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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Sebagai penetap, orangutan betina hampir menghabiskan seluruh waktu hidupnya pada area yang sama. Beberapa bukti dari penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa area jelajah orangutan betina stabil dari tahun ke tahun. Sebagai respon dari kelangkaan tumbuhan buah, orangutan betina mungkin dapat merubah pemanfatan ruang mereka. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi area jelajah dan ukuran pemanfaatan ruang dari orangutan betina yang dibandingkan antar periode kelimpahan dan kelangkaan buah. Secara lebih jauh faktor yang menentukan pola ketersediaan tumbuhan berbuah juga diidentifikasi dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama 12 bulan (November 2012-Oktober 2013) di Stasiun Penelitian Tuanan Kalimantan Tengah. Metode fruit trail digunakan untuk mengestimasi kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah dalam 9 transek dan total panjang transek sebesar 28 Km. Model interpolasi Kringing digunakan untuk mengkuantifikasi dan menentukan area yang produktif menghasilkan buah. Bulan November diidentifikasi sebagai masa puncak kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah sedangkan bulan terendah terjadi di Juni. Perbandingan kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah pada tingkat spesies dianalisis dengan uji Kruskall-Walis menunjukkan 10 spesies yang mendominasi tumbuhan berbuah. Akar kamunda (Leuchoplaos callicarpus) adalah spesies dengan kelimpahan tertinggi. Area yang produktif menghasilkan buah yang dihasilkan dari uji interpolasi Kriging menunjukkan korelasi dengan kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa wilayah yang produktif berubah dari waktu ke waktu dan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor spasial dan temporal. Berdasarkan model analisis regresi berganda, kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah dipengaruhi oleh kedalaman gambut, jarak dari sungai dan curah hujan. Model terbaik yang dihasilkan dari analisis tersebut adalah y = -2, 39 + (0,24) curah hujan + (-0,12) jarak dari sungai + (-0,38) kedalaman gambut. Tetapi koefisien determinasi dari model ini hanya sebesar 21%, yang menunjukkan bahwa masih banyak faktor yang memengaruhi variasi kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah. Metode focal animal sampling digunakan untuk menentukan pemanfaatan ruang pada orangutan betina. Sampling dilakukan pada empat betina yang paling terhabituasi di area ini. Pemanfaatan ruang dari keempat betina tersebut menunjukkan bahwa area yang dihuni sebesar 302,99 Ha atau 24,25% dari luas area penelitian. Luas daerah jelajah dari masing-masing betina tersebut bervariasi dari 91,9 ha hingga 185,17 Ha. Ukuran jelajah terkecil berasal dari betina tertua (Jinak) sementara daerah jelajah terluas adalah betina termuda (Juni). Analisis dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan ukuran daerah jelajah dari masing-masing individu. Perbandingan ukuran daerah jelajah antar periode kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah tidak berbeda signifikan. Sedangkan perbandingan area jelajah yang tumpang tindih diantara individu antar periode kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah menunjukkan bahwa area tumpang tindih akan menurun pada periode kelangkaan buah begitu juga sebaliknya. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa respon orangutan betina terhadap fluktuasi kelimpahan tumbuhan berbuah terjadi pada perubahan daerah tumpang tindih untuk mengurangi kompetisi.

