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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Reservoir modeling dan estamasi produksi dari proyek waterflooding di lapangan Lengo telah dilakukan. Reservoir modeling merupakan langkah pertama dimana di tahapan ini dihasilkan model reservoir geologi dari lapangan Lengo yang kemudian akan dilakukan pembagiaan kelas-kelas reservoirnya berdasarkan data porositas. Langkah kedua adalah aplikasi teori Buckley ? Leverett yang digunakan untuk mengestimasi nilai gain produksi dan waktu yang dibutuhkan dari breakthrough hingga sumur monitor memproduksi 100% air. Berdasarkan reservoir modeling yang dikontrol oleh data core, lapisan L3/4 di lapangan Lengo dapat dibagi menjadi 5 kelas (0-9.5% kelas 1; 9.5-17.04% kelas 2; 17.04-23.91% kelas 3; 23.91-28.53% kelas 4 dan 28.53-33.91 kelas 5). Pada skema waterflooding telah dipilih 9 sumur kandidat injeksi dan 11 sumur produksi dimana kerakteristik reservoir sumur-sumur injeksi tersebut masuk dalam kelas 3 dan 4. Aplikasi teori Buckley ? Levertt menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan waktu breakthrough sangat dipengaruhi oleh sifat permeabilitas relative minyak-air dan Pore volume batuan (Porositas * Ketebalan). Dari perhitungan yang telah dilakukan konfigurasi sumur injector ? produksi 3-3, 7-8 dan 9-9 diprediksi akan menghasilkan penambahan produksi yang bagus.

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ABSTRACT
Reservoir modelling and production estimastion of waterflooding project has been conducted on Lengo filed. In this project reservoir modeling are the first steps to creat the reservoir geology model of the Lengo field and then used to make reservoir class depent on porosity data. The second steps are the Buckley ? Levrett theory that used to estimate the gain production and time from Breakthough until 100% water produce in monitoring well. Based on the reservoir model wich control by core data, the L3/4 reservoir in Lengo field can be devided into 5 class (0-9.5% as class 1; 9.5-17.04% as class 2; 17.04-23.91% as class 3; 23.91-28.53% as class 4 dan 28.53-33.91 as class 5). For the waterflooding project we use 9 wells for injection well and 11 wells for prodctuion/monitoring well where the reservoir charcteristic for all candidate wells included in class 3 and 4. Aplication of Buckley ? Leverett show that Breakthrourgh time very effected by oil /water relative permeability and pore volume (Porosity * H) of the reservoir. Based on the calculation configuration of injector-production wells of 3-3, 7-8 and 9-9 will be produce good gain i.e., 218.3MSTB, 196.8 MSTB and 437.1 MSTB, Reservoir modelling and production estimastion of waterflooding project has been conducted on Lengo filed. In this project reservoir modeling are the first steps to creat the reservoir geology model of the Lengo field and then used to make reservoir class depent on porosity data. The second steps are the Buckley – Levrett theory that used to estimate the gain production and time from Breakthough until 100% water produce in monitoring well. Based on the reservoir model wich control by core data, the L3/4 reservoir in Lengo field can be devided into 5 class (0-9.5% as class 1; 9.5-17.04% as class 2; 17.04-23.91% as class 3; 23.91-28.53% as class 4 dan 28.53-33.91 as class 5). For the waterflooding project we use 9 wells for injection well and 11 wells for prodctuion/monitoring well where the reservoir charcteristic for all candidate wells included in class 3 and 4. Aplication of Buckley – Leverett show that Breakthrourgh time very effected by oil /water relative permeability and pore volume (Porosity * H) of the reservoir. Based on the calculation configuration of injector-production wells of 3-3, 7-8 and 9-9 will be produce good gain i.e., 218.3MSTB, 196.8 MSTB and 437.1 MSTB]

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Identifikasi keberadaan hidrokarbon di bawah permukaan bumi merupakan salah satu tujuan utama dalam eksplorasi lapangan minyak bumi dalam usaha mengidentifikasi keberadaan hidrokarbon. Impedansi-poisson yang merupakan salah satu metoda yang digunakan untuk mendiskriminasi sifat fisis batuan terhadap fluida dengan cara mengamati sensitivitas dari rasio poisson telah diterapkan lebih lanjut untuk menghasilkan suatu metoda turunan yang lebih baik. Pendekatan sifat fisika batuan antara impedansi-poisson dengan log sumuran yang merepresentasikan properti batuan menghasilkan suatu metoda turunan yang dinamakan impedansi-litologi. Sedangkan pendekatan sifat fisis fluida yang terkandung didalam batuan terhadap impedansi-poisson menghasilkan diskriminasi kandungan fluida didalam batuan yang kemudian dinamakan impedansi-fluida. Metoda TCCA – Target Coeffisien Corellation Analysis – yang digunakan untuk mencari koefisien korelasi tertinggi dari sifat fisis batuan terhadap impedansi-poisson telah digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk menghasilkan log sumuran impedansi-litologi dan impedansi-fluida yang kemudian di propagasi dengan neural network. Hasil propagasi impedansi-litologi digunakan sebagai input untuk kalkulasi atribut koherensi yang diperkuat dengan hasil propagasi impedansi-fluida untuk menghasilkan prediksi sebaran batuan reservoar. Dari hasil penelitian pada horison FS33 terlihat pola channel yang terbentuk dan tervalidasi dengan data sumur. Demikian juga pada sayatan horison FS37, pola channel batuan reservoar terlihat dengan jelas dan tervalidasi terhadap dua sumur yang dilalui. Sedangkan pada sayatan horison FS42 selain teridentifikasi pola channel reservoar yang terbentuk, teridentifikasi juga batuan karbonat yang divalidasi dengan data sumur dan data batuan inti

