGO dan pemerintah melalui pelatihan dan muatan lokal. Kesimpulan riset ini adalah strategi pengetahuan lingkungan yang menarik dan tepat dapat meningkatkan kesadaran berperilaku baik dan beretika kepada alam, hutan dan isinya sehingga dapat menekan konflik antara manusia dengan orangutan. ......Environmental knowledge is very necessary in mitigating environmental damage. The problem in this research is lack of people awareness on the important of biodiversity conservation, including orangutans. The high level of conflict between humans and orangutans is a threat to the survival of the orangutan population. The purpose of this research is to develop an environmental knowledge strategy by maintreming the coexistence between humans and orangutans. The methods used in data collection were interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The analysis used is a qualitative SWOT. Environmental knowledge strategies to protect forests and their contents need to be fully supported by the community, NGO and the government through training, and local content. The conclusion of this research is that an attractive and appropriate environmental knowledge strategy can increase awareness of good and ethical behavior towards nature, forests and their contents so that it can reduce conflicts between humans and orangutans.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai Pola Perilaku Pengasuhan Induk Betina Orangutan (Pongo sp.) terhadap Anak di Kawasan Konservasi Ex-Situ Taman Safari Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pola perilaku harian dan pengasuhan, faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi, dan pengaruh perilaku harian induk betina orangutan di Taman Safari Bogor terhadap perilaku pengasuhannya. Subjek pengamatan yang diamati berjumlah dua individu induk betina orangutan, yaitu P1 (Pongo pygmaeus) di Kandang Lokasi dan P2 (Pongo abelii) di Baby Zoo yang memiliki anak berumur 1 dan 4 tahun masing-masingnya. Pengamatan perilaku harian menggunakan metode pencatatan focal instantaneous sampling dengan time point 5 menit. Pengamatan perilaku pengasuhan menggunakan metode pencatatan ad libitum. Pengamatan dilakukan selama satu bulan dengan pengulangan sebanyak 12 kali untuk masing-masing individu. Hasil penelitian didapatkan data yang setara dengan 156 jam waktu pengamatan. Perilaku harian P1 didominasi oleh aktivitas moving (38,6%), sedangkan P2 didominasi oleh aktivitas feeding (41,7%). Perilaku pengasuhan P1 didominasi oleh aktivitas encourages (34,0%), sedangkan P2 didominasi oleh aktivitas breast feeding (29,1%). Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan usia orangutan anak yang lebih besar pada P2 dibandingkan dengan P1. Aktivitas orangutan anak berupa begging menyebabkan tingginya aktivitas breast feeding sebagai bentuk positive feedback dari induk betina orangutan. Mother rejection ditemukan pada P1 sebagai bentuk dorongan lokomosi, sedangkan pada P2 disebabkan oleh tingginya aktivitas orangutan anak. Pola perilaku harian dan pengasuhan induk betina orangutan P1 dan P2 berbeda secara signifikan (Uji Friedmann, P<0,05). Umur orangutan anak dan pemberian enrichment merupakan faktor yang secara umum paling berpengaruh pada pola perilaku harian dan pengasuhan induk betina orangutan di Taman Safari Bogor. Perilaku harian berupa feeding dan moving cenderung memengaruhi perilaku pengasuhan sebagai bentuk pilihan investasi waktu dan energi oleh induk betina orangutan (Uji Spearman, P<0,05). ......Research has been conducted about Parenting Pattern of Mother Orangutans (Pongo sp.) to Their Infants in Ex-Situ Conservation Site Taman Safari Bogor, West Java. The study was conducted to evaluate the patterns of daily behavior and parenting activities, factors that influence it, and the influence of daily behavior of mother orangutans in Taman Safari Bogor on their parenting behavior. Subjects observed were two orangutan female parents, namely P1 (Pongo pygmaeus) in Kandang Lokasi and P2 (Pongo abelii) at the Baby Zoo which had children aged 1 and 4 years respectively. Observation of daily behavior using the focal instantaneous sampling recording method with a time point of 5 minutes. Observation of parenting behavior using the ad libitum recording method. Observations were carried out for one month with repetition 12 times for each individual. The results of the study obtained data equivalent to 156 hours of observation time. P1 daily behavior is dominated by moving activities (38.6%), whereas P2 is dominated by feeding activities (41.7%). P1 parenting behavior is dominated by encourages activities (34.0 %), whereas P2 is dominated by breast feeding activities (29.1%). This is due to the greater age in P2 compared to P1. Activities of infant orangutans in the form of begging cause high breast feeding activities as a form of positive feedback from mother orangutans. Mother rejection was found in P1 as a form of locomotion drive, whereas in P2 was caused by high activity of infant orangutans. Daily behavior patterns and parental care of orangutan mother P1 and P2 are differed significantly (Friedmann's Test, P<0.05). Age of infants orangutans and enrichment are generally the most influential factors in the daily behavioral and parenting patterns of mother orangutans in Taman Safari Bogor. Daily behavior in the form of feeding and moving tends to influence parenting behavior as a form of investment choice of time and energy by mother orangutans (Spearman Test, P<0.05).