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ABSTRACT
As the resident, female orangutan spent their entirely lifetime in the same area. Some evidence from previously research has showed the ranging of female orangutan is stable over the years. As the response of fruit scarcity, the female orangutan may changed their space utilization. The aim of this study is to identify the ranging area and size of female orangutan compared between fruit abundance and fruit scarcity periods. Furthermore the factor that determine of fruiting trees availability pattern also identified by this research. Research was conducted over 12 months (November 2012- October 2013) at Tuanan Research Station Central Kalimantan. Fruit trail method was used to estimates the abundance of fruiting trees within 9 transects and 28 Km total transect lenght. Kriging interpolation model was used to quantification and determine of productive area. November was identified as the peak of fruiting trees abundance while June is lowest month. The fruiting trees abundance comparison within species by Kruskall-Wallis test showed 10 species that dominated the fruiting trees. Akar kamunda (Leuchoplaos callicarpus) is the species with highest abundance. The fruit productive area was resulted by Kriging interpolation model showed correlation with fruiting abundance. This result indicated that fruit productive area was changed over time and influenced by some spatial and temporal factor. Based on the multiple regression analysis models, the fruiting trees abundance is influenced by peat depth, distance from river and rainfall rate. The best models resulted by multiple regression is combination between three those factor with model y = -2, 39 + (0,24) rain fall + (-0,12) distance from river + (-0,38) peat depth. But with coefficient determination of this models 21%, its showed there are many other factor influenced variation of fruiting trees abundance. The focal animal sampling method was used to determine the space utilization of female orangutan. The sampling from four most habituated female in his area. The space utilization of those female showed that 302,99 ha area was occupied or 24,25% of study area. The ranging size of those female is vary from 91,9 to 185,17 ha. The lowest ranging size is from oldest female (Jinak) while the highest ranging size is from youngest female (Juni). Analysis with Kruskall-wallis test showed no significant difference of ranging size within individual. The comparison of ranging size between fruit availability period also showed no significant difference. The comparison of overlapping areas within individual between two fruit availability periods showed that the overlapping area will decrease in the fruit scarcity period and vice versa. This result indicated as the response for fluctuation of fruit availability, the female orangutan will changing the overlapping area for reduce their competition.

Abstrak :
Komunikasi suara memainkan peran penting dalam sistem sosial primata. Dalam kehidupan sosial, orangutan berkomunikasi jarak jauh dengan individu lain melalui seruan panjang (long call). Kemampuan mengeluarkan seruan panjang yang dapat terdengar jauh ini terbatas hanya pada orangutan jantan berpipi. Studi jangka panjang telah dilakukan sejak tahun 1988 di Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, Aceh Tenggara mengenai seruan panjang ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: Pertama, mengidentifikasi interaksi antara orangutan jantan berpipi dan antara orangutan jantan berpipi dengan betina. Kedua, menentukan fungsi seruan panjang bagi asosiasi jangkauan suara (earshot association). Ketiga, menentukan pola seruan panjang orangutan jantan, apakah mengeluarkan seruan panjang di lokasi tertentu misalnya pohon Ficus spp., pohon nonFicus spp., dan pohon sarang. Asosiasi jangkauan suara yang digunakan oleh jantan berpipi adalah suatu strategi jantan untuk menjaga jarak dekat dengan betina dan menolak kehadiran jantan lain yang berada di sekitarnya. Meskipun strategi seperti ini pernah diamati oleh para peneliti sebelumnya, kejadiannya di lapangan belum pernah secara kuantitatif diverifikasi. Data dikumpulkan dengan mengikuti individu target menggunakan metode Ad Libitum untuk merekam interaksi yang terjadi. Berdasarkan studi jangka panjang ini, telah dikonfirmasi ada hirarki non-linier antara jantan berpipi dan ada satu jantan dominan. Selain itu, status sosial yang tinggi dari orangutan jantan berpipi adalah tidak permanen. Selanjutnya, betina dewasa diketahui paling sering ditemukan di sekitar jantan berpipi yang dominan, sehingga membentuk asosiasi di sekitar jantan yang dominan. Respon jelajah jantan terhadap seruan panjang saling menjauhi, sebaliknya respon jelajah betinan terhadap seruan panjang saling mendekati. Penelitian yang juga menunjukkan bahwa, asosiasi bergerak mengikuti di sekitar lokasi dan posisi seruan panjang yang dikeluarkan oleh jantan yang dominan telah membuktikan ada asosiasi jangkauan suara (earshot association). Seruan panjang lebih sering dipancarkan di tepi studi area dan juga di pohon sarang tidur. Hasil ini menyimpulkan bahwa seruan panjang berfungsi menjaga dan memandu betina yang tinggal dalam radius jangkauan suara terdengar.