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ABSTRACT
Hydrocarbon identification in subsurface is one of main goals in petroleum exploration so that the litho-fluid content discriminations are a part of hydrocarbon identifications which have been widely applied today. Poisson-impedance which is one of the new methods that are used to discriminate rocks by examining the sensitivity of physical rock properties of poisson-ratio has been further developed to produce derivatives method. Physical properties approaches between poissonratio and a well-log which represents rock properties can be used to get highest correlation to produce a new derivative well-log named lithology-impedance. As a fluid-rock properties approach between poisson-ratio and a well-log represents litho-fluid content properties produces a new derivative well-log named fluidimpedance. TCCA method –Target Coeffisien Corellation Analyst– is used to find the highest correlation coefficient of the physical properties of rock fluid on the poisson ratio has been used in this study to generate two new derivatives well-log which would be propagated by means of neural-networks. The result of lithologyimpedance propagation is further proceed with seismic coherence attribute as a reflection of geology and stratigraphy forms which are then combined with fluidimpedance propagation result to emphasize reservoir prediction distribution laterally. The study results of FS33 slicing discovers sand channels pattern and validated by well-log. Similarly with horizon slicing of FS37, patterns of sand channels reservoir are clearly visible and validated against two well-logs that passed. While on horizon slicing of FS42 besides discovering sand channels, carbonate rocks is also identified which is validated by well-log and core sample analyst.;Hydrocarbon identification in subsurface is one of main goals in petroleum exploration so that the litho-fluid content discriminations are a part of hydrocarbon identifications which have been widely applied today. Poisson-impedance which is one of the new methods that are used to discriminate rocks by examining the sensitivity of physical rock properties of poisson-ratio has been further developed to produce derivatives method. Physical properties approaches between poissonratio and a well-log which represents rock properties can be used to get highest correlation to produce a new derivative well-log named lithology-impedance. As a fluid-rock properties approach between poisson-ratio and a well-log represents litho-fluid content properties produces a new derivative well-log named fluidimpedance. TCCA method –Target Coeffisien Corellation Analyst– is used to find the highest correlation coefficient of the physical properties of rock fluid on the poisson ratio has been used in this study to generate two new derivatives well-log which would be propagated by means of neural-networks. The result of lithologyimpedance propagation is further proceed with seismic coherence attribute as a reflection of geology and stratigraphy forms which are then combined with fluidimpedance propagation result to emphasize reservoir prediction distribution laterally. The study results of FS33 slicing discovers sand channels pattern and validated by well-log. Similarly with horizon slicing of FS37, patterns of sand channels reservoir are clearly visible and validated against two well-logs that passed. While on horizon slicing of FS42 besides discovering sand channels, carbonate rocks is also identified which is validated by well-log and core sample analyst.;Hydrocarbon identification in subsurface is one of main goals in petroleum exploration so that the litho-fluid content discriminations are a part of hydrocarbon identifications which have been widely applied today. Poisson-impedance which is one of the new methods that are used to discriminate rocks by examining the sensitivity of physical rock properties of poisson-ratio has been further developed to produce derivatives method. Physical properties approaches between poissonratio and a well-log which represents rock properties can be used to get highest correlation to produce a new derivative well-log named lithology-impedance. As a fluid-rock properties approach between poisson-ratio and a well-log represents litho-fluid content properties produces a new derivative well-log named fluidimpedance. TCCA method –Target Coeffisien Corellation Analyst– is used to find the highest correlation coefficient of the physical properties of rock fluid on the poisson ratio has been used in this study to generate two new derivatives