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui perilaku orangutan anak terhadap pengasuhan dan pembelajaran sosial dari orangutan remaja tidak berkerabat yang terjadi di Sekolah Hutan Tembak. Subjek pengamatan yang diamati yaitu dua individu orangutan borneo, Pongo pygmaeus Linnaeus, 1760 dari kelas umur anak dan remaja. Pengamatan perilaku menggunakan metode pencatatan data focal instantaneus sampling dengan interval 5 menit dan ad libitum sampling untuk perilaku sosial yang mengindikasikan pengasuhan dan pembelajaran sosial. Pengasuhan pada individu yang tidak berkerabat merupakan suatu bentuk perilaku altruisme. Orangutan remaja memenuhi peran induk dengan kebiasaan berbagi makanan, berbagi sarang, dan menunggu ketika menjelajah. Kedekatan di antara kedua subjek pengamatan memungkinkan terjadinya pembelajaran sosial. Pembelajaran sosial menyebabkan orangutan anak banyak mengimitasi perilaku orangutan remaja. Hasil penelitian didapatkan data yang setara dengan 396 jam waktu pengamatan di Kandang Sosialisasi dan Sekolah Hutan. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan Uji Friedman, P < 0,05 antara proporsi aktivitas orangutan anak ketika beraktivitas bersama dan terpisah dengan orangutan remaja. Proporsi aktivitas harian orangutan lebih menyerupai orangutan remaja ketika bersama dibandingkan ketika berpisah. Hal tersebut membuktikan bahwa jarak kedekatan memungkinkan terjadinya pengasuhan dan pembelajaran sosial yang berpengaruh pada perilaku orangutan anak.

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ABSTRACT
Adoption or parental care behavior to unrelated individuals is a form of altruism. The adoption of orangutans is demonstrated by parental care habits, such as sharing food, sharing nests, and wait during travel, fulfilling the parent role to juvenile orangutan. This research was conducted to find out juvenile orangutan rsquo s behavior responses to adoption and social learning by unrelated adolescent orangutans that occurred at Tembak Forest School. In the case of social learning, the juvenile orangutan will copy or imitate the behavior of adolescent orangutan when in close proximity. The observation used focal instantaneous sampling with 5 minute interval and ad libitum sampling for recording the social behavior, social learning, and altruism data. The results of the study were equals to 396 hour observation at Socialization Cage and Forest School, both showed significant difference Friedman Test, P 0.05 between activity proportion when juvenile orangutan in close proximity and separated with the adolescent orangutan. When in close proximity, juvenile orangutan rsquo s behavior is more similar to adolescent orangutan than when separated. Close proximity between individuals enable parental care behavior and social learning that affecting juvenile orangutan rsquo s behavior.