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Vocal communication plays an importan role in primate social system. In a social life, orangutans communicate with other individual through long calls. However, this behavior is limited to the flanged males orangutan. The long-term studies were conducted since 1988 in Ketambe Research Station, Gunung Leuser National Park, Southeast Aceh regarding this behavior; nonetheless, the reasons of long calls are still unclear. Therefore, the purposes of the study are: First, identify the interactions of males and females orangutan while long-calls are emitted. Second, determine the function of long-calls as a guidance to keep earshot association. Third, determine the pattern of male orangutans long call at a specific locations e.g. fig tree, non-fig tree, and nest tree. Earshot association is a spacing strategy employed by the flanged males to keep close distance to females, while repelling other males orangutan. Although this strategie has been observed by previous researchers, its existence in the field has never been quantitatively verified before. Data were collected by following the individual target using Ad Libitum method to record their interaction. Based on this long-term study, a non-linear hierarchy between flanged males and a dominant flanged male is confirmed. In addition, the high social status of flanged males orangutan is not permanent. Furthermore, adult females are most frequently found around the dominant flanged male, thus forming associations around the dominant male. This study also shows the association is moving around to follow the location and position of long call emitted by the dominant male confirming earshot association. Long calls act as a guidance to keep the association between flanged male and other individuals. When the long-calls emitted by a dominant male, other flanged males are generally keep their distance whereas females are approaching the long-calls? source. The dominant male spend a long time in the fig trees than other males. In addition, males spend their time in the middle of the study area in which overlapped with adult females. Based on the rate of long calls, flanged males more frequently emitted the long calls on the edge of study area and also in the nest tree. These results conclude the long-calls could maintain the association with adult females who live in the similar range with the flanged male (earshot association).

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Orangutan Asia?s great ape has relatively solitary style, which prevents a mother for associating with two offspring. Since lactation is the most obvious uniquely maternal service, weaning is often seen as the essential transition to the ability to survive. However, the mother serves multiple functions: in addition to nutrition, she provides transportation, shelter (against elements), and protection (against conspecifics and predators), and demonstrates numerous skills that the offspring can learn, including knowledge of food species (diet competence), foraging techniques (foraging competence), and efficient use of the range (ranging competence). The offspring eventually has to reach independence in all these aspects, but does not necessarily do so at the same time for all of them (van Noordwijk and van Schaik, 2005). This study of two wild adolescence female orangutans (Kondor, 9.5 years old and Milo, 7.5 years old) and their mother (Kerry with 31 year old second offspring and Mindy with 24 year old second offspring) was conducted at secondary forest the Tuanan Research Station, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. To describe their development of independence, data on their activity budget, nesting behavior, ranging strategies and social interaction (distance intensity with mother, feeding tolerance, and reproduction behavior) were collected during two periods (December 2006 to May 2007 and September 2008 to September 2009). The vii behavior of a study animal was recorded using the instantaneous focal-animal sampling technique and ad libitum for social interaction, while vertical methods for nesting behavior, and GIS Arc View 3.3 for Day Journey Length (DHL) also minimum convex polygon (MCP) for home range size. The proportion of time spent in moving and social are higher with adolescence females comparing their mother. The intensity of the distance affects the process of nest building. It showed by the differences in the duration of nest building and position of the nest. The day journey length and home ranges of adolescence females are longer and larger compared with their own mother. However, the overlapping still high (85-89%) and made them tend to spent feeding tolerance often and longer with their own mother than other orangutans. Larger home ranges lead the offspring having interaction with other orangutans, especially with males. Sexual interactions (attempt copulation, intromission and force copulation) between adolescence female orangutans more frequent happened with unflanged males compared with flanged males.