well-log which would be propagated by means of neural-networks. The result of lithologyimpedance propagation is further proceed with seismic coherence attribute as a reflection of geology and stratigraphy forms which are then combined with fluidimpedance propagation result to emphasize reservoir prediction distribution laterally. The study results of FS33 slicing discovers sand channels pattern and validated by well-log. Similarly with horizon slicing of FS37, patterns of sand channels reservoir are clearly visible and validated against two well-logs that passed. While on horizon slicing of FS42 besides discovering sand channels, carbonate rocks is also identified which is validated by well-log and core sample analyst., Hydrocarbon identification in subsurface is one of main goals in petroleum exploration so that the litho-fluid content discriminations are a part of hydrocarbon identifications which have been widely applied today. Poisson-impedance which is one of the new methods that are used to discriminate rocks by examining the sensitivity of physical rock properties of poisson-ratio has been further developed to produce derivatives method. Physical properties approaches between poissonratio and a well-log which represents rock properties can be used to get highest correlation to produce a new derivative well-log named lithology-impedance. As a fluid-rock properties approach between poisson-ratio and a well-log represents litho-fluid content properties produces a new derivative well-log named fluidimpedance. TCCA method –Target Coeffisien Corellation Analyst– is used to find the highest correlation coefficient of the physical properties of rock fluid on the poisson ratio has been used in this study to generate two new derivatives well-log which would be propagated by means of neural-networks. The result of lithologyimpedance propagation is further proceed with seismic coherence attribute as a reflection of geology and stratigraphy forms which are then combined with fluidimpedance propagation result to emphasize reservoir prediction distribution laterally. The study results of FS33 slicing discovers sand channels pattern and validated by well-log. Similarly with horizon slicing of FS37, patterns of sand channels reservoir are clearly visible and validated against two well-logs that passed. While on horizon slicing of FS42 besides discovering sand channels, carbonate rocks is also identified which is validated by well-log and core sample analyst.]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Limbah lumpur di lapangan minyak bumi dikategorikan sebagai limbah B3 dan berbahaya bagi lingkungan hidup. Air terproduksi yang merupakan aliran limbah dalam produksi minyak bumi mengandung polutan non-biodegradable seperti senyawa fenolik yang memiliki toksisitas tinggi pada perairan. Lumpur memiliki potensi besar untuk diubah menjadi karbon aktif berpori yang dapat disuspensikan dengan fotokatalis TiO2 untuk digunakan dalam degradasi senyawa fenolik melalui reaksi fotokatalisis. Dengan memodifikasi ukuran pori karbon aktif dan ukuran partikel TiO2 aktifitas fotokatalisis dapat ditingkatkan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikaji suatu metode untuk sintesis karbon aktif berpori dan suspensinya dengan fotokatalis TiO2 dalam usaha mendegradasi senyawa fenolik yang terkandung dalam air terproduksi di lapangan minyak bumi. Pada penelitian ini, lumpur dikonversi menjadi karbon aktif berpori menggunakan metode hard template dengan MCM-41 sebagai template silika mesopori, karbonasi dilakukan dalam atmosfert inert. MCM-41 disintesis dengan metode hidrotermal menggunakan TEOS dan CTAB. TiO2 Nanowire disintesis dengan metode hidrotermal dalam larutan KOH dan dikalsinasi pada suhu berbeda untuk mengetahui bentuk partikel terbaik. Aplikasi reaksi degradasi senyawa fenolik dilakukan dengan fotokatalis TiO2 Degussa P25, TiO2 Nanowirei dan Suspensi TiO2-PAC, untuk mengetahui pengaruh ukuran partikel TiO2 dan keberadaan karbon aktif dalam reaksi degradasi senyawa fenolik. Limbah lumpur, karbon aktif berpori, TiO2 nanowire, MCM-41 dan suspense katalis TiO2-PAC hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan CS Analyzer, FTIR, EDX, SEM, BET, XRD, PSA dan TEM. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan karbon aktif berpori dan MCM-41 yang dihasilkan memiliki diameter pori 3.0 dan 2.2 nm (mesopori), sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. TiO2 nanowire yang dipilih adalah hasil kalsinasi pada suhu 600 oC karena memiliki kristalinitas terbaik dibanding lainnya. Aplikasi degradasi Fenol dilakukan pada rentang waktu reaksi tertentu dan dianalisis kadar Fenol, TOC dan COD menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil reaksi degradasi senyawa fenolik menunjukkan suspensi katalis TiO2-PAC menghasilkan degradasi Fenol, TOC dan COD terbesar dengan keberhasilan degradasi (% Degradasi) sebesar 64.06 %, 49.81 % dan 24.65%. Dengan ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa limbah lumpur dapat dikonversi menjadi karbon aktif berpori yang dapat berperan dalam degradasi senyawa fenolik setelah disuspensikan dengan TiO2 Nanowire.