Abstrak :
[Suatu pranata sosial-budaya yang berlaku dalam suatu kempok/komunita tidak hanya merupakan warisan/tradisi masa lalu yang dipertahankan oleh anggota kelompok/komunitas tersebut untuk tujuan/maksud tertentu, tetapi juga merupakan sesuatu yang baru hasil reka cipta individu-individu yang bertindak sebagai agen. Disertasi ini menyajikan fenomena signifikansi peran agen dalam proses produksi dan reproduksi suatu pranata sosial-budaya beserta interakasinya. Secara lebih khusus disertasi ini membahas peran agen dalam memproduksi suatu pranata sosial-budaya yang semula tidak terwujud, serta perubahan dan penumbuhkembangannya dalam konteks adanya minat, interpretasi, kontestasi, kesamaan, dan kesepakatan dari pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan atas pranata sosial-budaya tersebut. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan prosesual dan disajikan dalam bentuk etnografi, disertasi ini mengulas keagenan individu-individu dalam produksi dan reproduksi pranata pelepasliaran orangutan di Suaka Margasatwa Lamandau (Lamandau) Pangkalan Bun, Kalimantan Tengah pada periode tahun 2008—2012. Kisah-kisah pelepasliaran orangutan di Lamandau menunjukkan bahwa terbentuknya pranata sosial dalam suatu komunitas/kelompok sosial merupakan hasil karya agen yang secara aktif daan kreatif berusaha, berstrategi untuk mewujudkan cita-cita/harapan dan keinginannya itu. Untuk mewujudkannya sang agen melakukan sejumlah cara, usaha dan strategi termasuk berkolaborasi di antara para pihak yang saling berinteraksi itu. Pranata sosial-budaya yang terbentuk tidak hanya merupakan wujud kesepakatan di antara para pihak yang berinteraksi, tetapi juga meripakan hasil respon terhadap minat dan kepentingan pihak lain, serta interpretasi oleh individu-individu atas aturan yang telah diciptakan sebelumnya. Atas dasar kesepakatan, penyesuaian, dan interpretasi tercipta seperangkat aturan (rule in use) yang mengatur hal-hal yang boleh, tidak boleh, yang seharusnya, atau yang sebaiknya tidak dilakukan oleh setiap individu yang bersama-sama atau saling berinteraksi melaksanakan suatu kegiatan. Sebuah kesepakatan di antara para agen/aktor atas suatu sumberdaya dapat tercipta sesuai dengan rasionalitas dan interpretasi masing-masing. Oleh karena itu berlakunya suatu pranata sosial-budaya dalam suatu kelompok sosial/komunitas bersifat transaksional di antara para pihak (agen/aktor) yang berkepentingan terhadap suatu sumberdaya tersebut. Penemuan dan penciptaan merupakan proses sosial yang dilakukan setiap hari dalam beragam peristiwa. Melalui beragam interaksi sosial penciptaan itu muncul. Di tangan sang agen penciptaan-penciptaan tersebut kemudian dikembangkan menjadi nilai, aturan untuk mengordikasikan suatu kegiatan, sehingga menjadi bagian dari panata sosial-budaya di kelompok masyarakat/komunitas itu. Interaksi sosial berupa: negosiasi, akomodasi, perbedaan pendapat, dan relasi kekuasaan antaragen merupakan hal-hal universal yang biasa terjadi dalam suatu kelompok sosial/komunitas. Dengan cara-cara tersebut suatu pranata sosial-budaya terus diperbarui sehingga dapat diterima dan dapat menjadi acuan bersama dalam bertindak. Dengan demikian suatu pranata sosial bersifat dinamis. Meskipun suatau pranata sosial-budaya bersifat dinamis, upaya penatamantaban suatu pranta sosial dapat dilakukan. Penatamantaban suatu pranata sosial-budaya dalam suatu kelompok sosial/komunitas terjadi karena adanya mekanisme berbagi (share), dan transfer pengetahuan, keterampilan, atau kebiasaan dari anggota kelompok/komunitas lama terhadap anggota baru. Melalui mekanisme berbagi dan transfer tersebut seperangkat aturan tetap terpelihara/mantab;A socio-cultural institution which prevailed in a group/community was not only a legacy/tradition of the past sustained by members of the group/community for particular purpose and goals, but also something new resulted from a creative action of individuals acting as agents. This dissertation presents a phenomenon of agents role significance in the production and reproduction process of a socio-cultural institution and their interactions. This dissertation in particularly discusses the role of agents in producing a socio-cultural institution which initially was not consummated and the change as well as its development in the context of the presence of interest, interpretation, dispute, similarity, and an agreement of parties concerned over the socio-cultural institution. By using procession approach and was presented in the form of Ethnography, this dissertation analyzes the agency of individuals in the production and reproduction of orangutans release regulation at Suaka Margasatwa of Lamandau (Lamandau Wildlife Reserve), Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan in the period of 2008-2012. The stories of orangutans release at the Lamandau showed that the formation of the social institution in a community/social group was the result of agents work actively and creatively endeavor in order to realize their goals, expectations and desires by conducting a number of ways, efforts, and strategies among others collaboration among the parties which interact. The socio-cultural institution was not only a form of agreement among the parties which interact, but also the result of the response to the interests of other parties, as well as the interpretation by individuals over the rules that have been created previously. On the basis of an agreement, adjustment and interpretation, it was created a set of rules (rule in use) that regulated matters that may, not allowed to, should be, or should not be done by any individuals mutually interacting to carry out an activity. An agreement among the agents/actors of a resource could be created in accordance with the rationality and interpretation respectively. Hence the socio-cultural institution prevailed in a social group /community was transactional relation among the parties (agents/actors) which interest over resources. The discovery and the creation are any social processes undertaken daily in a wide array of events through diverse social interaction. In the hands of agents, the creation was then developed into the creation of values and rules to coordinate an activity and to become part of socio-cultural institution in the groups/communities. Social interactions such as negotiation, accommodation, dissent, and the relations of power between agents are universal things that usually occur in a social group/community. By such means, the socio-cultural institution was continually updated so that it could be accepted and could become a common reference. Thus socio-cultural institution has dynamic characteristic. Nevertheless, stabilization efforts of socio-cultural institution in a social group/community could be implemented through the mechanism of share and the transfer of knowledge, skills, or habits from the old members of the group/community towards the new members;A socio-cultural institution which prevailed in a group/community was not only a legacy/tradition of the past sustained by members of the group/community for particular purpose and goals, but also something new resulted from a creative action of individuals acting as agents. This dissertation presents a phenomenon of agents role significance in the production and reproduction process of a socio-cultural institution and their interactions. This dissertation in particularly discusses the role of agents in producing a socio-cultural institution which initially was not consummated and the change as well as its development in the context of the presence of interest, interpretation, dispute, similarity, and an agreement of parties concerned over the socio-cultural institution. By using procession approach and was presented in the form of Ethnography, this dissertation analyzes the agency of individuals in the production and reproduction of orangutans release regulation at Suaka Margasatwa of Lamandau (Lamandau Wildlife Reserve), Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan in the period of 2008-2012. The stories of orangutans release at the Lamandau showed that the formation of the social institution in a community/social group was the result of agents work actively and creatively endeavor in order to realize their goals, expectations and desires by conducting a number of ways, efforts, and strategies among others collaboration among the parties which interact. The socio-cultural institution was not only a form of agreement among the parties which interact, but also the result of the response to the interests of other parties, as well as the interpretation by individuals over the rules that have been created previously. On the basis of an agreement, adjustment and interpretation, it was created a set of rules (rule in use) that regulated matters that may, not allowed to, should be, or should not be done by any individuals mutually interacting to carry out an activity. An agreement among the agents/actors of a resource could be created in accordance with the rationality and interpretation respectively. Hence the socio-cultural institution prevailed in a social group /community was transactional relation among the parties (agents/actors) which interest over resources. The discovery and the creation are any social processes undertaken daily in a wide array of events through diverse social interaction. In the hands of agents, the creation was then developed into the creation of values and rules to coordinate an