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ABSTRAK
Penelitian mengenai ekologi orang utan di hutan primer seluas 330 ha dan hutan bekas tebangan seluas 83 ha, Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, telah dilakukan sejak Juli 2009-Juli 2010, dengan data tambahan pada 1993-1995 (sebelum penebangan) dan 2003-2008 (pasca penebangan) khusus untuk daerah jelajah orang utan. Perbandingan kedua tipe habitat di hutan primer dan hutan bekas tebangan dilakukan melalui analisis vegetasi, fruit trail, nest count, pemanfaatan fruit patch per km dan penggunaan daerah jelajah. Pengambilan data vegetasi dilakukan dengan metode kuadrat sebanyak 20 plot. Sedangkan untuk fruit trail dan nest count menggunakan metode transek (4 jalur transek sepanjang 9,1 km), dan untuk pemanfaatan fruit patch per km serta penggunaan daerah jelajah orang utan menggunakan metode focal animal instantaneous dan GPS. Analisis statistik nonparametrik Mann-Whitney digunakan untuk menguji perbedaan penggunaan kedua tipe habitat. Analisis korelasi Spearman digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kelimpahan pohon berbuah (fruit trails) dengan kepadatan sarang (nest counts), kelimpahan pohon berbuah (fruit trails) dengan jelajah orang utan, serta hubungan antara sumber pakan berbuah (fruit patches) dengan jelajah orang utan. Analisis GIS Arc View 3.2 dan Arc GIS 9.3 digunakan untuk melihat luas daerah jelajah orang utan. Hasil analisis vegetasi menunjukkan terdapat 275 pohon dari 99 jenis pohon di hutan primer dengan 67 jenis diantaranya merupakan pohon pakan berbuah. Sedangkan untuk hutan bekas tebangan terdapat 303 pohon dari 87 jenis pohon dengan 56 jenis diantaranya merupakan pohon pakan berbuah. Hutan primer tersusun atas vegetasi asli, sedangkan hutan bekas tebangan tersusun oleh vegetasi perintis. Indeks Keanekaragaman (H?) di hutan primer 3,074; di hutan bekas tebangan 2,961 dan Indeks Kesamaan (ISs) pohon 59,70%; liana 61%, sehingga menyimpulkan bahwa kedua habitat hampir sama dan proses pemulihan hutan dalam 8 tahun terlihat berjalan dengan baik walaupun belum mencapai suksesi akhir. Kelimpahan pohon berbuah tertinggi terjadi pada Juni ? Agustus pada setiap tahun. Kepadatan orang utan berkorelasi positif terhadap ketersediaan buah di hutan primer, tetapi pola yang sama tidak terlihat di hutan bekas tebangan. Jarak jelajah jantan (Asymp.Sig = 0,439) atau betina (Asymp.Sig = 0,121) sebelum penebangan (1993-1995) dan pascapenebangan I (2003-2008), ataupun pascapenebangan II (2009-2010) tidak ada perbedaan. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan (0,307 di hutan primer dan 0,119 di hutan bekas tebangan) antara kelimpahan pohon (semua jenis) berbuah di trails dengan jarak jelajah orang utan. Namun demikian, terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara sumber pakan orang utan berbuah (fruit patches) dengan jarak jelajah orang utan (0,022 di hutan primer dan 0,015 di hutan bekas tebangan). Tujuan orang utan menjelajah untuk mencari sumber pakan khususnya pakan berbuah (Asymp.Sig = 0,005). Berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui pula, 79% orang utan menggunakan hutan primer dan 21% hutan bekas tebangan sebagai daerah jelajahnya.

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Abstract
Research on ecology of orangutans in 330 ha area of which is pristine forest and 83 ha of which has been logged, Ketambe Research Station. The study was conducted in July 2009-July 2010, with additional ranging data from 1993 to 1995 and data from 2003 to 2008. Comparison of these two habitat types was done through analysis of vegetation, fruit trail, nest counts, use of food patches per km and use of ranging. Vegetation data collected from squares method (20 sampling plots), fruit trail and nest count 9.1 km transect lines. Ranging data were collected by focal animal instantaneous sampling and GPS. Arc GIS 3.2 and Arc View GIS 9.3 were used for the analysis of ranging area and tested with Mann-Whitney. The results of vegetation analysis revealed that in unlogged forest there were 275 trees comprising 99 species with 67 species being orangutan food trees, whereas in logged forest there were 303 trees with 87 species of which 56 species were orangutan food trees. Unlogged forests are typically composed of native vegetation whereas logged forests comprise pioneer species. Diversity Index (H?) in unlogged forest 3,074; in logged 2,961 and Similarity index (ISs) to trees 59,70%; liana 61%, revealed that both habitats are similar and natural succession during the past eight years has been progressing well although pioneer trees such as Elateriospermum tapos and Macaranga sp. were still present in the logged forest. Fruit trails studies revealed that levels of productivity of trees fruiting were highest between June-August in each year. Nest counts showed that the productivity of fruit trees was positively correlated to the density of orangutans. Orangutan density was positively correlated to fruit availability in unlogged forest, but the same pattern is seen in logged forest. A range pattern of male and female on before and after logging were not difference. They used primary forest wider than in logged area. There was no significant relationship (0.307 and 0.119 in the unlogged forest in logged forest) between the abundance of fruit trees (all) in trails with a orangutans range. However, there is a significant relationship between orangutan fruit patches with an orangutan?s range (0.022 in the unlogged forest and 0.015 in logged forest). Orangutans prefer to range use the primary forest (79%) as compared to logged forest (21%).