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ABSTRACT Petroleum sludge waste categorized as toxic waste and harmful to the environment. Produced water which is the flow of waste in petroleum production, containing non-biodegradable pollutant such as phenolic compound which have high aquatic toxicity. Sludge has great potential to be converted into a porous activated carbon (PAC) which can be suspended with TiO2 photocatalyst to degrade phenolic compound through photocatalytic reaction. By modifying pore size of the activated carbon and particle size of TiO2, photocatalytic activity can be improved. Therefore, it is necessary to study for the synthesis of activated carbon and the suspension with TiO2 photocatalyst in attempt to degrade phenolic compound contained in produced water of petroleum field. In this research, sludge is converted into PAC using hard template method with MCM-41 as template of silica mesopore, carbonization is conducted in stream of inert atmosphere. MCM- 41 synthesized by hydrothermal method using TEOS and CTAB. Nanowire TiO2 synthesized by hydrothermal method in solution of KOH and calcined at different temperatures to determine the best form of particles. Applications of phenolic compound degradation reactions performed with photocatalysts of TiO2 Degussa P25, Nanowire TiO2, and suspension of TiO2-PAC, to determine the effect of particle size of TiO2 and the presence of PAC in the reaction of phenolic compound degradation. Sludge waste, PAC, Nanowire TiO2, MCM-41, and suspension of TiO2-PAC synthesized were characterized using CS Analyzer, FTIR, EDX, SEM, BET, XRD and PSA. The results shows PAC and MCM-41 produced has a pore diameter of 3,0 and 2,2 nm (mesopore) as expected. Nanowire TiO2 chosen is the result of calcinations at temperature of 600 oC, because it has the best cristallinity than others. Phenolic compound degradation performed at certain time intervals and analyzed the content of total phenol, TOC, and COD using spectrometer UV-Vis. The results shows suspension of TiO2-PAC has largest degradation of phenolic, TOC and COD with the phenolic, TOC, and COD degradation of 64,06%, 49,81%, and 24,65%, respectively. It can be concluded that petroleum sludge waste can be converted into PAC which can play a role in the degradation of phenolic compound after suspended with Nanowire TiO2.

Abstrak :
Penyebaran Porositas pada reservoir lapangan minyak bisa dilakukan dengan berbagai pendekatan. Hal ini didasarkan pada beberapa pertimbangan seperti kondisi lapangan dan ketersediaan data. Salah satu metode yang sering digunakan adalah Inversi Impedansi Akustik dan Multiatribut Neural Network. Lapangan Z adalah lapangan tua yang masih produksi berlokasi di Sumatra tengah milik PT. Pertamina Hulu Energi dengan jarak 120 km dari pekanbaru. Lapangan ini terdiri dari 5 formasi yaitu telisa, sand A, sand B, dan Sand C. Jumlah keseluruhan lapisan batupasir adalah 13 lapisan dimana ke 13 lapisan tersebut produktif. Adapun data yang tersedia adalah data sumur berjumlah 4 memiliki data sonic dan data seismic 3D lapangan tersebut. Penyebaran porositas dengan menggunakan Inversi Impedansi Akustik tidak dimasukan menjadi input untuk Multiatribut Neural Network. Dari analisis crossplot pada formasi target yaitu bangko didapatkan cut-off besaran fisis reservoir yaitu Nilai cut-off densitas dan porositas reservoir batupasir berkisar antara 2,14 ndash; 2,33 g/cc dan 0,15 ndash; 0,3 fraction . Dari hasil penelitian yang sudah dilakukan dengan inversi akustik menggunakan sumur Z-1 dan Z-2. Probabilistic neural network memperbesar nilai korelasi dari multiatribut regresi sehingga lebih baik dalam menyebarkan porsitas dibandingkan inversi impedansi akustik pada lapangan ini. Rekomendasi pengembangan lapangan yaitu arah timur laut dari sumur Z-1 karena menunjukan nilai porositas lebih baik daripada daerah sekitarnya yaitu 0.15 ndash; 0.18 fraction.