activity and to become part of socio-cultural institution in the groups/communities. Social interactions such as negotiation, accommodation, dissent, and the relations of power between agents are universal things that usually occur in a social group/community. By such means, the socio-cultural institution was continually updated so that it could be accepted and could become a common reference. Thus socio-cultural institution has dynamic characteristic. Nevertheless, stabilization efforts of socio-cultural institution in a social group/community could be implemented through the mechanism of share and the transfer of knowledge, skills, or habits from the old members of the group/community towards the new members, A socio-cultural institution which prevailed in a group/community was not only a legacy/tradition of the past sustained by members of the group/community for particular purpose and goals, but also something new resulted from a creative action of individuals acting as agents. This dissertation presents a phenomenon of agents role significance in the production and reproduction process of a socio-cultural institution and their interactions. This dissertation in particularly discusses the role of agents in producing a socio-cultural institution which initially was not consummated and the change as well as its development in the context of the presence of interest, interpretation, dispute, similarity, and an agreement of parties concerned over the socio-cultural institution. By using procession approach and was presented in the form of Ethnography, this dissertation analyzes the agency of individuals in the production and reproduction of orangutans release regulation at Suaka Margasatwa of Lamandau (Lamandau Wildlife Reserve), Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan in the period of 2008-2012. The stories of orangutans release at the Lamandau showed that the formation of the social institution in a community/social group was the result of agents work actively and creatively endeavor in order to realize their goals, expectations and desires by conducting a number of ways, efforts, and strategies among others collaboration among the parties which interact. The socio-cultural institution was not only a form of agreement among the parties which interact, but also the result of the response to the interests of other parties, as well as the interpretation by individuals over the rules that have been created previously. On the basis of an agreement, adjustment and interpretation, it was created a set of rules (rule in use) that regulated matters that may, not allowed to, should be, or should not be done by any individuals mutually interacting to carry out an activity. An agreement among the agents/actors of a resource could be created in accordance with the rationality and interpretation respectively. Hence the socio-cultural institution prevailed in a social group /community was transactional relation among the parties (agents/actors) which interest over resources. The discovery and the creation are any social processes undertaken daily in a wide array of events through diverse social interaction. In the hands of agents, the creation was then developed into the creation of values and rules to coordinate an activity and to become part of socio-cultural institution in the groups/communities. Social interactions such as negotiation, accommodation, dissent, and the relations of power between agents are universal things that usually occur in a social group/community. By such means, the socio-cultural institution was continually updated so that it could be accepted and could become a common reference. Thus socio-cultural institution has dynamic characteristic. Nevertheless, stabilization efforts of socio-cultural institution in a social group/community could be implemented through the mechanism of share and the transfer of knowledge, skills, or habits from the old members of the group/community towards the new members]

Abstrak :
Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pola perilaku harian dan pengasuhan, faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi, dan pengaruh perilaku harian induk betina orangutan di Taman Safari Bogor terhadap perilaku pengasuhannya. Subjek pengamatan yang diamati berjumlah 2 individu induk betina orangutan, yaitu P1 (Pongo pygmaeus) di Kandang Lokasi dan P2 (Pongo abelii) di Baby Zoo dengan anak berumur 1 dan 4 tahun masing-masingnya. Pengamatan perilaku harian dicatat menggunakan metode focal instantaneous sampling dan perilaku pengasuhan menggunakan ad libitum. Pengamatan dilakukan selama satu bulan dengan pengulangan sebanyak 12 kali untuk masing-masing individu dan total waktu pengamatan kedua individu setara 156 