Abstrak :
Sumatran orangutans, found in the Province of Nangroe Aceh Darussalam and North Sumatra Province, are fragmented into four populations. One of these populations exists in Angkola, a forested area located in the southern part of Lake Toba. This population is considered small and narrowly distributed. Our survey shows that individual orangutans appear in and around the Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve. This indicates that orangutans can adapt to fragmented habitats, such as those found near Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve, south of Tapanuli, North Sumatra. The preliminary study was conducted from April 2002 to January 2003. This study recorded the distribution and daily activities of orangutans in Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve. Repeated crisscrossing surveys and focal animal observation were used to document orangutan distribution and daily activity. Human activities are the main factor for the loss of orangutan habitat. Illegal logging, forest conversion for timber concessions and plantations, road construction, and settlement are the main factors for forest loss. This forces orangutans out of their native habitat and makes them vulnerable to extinction. Based on direct sightings, orangutans are found at Aek Nabara and Sitolu. Moreover, the presence of orangutans is indicated by nests at the Sihulambu and Bulu Mario sites. The orangutan population is not evenly distributed but seems to be present at locations with food resources. Seven individuals were chosen as focal animals. They consisted of three adult females, three sub-adult males, and one juvenile. Total observation time was 757 hours and 40 minutes. Feeding, moving, resting, nesting, and social activities were the main activities that were recorded. Orangutans spent their daily activity budgets as follows: feeding (42.29%), moving (16.47%), resting (37.41%), nesting (1.89%), and social contact (1.93%). Orangutans spent much of their time (42.29%) feeding, particularly when food resources were abundant. Due to their large body size, food consumption was high. There are 115 types of orangutan food consisting of fruits (36.6%), flowers (3.89%), leaves (28.33%), bark (17.7%), and pith/stem (11.67%), and other food types (insects, honey, etc.) (1.67%). Fruit is the main source of orangutans' food. We concluded that the distribution and daily activity of orangutans at Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve are greatly influenced by the availability of food, particularly fruit. When favored fruit is abundantly available, orangutans will constantly consume that fruit and visit fruit trees of the same species in other locations. Orangutans will also search for other food in community farms near the Nature Reserve when forest fruit availability is low, leading to conflict with local people.