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Porosity Distribution in oil field reservoir can be done with various approaches. It is based on several considerations such as field conditions and data availability. One of the most commonly used methods is Inversion of Acoustic Impedance and Multiple Neural Network. Field Z is an old field still in production located in Central Sumatra owned by PT. Pertamina Hulu Energi, 120 km from Pekanbaru. The field consists of 5 formations namely Telisa, Sand A, Sand B, and Sand C. The total layer of sandstone is 13 layers where it is produced. The available data are wells data amounted to 4 have sonic data and 3D seismic data of that field. The dispersion of porosity by using the Acoustic Impedance Inversion is not included as the input for Multiattribute Neural Network. From cross plot analysis on the target formation of bangko, a cut off density of the reservoir and the porosity of the sandstone reservoir ranged from 2.14 to 2.33 g cc and 0.15 to 0.3 fraction. From the results of research that has been done with acoustic inversion using Z 1 and Z 2 wells. Probabilistic neural networks increase the correlation value of multi attributes regression so that it is better to propagate porosity than the inversion of acoustic impedance in this field. The field development recommendation is the northeast direction of the Z 1 well because it shows better porosity value than the surrounding area is 0.15 0.18 fraction.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian di lapangan "SG" pada Formasi Talang Akar Sub-Cekungan Jambi dengan studi inversi Acoustic Impedance (AI) dan Elastic Impedance (EI) untuk mengkarakterisasi reservoar. Struktur geologi yang berkembang disekitar daerah penelitian merupakan tinggian Sungai Gelam yang memiliki arah timurlaut (NE) - baratdaya (SW) dengan fasies fluvial pada Formasi Lower Talang Akar dan shallow marine pada Formasi Upper Talang Akar. Metode AI yang melibatkan kecepatan gelombang P (VP) dan densitas menjadi kurang sensitif untuk kehadiran fluida. Untuk itu dilakukan metode EI dengan melibatkan kecepatan gelombang P (VP), kecepatan gelombang S (VS), dan densitas sehingga lebih sensitif terhadap kehadiran fluida. Metode AI di lakukan pada data seismik post stack yang diinversi menghasilkan Volume AI untuk mengetahui lithology sedangkan metode EI dilakukan pada data seismik pre-stack dalam bentuk gather yang di mulai dengan super gather, kemudian merubah domain offset menjadi sudut (angle gather) dan menghasilkan data seismik near angle stack dan far angle stack yang selanjutnya diinversi menghasilkan volume EI near dan far untuk mengetahui sebaran fluida gas dengan pemilihan zona gas berdasarkan crossplot hasil inversi EI near dan far. Di dapatkan hasil pada penampang AI, zona sand berada pada nilai 20.500 ft/s*g/cc sampai dengan 29.000 ft/s*g/cc dan hasil crossplot inversi EI near dan far pada zona sand yang berpotensi mengandung gas didapatkan ketika nilai EI far lebih kecil dibandingkan nilai EI near. Sebaran reservoar yang berpotensi mengandung gas berada di sebelah barat daya sampai ke utara daerah penelitian ini. ...... Acoustic Impedance (AI) and Elastic Impedance (EI) inversion study had been done on “SG” field on Talang Akar Formation, Sub-Basin Jambi for reservoir characterization. Geological structure that developed in this study area is a Sungai Gelam high which has North East (NE) – South West (SW) direction with fluvial facies in Lower Talang Akar Formation and also shallow marine facies in Upper Talang Akar Formation. AI method which involve P-wave velocity and density is insensitive to fluid. Thus, EI method which involve P-wave velocity, density and S-wave velocity implemented to made more sensitive to fluid presence. AI method had been done on seismic post stack data which inverted to AI volume to understand lithology of the field while EI method had been done on pre-stack seismic data gather which starts with super gather, then transform offset domain to angle domain and generate seismic near angle stack and far angle stack herein after inverted to generate EI volume near and far to perceive gas fluid distribution by gas zone selection based on crossplot inversion result of EI near and far. The result on AI section, sand zone is on 20,500 ft/s*g/cc up to 29,000 ft/s*g/cc and result of crossplot inversion EI near and far on sand zone, which potentially contain gas, obtained when EI far smaller than EI near. Reservoir distribution and potentially contain gas is on South-West to North of this area.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini membahas tentang upaya dominasi perusahaan minyak asing di pertambangan minyak Blok Cepu. Sebelum adanya perusahaan minyak asing, kegiatan pertambangan minyak di Blok Cepu dilakukan secara tradisional oleh masyarakat sekitar. Namun, perubahan terjadi setelah masuknya perusahaan asing ke pertambangan minyak Blok Cepu. Seiring dengan perkembangannya, minyak bumi yang dapat digali dari beberapa daerah di Indonesia menghasilkan minyak bumi yang sangat potensial untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar yang dapat dikomersilkan. Kandungan minyak bumi yang terdapat di ladang minyak Cepu diperkirakan mencapai dua miliar barrel bahkan lebih. Oleh karena itu perusahaan minyak asing sangat gencar melakukan negosiasi dengan pemerintah Indonesia agar dapat diberikan izin untuk bekerjasama mengelola pertambangan minyak di Blok Cepu. Masuknya perusahaan minyak asing ke Indonesia tidak lepas dari dibuatnya Undang-Undang tentang Penanaman Modal Asing. Salah satu perusahaan minyak dari Amerika yang menanamkan modalnya di pertambangan minyak Blok Cepu adalah ExxonMobil. Melihat potensi kekayaan minyak bumi yang terkandung di Blok Cepu, ExxonMobil bahkan ingin mendominasi dan memperpanjang kontrak pengelolaan di pertambangan minyak Blok Cepu. Hal tersebut menimbulkan reaksi keras dari berbagai kalangan sehingga mendorong pemerintah turun tangan untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut dan membuat berbagai kebijakan terkait pengelolaan pertambangan minyak di daerah tersebut.