jam. Pola perilaku harian dan pengasuhan induk betina orangutan P1 dan P2 berbeda secara signifikan (Uji Friedmann, P<0,05). Perilaku harian P1 didominasi oleh aktivitas moving (38,6%), P2 oleh aktivitas feeding (41,7%). Perilaku pengasuhan P1 didominasi oleh aktivitas encourages (34,0%), P2 oleh aktivitas breast feeding (29,1%). Hal tersebut disebabkan perbedaan usia orangutan anak dan pemberian enrichment. Aktivitas orangutan anak berupa begging menyebabkan tingginya aktivitas breast feeding sebagai bentuk positive feedback dari induk betina orangutan. Feeding dan moving memengaruhi perilaku pengasuhan sebagai pilihan investasi waktu dan energi (Uji Spearman, P<0,05). Mother rejection ditemukan pada P1 sebagai bentuk dorongan lokomosi, sedangkan pada P2 disebabkan oleh tingginya aktivitas orangutan anak. ......The study was conducted to evaluate the patterns of daily behavior and parenting activities, influencing factors, and the influence of daily behavior of mother orangutans in Taman Safari Bogor on their parenting behavior. Subjects observed were two orangutan female parents, P1 (Pongo pygmaeus) in Kandang Lokasi and P2 (Pongo abelii) at the Baby Zoo, children aged 1 and 4 years respectively. Daily behavior was recorded using focal instantaneous sampling method and parenting behavior using ad libitum. Observations were carried out 12 times for each individual, 156 hours of total observation time. Daily behavior patterns and parental care are differed significantly (Friedmann's Test, P<0.05). P1 daily behavior was dominated by moving activities (38.6%), whereas P2 was feeding (41.7%). P1 parenting behavior was dominated by encourages activities (34.0 %), whereas P2 was breast feeding (29.1%). The age difference in infant orangutans and enrichment are the cause. Begging activities of infant orangutans cause high breast feeding as a positive feedback from its mother. Feeding and moving influence parenting behavior as a form of investment choice of time and energy (Spearman Test, P<0.05). Mother rejection was found in P1 as a form of locomotion drive, whereas in P2 was high activity of infant orangutans.

Abstrak :
Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) merupakan Primata endemik Kalimantan Tengah yang memiliki kecerdasan dan keterampilan khususnya dalam membuat sarang sesuai dengan kebutuhan, kenyamanan, dan kondisi habitat. Orangutan tergolong dalam kategori Critically Endangered (CR) berdasarkan kriteria IUCN, karena tingginya ancaman yang menyebabkan populasinya yang terus menurun setiap tahunnya. Sebagian besar penurunan populasi orangutan disebabkan oleh perburuan serta degradasi hutan akibat kebakaran dan perluasan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Salah satu habitat orangutan di Kalimantan berada di hutan Desa Perigi, Mendawai, Katingan, Kalimantan Tengah. Habitat satwa tersebut mengalami isolasi akibat perluasan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Sebelumnya, penelitian mengenai populasi dan karakteristik sarang orangutan di hutan Desa Perigi belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis populasi dan karakteristik sarang orangutan di hutan Desa Perigi untuk mendukung upaya restorasi ekosistem dan meningkatkan harmonisasi antara kelangsungan hidup orangutan dengan masyarakat Desa Perigi. Pengamatan dan pengumpulan data di lapangan dilakukan selama dua pekan dengan menggunakan metode transek garis dan survei aerial pada tiga jalur transek. Karakteristik sarang orangutan yang diamati meliputi kelas ketahanan sarang, tipe posisi dan tinggi sarang, spesies pohon sarang, keliling (cBH) pohon sarang, tinggi pohon sarang, dan tipe kanopi pohon lokasi sarang. Berdasarkan pemetaan sarang, terdapat 83 sarang orangutan dengan estimasi kerapatan sarang menggunakan metode King sebesar 1.197,6 sarang/km2. Nilai tersebut kemudian diolah sehingga didapat estimasi kepadatan populasi orangutan sebesar 4,5 individu/km2. Penelitian ini menemukan beragam karakteristik sarang yang mengindikasikan bahwa preferensi karakteristik sarang tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh dominansi suatu spesies atau tipe pohon sarang tertentu, melainkan dipengaruhi struktur pohon sarang yang tersedia, ketersediaan pohon pakan, keberadaan satwa lain, dan kondisi habitat tempat orangutan tersebut tinggal. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa meskipun wilayahnya terisolasi dan mengalami kerusakan akibat kebakaran dan banjir, hutan Desa Perigi jika dikelola dengan baik masih berpotensi untuk menyediakan kebutuhan dan mendukung pergerakan orangutan. ......Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) is an endemic subspecies of great ape in Central Kalimantan. It is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) according to IUCN due to high level of threats leading to decreasing population number. The population decline is caused by hunts and forest degradation due to fires and expansion of oil palm plantations. One of the orangutan habitats in Kalimantan is in the forest of Perigi Village, Mendawai, Katingan, Central Kalimantan. This habitat has increasingly become isolated due to the expansion of oil palm plantations in the nearby areas. The research on the population and nest characteristic of orangutan in Perigi Village forest had never been conducted previously. This research aimed at understanding the population condition especially nest characteristic of the orangutan in Perigi Village forest. This study is expected to contribute in the ecosystem restoration and promote harmony between the life of the orangutan and the people of Perigi Village. Data were collected using aerial survey and line transects method. Orangutan nest characteristics observed and noted included nest resistence class, nest position and height on its tree, species of nest tree, circumference (cBH) and height of nest tree, and canopy type of the nest tree. Based on the nest mapping, there were 83 orangutan nests which then processed using the King’s method to obtain the estimation of nest density is 1.197,6 nests/km2. The nest density value then processed to obtain an estimated orangutan density of 4,5 individuals/km2. Based on the analysis of nest characteristics, there are various nest characteristics which indicate that the nest characteristics are not only influenced by a dominant species or type of nest tree, instead they are influenced by the structure of available nest trees, available feeding trees, the presence of other animals, and the conditions of the Perigi Village forest itself. These results show that even though the area is isolated and damaged by fires and floods, the Perigi Village forest is still has the potential to provide and support the needs of orangutan.

Abstrak :
Keberhasilan konservasi orangutan kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus) ditentukan oleh kesuksesan program pelepasliaran. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk melihat pola perilaku posisi orangutan kalimantan yang akan dilepasliarkan. Penelitian dilakukan di Sekolah Hutan Jerora Sintang Orangutan Center (SOC), Kalimantan Barat. Pengamatan orangutan dilakukan secara instantaneous sampling dengan metode focal animal sampling. Subjek penelitian ini merupakan empat orangutan kandidat rilis (Awin, Kingkong, Tom, dan Oli). Berdasarkan hasil persentase perilaku posisi, Kingkong merupakan orangutan yang paling siap untuk dilepasliarkan, diikuti oleh Awin, Tom, dan Oli. Kingkong dan Awin memiliki persentase posisi di arboreal yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan di terestrial. Tom dan Oli memiliki persentase posisi di arboreal yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan di terestrial. Persentase jelajah Oli merupakan yang paling sedikit. Pengamatan preferensi tumbuhan lokomosi orangutan menunjukkan spesies Lithocarpus sp., Vitex pinnata, Dryobalanops aromatica, Myristica fragans, dan Artocarpus sp. menjadi spesies tumbuhan favorit dari keempat orangutan. Data menunjukkan hanya tiga individu orangutan kalimantan memenuhi salah satu syarat rilis, yaitu dapat bergerak baik secara arboreal dan terestrial. ......The success of bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) conservation is determined by the success of the release program. This research is aimed at the behavioral patterns of the position of Kalimantan orangutans that will be released into the wild. The research was conducted at the Jerora Sintang Orangutan Center (SOC) Forest School, West Kalimantan. Observations of orangutans were carried out using instantaneous sampling using the focal animal sampling method. The subjects of this research were four orangutans who were release candidates (Awin, Kingkong, Tom, and Oli). Based on the results of the percentage of positional behavior, Kingkong is the orangutan most ready to be released, followed by Awin, Tom, and Oli. Kingkong and Awin have a higher percentage of arboreal positions compared to terrestrial positions. Tom and Oli have a lower percentage of arboreal positions compared to terrestrial ones. Oil roaming percentage is the lowest. Observations of orangutan locomotion plant preferences showed that the species Lithocarpus sp., Vitex pinnata, Dryobalanops aromatica, Myristica fragans, and Artocarpus sp. became the favorite plant species of the four orangutans. The data shows that only three Bornean orangutan individuals met one of the release requirements, namely being able to move both arboreal and terrestrial.