Abstrak :
Perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus) menjadi gambaran adanya interaksi antara orangutan induk dan anaknya. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pola perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. Peralihan habitat dari alam ke kebun binatang dapat menyebabkan perubahan perilaku salah satunya perilaku pengasuhan. Perilaku pengasuhan menjadi bagian terpenting dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan orangutan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati dan menganalisis pola perilaku pengasuhan orangutan kalimantan, sehingga orangutan dapat berperilaku secara alami dan orangutan anak dapat diasuh dengan baik. Subjek penelitian ini yaitu satu orangutan induk (Mony) dan satu orangutan anak (Hope). Metode yang digunakan yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat pola pengasuhan yang terbentuk, yaitu breastfeeding, grooming, following, food sharing, protection, carried, playing, no food sharing, dan aggression. Perilaku pengasuhan tertinggi yaitu perilaku breastfeeding (32,60%), sedangkan perilaku terendah yaitu perilaku no food sharing dan aggression (0%). Pengaruh keberadaan pengunjung membuat perilaku pengasuhan yang muncul memiliki perbedaan, seperti ketika ramai pengunjung perilaku yang mendominasi (following), sedangkan ketika sepi pengunjung perilaku yang mendominasi (breastfeeding). Kesejahteraan orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka, Yogyakarta termasuk ke dalam kategori sangat baik dengan nilai rata-rata 85,20. Perilaku pengasuhan yang diberikan orangutan induk sesuai dengan kondisi anaknya dimana masih usia yang belum disapih. Selain itu, terdapat pengaruh keberadaan pengunjung terhadap beberapa perilaku pengasuhan yang muncul pada orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka. ......Parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) becomes an overview of interactions between parent orangutans and their children. A study regarding the parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo has been conducted. Habitat transition from nature to the zoo can cause changes in behavior, one of which is parenting behavior. Parenting behavior becomes the most important part of the growth and development of baby orangutans. Therefore, this study aims to observe and analyze the parenting behavior of Bornean orangutans, so that orangutans can behave naturally and baby orangutans can be well cared for. The subjects of the study were one parent orangutan (Mony) and one baby orangutan (Hope). Methods used were focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling. Based on the results of the study, the parenting behaviors formed were breastfeeding, grooming, following, food sharing, protection, carried, playing, no food sharing, and aggression. The highest parenting behavior was breastfeeding (32,60%), while one lowest parenting behavior was no food sharing and aggression (0%). The influence of visitors made parenting behavior different. When there were many visitors, the dominating behavior was following, while when there were no visitors, the dominating behavior was breastfeeding. The welfare of Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta is included in a very good category with an average score of 85,20. The parenting behavior given by parent orangutans is in accordance with the babies’ conditions, which are not weaned yet. Moreover, there is an influence of visitors on some parenting behavior that appear in Bornean orangutans in Gembira Loka Zoo.

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ABSTRAK
Penelitian pengenalan sumber pakan dan perilaku bersarang orangutan borneo Pongo pygmaeus Linnaeus, 1760 golongan umur anak tanpa induk di Sekolah Hutan Tembak, Sintang Kalimantan Barat telah dilakukan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengamati pengenalan sumber pakan dan perilaku bersarang orangutan anak dalam Kandang Sosialisasi dan Sekolah Hutan Tembak. Sebanyak dua orangutan anak diamati melalui metode focal animal sampling dan ad libitum. Melalui 401 jam pengamatan, hasil penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu jenis makanan kedua orangutan anak di Kandang Sosialisasi didominasi oleh buah 76,82 , sedangkan di Sekolah Hutan Tembak didominasi oleh daun 38,32 . Perilaku bersarang kedua orangutan anak di Kandang Sosial dan Sekolah Hutan Tembak cukup baik. Kedua orangutan anak mampu membuat sarang meskipun belum sampai pada tahap penguncian sarang.

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ABSTRACT
The research of explore to food sources and nesting behaviour of orphaned juvenile bornean orangutan Pongo pygmaeus Linnaeus, 1760 at Tembak Forest School, Sintang West Kalimantan has been conducted. The study aims to observe food sources exploration and nesting behaviour of juvenile orangutan in Socialization Cages and Tembak Forest School. Two juvenile orangutans were observed through focal animal sampling and ad libitum methods. With 401 hours observation, the result showed that food sources introduction at Socialization Cages of both juvenile orangutans are dominated by fruits 76,82 while at Tembak Forest School are dominated by leaves 38,32 . The nesting behaviour both of juvenile orangutans are quite good, both of juvenile orangutans are able to make nest even though it has not reached the nest locking stage.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai respons orangutan (Pongo abelii) betina bunting dan betina dengan anak terhadap jantan berdasarkan perilaku reproduksinya di Taman Safari Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi respons orangutan betina bunting dan betina yang memiliki anak terhadap jantan, serta mengetahui perilaku harian pada orangutan betina bunting dan betina dengan anak di kawasan konservasi ex-situ Taman Safari Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan pada dua orangutan sumatra (Pongo abelii) betina matang kelamin, yaitu B1 memiliki anak berumur 4 tahun dan B2 sedang bunting 6 bulan. Pengamatan perilaku harian menggunakan focal instantaneous sampling dengan time point 5 menit dan pengamatan perilaku reproduksi menggunakan metode adlibitum. Hasil menunjukkan perbedaan proporsi perilaku harian. Perilaku harian menunjukkan perbedaan proporsi (P=0,000). Perilaku makan merupakan proporsi tertinggi pada kedua betina. B1 memiliki proporsi makan, bergerak dan sosial yang lebih tinggi, sedangkan B2 memiliki proporsi istirahat yang lebih tinggi. Respons kedua betina terhadap jantan terlihat melalui perilaku atraktivitas, proseptivitas dan resptivitas dengan proporsi yang berbeda (P=0,000). Kedua betina menunjukkan proporsi reseptivitas tertinggi pada perilaku reproduksi, tetapi berdasarkan durasi, reseptivitas B1 lebih rendah dibandingkan B2. Respon B1 terhadap jantan memiliki proporsi yang rendah karena adanya intervensi oleh anaknya. Orangutan B2 teramati menunjukkan perilaku sangat proaktif terhadap jantan dan tidak ada gangguan dari keberadaan betina lain di dalam kandang yang sama.