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This research discusses efforts to dominated foreign oil companies in Cepu Block oil mining. Before it was the existence of foreign oil companies, oil mining activities in the Cepu Block were traditionally carried out by local people. However, changes occurred after the entry of foreign companies into the Cepu Block oil mine. Along with its development, oil which can be excavated from several regions in Indonesia produces oil which is very potential for use as fuel which can be commercialized. The petroleum which is contented in the Cepu Oil field is estimated at two billion barrels or more. Therefore, foreign oil companies vigorous negotiation with the Indonesian government so that they can be granted permission to cooperate manage oil mining in the Cepu Block. The entry of foreign oil companies to Indonesia cannot be separated from the made of the Law on Foreign Investment. One of the oil companies from America investing in the Cepu Block oil mining is ExxonMobil. By looking at the potential for petroleum wealth contained in the Cepu Block, ExxonMobil even wants to dominate and extend the management contract in the Cepu Block oil mine. That matter raises a strong reaction from various groups that prompted the government to step in to solve these problems and make various policies regarding the management of oil mining in the area.

Abstrak :
Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui variabel determinan jumlah permintaan minyak tanah di 30 propinsi di Indonesia pada tahun 2004, dengan tujuan melihat keberhasilan kebijakan pemerintah mengenai konversi minyak tanah ke LPG dalam rangka penghematan APBN. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan model Permintaan, metode Ordinary Least Square. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh secara signifikan pada jumlah permintaan minyak tanah (Kt) yaitu harga minyak tanah itu sendiri (PKt), pendapatan per kapita (Y/cap) dan jumlah permintaan minyak tanah pada tahun sebelumnya (Kt-1).Berdasarkan kenyataan jumlah permintaan minyak tanah saat ini tahun 2008, yaitu tahun setelah konversi berjalan, jumlah permintaan minyak tanah menurun jika dibandingkan dengan hasil regresi tahun 2008 dengan asumsi ceteris paribus atau tidak ada konversi minyak tanah ke LPG. Dengan kata lain, kebijakan konversi minyak tanah ke LPG yang dijalankan pemerintah sampai saat ini berhasil. Namun total penghematan APBN yang dicapai pada tahun 2008 tidak sesuai dengan target pemerintah di awal kebijakan konversi minyak tanah ke LPG dijalankan.

Abstrak :
Pada pemasangan menara pengeboran minyak di darat (onshore rig) diperlukan tali baja (guyline) untuk menahan gaya horizontal yang berasal dari angin dan ketidakrataan tanah, untuk menjaga agar rig tidak jatuh dan untuk menambah kapasitas beban dari well yang bisa diangkat. Standar yang mengatur pemasangan guylines adalah 4G API, yang salah satunya mengatur tentang besarnya tegangan pemasangan tali baja yang bisa didapatkan dari suatu alat ukur. Alat ukur ini harus dapat membaca tegangan guyline secara aksial, akurat ,dan presisi. Pengembangan alat dilakukan dengan menggunakan empat strain gages sebagai tranducer yang ditempel pada sebuah dudukan logam agar sesuai dengan kondisi guyline dan keakuratan alat ukur. Penelitian ini adalah pengembangan dari penelitian sebelumnya dengan melakukan pengembangan dan pembuatan model dudukan strain gage. Untuk lebih mendapatkan keakurasian model, pengembangan dilakukan dengan lebih mempertimbangkan posisi penempelan strain gage agar regangan kecil yang terjadi dapat terbaca, yaitu dengan menggunakan empat buah strain gages agar sensitivitasnya meningkat. Bentuk model dudukan strain gage harus mempunyai ketahanan yang baik dari beban bending dan buckling. Selain itu, model bentuk dudukan strain gage juga harus mempunyai sebaran tegangan yang merata. Hal ini disebabkan apabila sebaran tegangan tidak merata sampai pada posisi penempelan strain gage maka keakuratan hasil dari pembacaan strain gage akan berkurang.