A study of responses of pregnant and female with the child to males in Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) based on reproductive behavior has been conducted in Taman Safari Bogor, West Java. The aim is evaluating responses of pregnant and the female with a child to males, as well as find out their daily activities under the ex-situ area in Taman Safari Bogor. The subjects are female with a child (4-years old) (B1) and pregnant female (6-months) (B2). The daily activities were observed every 5 minutes by focal instantaneous sampling, whereas reproductive behavior by ad libitum for 5.5 hours a day from October to November 2019. The observation got 8.580 minutes of daily activities and 4.290 minutes of reproductive behavior. The result presented different proportions of the daily activities of both females. Feeding is the highest proportion of their daily activities. The pregnant female (B2) had a higher resting proportion, whereas females with child (B1) had higher proportions of feeding; moving; also socializing. Reproductive behavior presented a different proportion too (P=0,000). Female B1 and B2 have the highest receptivity in reproduction activities, yet based on the duration, B1 receptivity lower than B2. Respons B1 to males was interference by the child. Female B2 has the most proceptivity and not disruption by another female in the same cage.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian interaksi reproduksi orangutan sumatra jantan terhadap betina pasangannya dalam exhibit di Taman Safari Bogor, Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 24 hari dengan total waktu 7.920 menit, dilakukan selama enam hari dalam sepekan. Pengamatan perilaku dimulai pada pukul 09.30--16.00 WIB. Aktivitas interaksi yang diamati berupa perilaku sosial yang bersifat afiliatif dan agonistik, serta perilaku reproduksi meliputi atraktivitas, proseptivitas, dan reseptivitas. Subjek pengamatan yaitu dua individu orangutan sumatra yang berada di dua kawasan berbeda. Kawasan pertama terdapat individu jantan (J1) bersama betina pasangannya dan orangutan anak di Baby Zoo, kawasan kedua terdapat individu jantan (J2) bersama dua betina bunting di Primata Center. Hasil menunjukan proporsi yang berbeda pada perilaku sosial dan perilaku reproduksi pada kedua subjek yang diamati. Pola perilaku sosial pada J1 menunjukan social afiliatif (grooming) menjadi aktivitas tertinggi (40%) sedangkan J2 social afiliatif (approaching) menjadi aktivitas tertinggi (33%). Selama periode pengamatan, perilaku agonistik tidak ditemukan. Individu J1 dan J2 memiliki perilaku reproduksi terbesar adalah atraktivitas, dengan J1 atraktivitas (3%) lebih rendah dibandingkan J2 (14%). Perilaku sosial afiliatif pada individu J1 lebih besar dibanding J2 karena aktivitas grooming yang juga dilakukan kepada anak. Interaksi reproduksi pada J2 lebih besar dibanding J1, karena individu J2 ditempatkan dalam exhibit bersama dua betina pasangannya. Oleh karena itu, interaksi sosial yang dilakukan lebih intensif.