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Setting up onshore rig is needed a guylines to counter horizontal forces, because of wind and unflatness of soil, to hold rig do not fa ll and to add load capacity in carrying well. Guylines must be put based on authorized standard, called 4G API stndard, that control amount of stress in setting up guylines. In order to set the guylines according to standard, so measurement tool is needed to measure stresses on guylines. The designed of measurement tool uses strain gage as transducer that is attached on a mounting, designed to catch up the condition of guyline and increase the accuracy of the measurement tool. This research is continuation of the research before and done with the Development model of strain gage mounting. It is to consider the position of attaching strain gage in order to be able to measure small strain, so that the accuracy of the measurement tool becomes high.strain gages, used to readthe sress, consist of four strain gages in order to increase strain gage sesitivity, so it will increase the accuracy of the measurement tool. The shape of strain gage mounting must have high durability on buckling and bending stresses. Beside that, shape of the strain gage mounting must have good stress distribution. Because, if the stress ditribution do not same to the strain gage attachment position, it will decrase the accuracy of measurement tool.

Abstrak :
Lapangan ‘R’ merupakan lapangan eksplorasi yang berada pada Cekungan Jawa Timur Bagian Utara. Data yang digunakan pada studi ini meliputi data seismik darat 2D post stack danpre stack serta data log sumur. Pada data post stack terlihat adanya bright spot sebagai indikator keberadaan hidrokarbon (direct hidrokarbon indicator). Anomali DHI yang muncul pada data post stack memperlihatkan adanya energy atau nilai amplitudo yang membesar disbanding amplitudo sekitarnya. Anomali ini menjadi acuan untuk menganalisa anomali amplitudo terhadapoffset yang dikenal dengan anomali AVO. Fokus studi pada formasi Ngrayong dimana berdasarkan geologi regional merupakan reservoar utama dengan bukti outcrop yang memiliki porositas dan permeabilitas sangat baik. Analisa AVO dilakukan untuk menjawab penyebab anomali amplitudo apakah dikarenakan perbedaan litologi atau adanya fluida yang mengisi rongga batuan. Rekonstruksi penjalaran gelombang dilakukan dengan mengamati setiap CDP dari berbagai sudut dan offset yang berbeda-beda. AVO inversi melibatkan parameter gelombang S yang sensitive terhadap keberadaan fluida. Pada inversi AVO parameter fisis batuan lain seperti poisson ratio, Mu-rho (μρ), lambda-rho (λρ) dapat dihitung sebagai pendekatan keberadaan zona fluida. Hasil analisa sumur mengidentifikasi adanya reservoar batupasir terisi gas di formasi Ngrayong pada twt sekitar 717-721 ms untuk R-1, 270 ms - 275 ms pada sumur C-1 dan 968.2 ms - 970 ms pada K-1. Sebaran lateral reservoar berdasarkan hasil analisa integrasi AVO,dapat diamati melalui sebaran geometri reservoar pada lintasan 09TJP-07 yang membentang dari CDP 2507-2486 dan pada 09TJP-17 dari CDP 3606 - 3574. Hasil inversi P-impedance yang rendah pada twt yang sesuai degan hasil analisa sumur. Hasil Analisa dan Inversi AVO reservoar pada 09TJP-17 dan 09TJP-07 dapat terdeliniasi dengan nilai positif pada bagian atas dan bawah reservoar dan nilai LMR yang kontras pada reservoar terisi gas. Hasil AVO menyimpulkan gas yang mengisi reservoar adalah kelas II dan III yakni memiliki kontras impedansi yang kecil dengan sekitanya dan impedansi bernilai rendah. ......This study area located in North Earth Java Basin and it is still explorated. In this study, both seismic data post stack and prestack was provided. There was Direct Hidrocarbon Indicator (DHI) on seismic post stack. This DHI represent there are laterally strong energy or strong amplitude on that spot .DHI anomalies that arise post-stack data showed energy or amplitude value of the enlarged compared to the surrounding amplitude. This anomaly which identifies the anomaly amplitude against an offset known as AVO anomaly. Focus study on Ngrayong formation whereas base on geological regional whereas this formation have good porosity and permeability on outcrop. AVO analysis used to know the causes of the anomaly amplitude is due to differences in lithological or fluid that fills the pore of rocks. Reconstruction of wave propagation is observed every CDP from different angle and offsets. AVO inversion involving S wave parameters that are sensitive to the presence of fluid. With AVO inversion, rock physical parameters such as Poisson ratio, Mu-rho (μρ), lambda-rho (λρ) can be calculated as the approach of fluidzone. Results of well analysis identified the presence of reservoir filled with gas in Ngrayong Formations at around 717-721 ms for R-1, 270 ms - 275 ms in the well C-1 and 968.2 ms - 970 ms in K-1. Lateral reservoir distribution is based on the results of the integration analysis of AVO and Inversion methods, the distribution of reservoir geometry inline 09TJP-07 find at CDP 2507 to 2486 and in 09TJP-17 from CDP 3606 - 3574. The results of inversion P-impedance, low impedance values in accordance with the results of the analysis wells. From AVO methods reservoir on 09TJP-17 and 09TJP-07 can deliniated with positive values at the top and base of the reservoir and contrast LMR on the reservoir gas. Gradient of this target concluded that reservoar fills by gas class II and III which has a low contrast impedance with the surrounding area and have low impedance value.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Formasi Baong bagian bawah bertanggung jawab sebagai batuan induk yang mengisi reservoar batupasir pada lapangan minyak dan gas di bagian tenggara Cekungan Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan data dan fakta dari laboratorium, pengeboran, wireline well log dan seismik melalui studi analisa petrofisika, geokimia, geomekanika dan geofisika Formasi Baong bagian bawah. Pemahaman tentang geokimia, mineralogi dan geomekanika serpih sangat penting untuk memahami bagaimana reservoir serpih memiliki potensi untuk cadangan dan produksi ketika dilakukan stimulasi. Analisis laboratorium geokimia digunakan untuk menentukan kekayaan, kematangan dan kerogen tipe. Penelitian ini mengklasifikasikan serpih berdasarkan kekayaan organik, kematangan, jenis, kekuatan serpih, kerapuhan serpih dan kandungan clay. Formasi Baong bagian bawah yang menjadi target pada studi ini terletak pada kedalaman 1778-2428 m (TVD), memiliki material organik yang kaya dengan TOC berkisar antara 1,88- 3,85% wt, tingkat kematangan 12% sudah matang dan 88% belum matang, serta menghasilkan 20% kerogen tipe III dan 80% kerogen tipe II/III sehingga dapat dijadikan sebagai batuan induk yang berpotensi menghasilkan gas dan gas/minyak. Rigiditas Formasi Baong bagian bawah sangat sangat brittle dengan memiliki rata ? rata kandungan mineral kuarsa 33,7% dan mineral brittle seperti kalsit 8,8%, dolomit 1,8% dan siderit 0,9%, serta brittle 80% dan less brittle 20%, sehingga dapat dilakukan hyhraulic fracturing dengan baik. Nilai impedansi serpih Formasi Baong bagian bawah berkisar antara 20203 ? 24615 ((ft/s)*(g/cc)).

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ABSTRACT
The Lower Baong Formation is responsible for source rock filled up sandstones reservoir in the oil and gas field in the southeastern part of North Sumatra Basin. This study reveals the data and facts from the laboratory, drilling, wireline well logs and seismic through the analysis study of petrophysics, geochemistry, geomechanics and geophysics of Lower Baong Formation. An understanding of shale geochemistry, mineralogy and geomechanics is very important to understand how the shale reservoir has the potential to reserve and produce when carried out stimulation. Geochemical laboratory analysis is used to determine the richness, maturity and kerogen type. This study classify shale based on organic richness, maturity, type, shale strengthness, shale brittleness and clay content. The Lower Baong Formation being targeted in this study lies at a depth of 1778-2428 m (TVD), has a rich organic material with TOC ranging from 1.88 to 3.85 wt%, the maturity level of 12% is mature and immature 88%, and generate 20% kerogen type III and 80% kerogen type II / III so it can be used as a source rock potential to produce gas and gas / oil. Lower Baong Formation rigidity are very brittle by having the averages 33.7% quartz mineral content and brittle minerals such as 8.8% calcite, 1.8% dolomite and siderite 0.9%, and brittle 80% and less brittle 20%, so it can be done hyhraulic fracturing very well. Sahle values of Lower Baong Formation bottom ranges from 20203-24615 ((ft/s)*(g / cc))., The Lower Baong Formation is responsible for source rock filled up sandstones reservoir in the oil and gas field in the southeastern part of North Sumatra Basin. This study reveals the data and facts from the laboratory, drilling, wireline well logs and seismic through the analysis study of petrophysics, geochemistry, geomechanics and geophysics of Lower Baong Formation. An understanding of shale geochemistry, mineralogy and geomechanics is very important to understand how the shale reservoir has the potential to reserve and produce when carried out stimulation. Geochemical laboratory analysis is used to determine the richness, maturity and kerogen type. This study classify shale based on organic richness, maturity, type, shale strengthness, shale brittleness and clay content. The Lower Baong Formation being targeted in this study lies at a depth of 1778-2428 m (TVD), has a rich organic material with TOC ranging from 1.88 to 3.85 wt%, the maturity level of 12% is mature and immature 88%, and generate 20% kerogen type III and 80% kerogen type II / III so it can be used as a source rock potential to produce gas and gas / oil. Lower Baong Formation rigidity are very brittle by having the averages 33.7% quartz mineral content and brittle minerals such as 8.8% calcite, 1.8% dolomite and siderite 0.9%, and brittle 80% and less brittle 20%, so it can be done hyhraulic fracturing very well. Sahle values of Lower Baong Formation bottom ranges from 20203-24615 ((ft/s)*(g / cc)).]