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"Masalah pemenuhan kebutuhan nutrisi keluarga telah menjadi persoalan yang mengemuka di negara ini semenjak terjadi krisis ekonomi tahun 1997. Masalah ini paling berat dirasakan oleh kelompok masyarakat Indonesia berpenghasilan rendah, dimana sehubungan dengan rendahnya pendapatan rumah tangga yang diterima tidak dapat mengimbangi membumbungnya harga bahan-bahan kebutuhan pokok, terutama kebutuhan makanan yang terjadi sebagai akibat dari krisis ekonomi.Namun demikian sebagai kebutuhan hidup pokok dan harus dipenuhi, maka orang akan berusaha untuk mencukupinya. Bagaimana respons kelompok masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah di daerah perkotaan, khususnya di Jakarta menghadapi krisis ekonomi terutama dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan makanan anggota keluarga atau rumah tangga dan strategi apa yang ditempuh dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut, dibahas dalam tesis ini.Penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap kelompok rumah tangga berpenghasilan rendah di RW 06 Kelurahan Paseban Jakarta Pusat menemukan bahwa untuk mengatasi masalah krisis makanan dalam rumah tangga, maka rumah tangga-rumah tangga berpenghasilan rendah yang diteliti melakukan dua strategi adaptasi yaitu, pertama : strategi internal rumah tangga, terdiri dari 1) merubah menu makanan; 2) mengurangi pengeluaran kebutuhan lain di luar makanan dan membatasi menu makan; 3) merubah pola makan dan 4) mencari penghasilan tambahan. Kedua, strategi eksternal rumah tangga dimana individu-individu dalam rumah tangga aktif memanfaatkan jaringan hubungan yang ada dalam masyarakat untuk mencapai kepentingan memenuhi kebutuhan makanan. Jaringan hubungan yang diidentifikasi dalam penelitian ini adalah jaringan kerabat, jaringan tetangga dan jaringan campuran kerabat dan tetangga.Penelitan ini menemukan bahwa jaringan sosial yang ada dalam masyarakat memberikan kontribusi yang berarti bagi pemenuhan kebutuhan nutrisi rumah tangga yang diteliti. Jaringan sosial merupakan salah satu strategi penting yang memberikan rasa aman bagi anggota rumah tangga ketika mengahadapi situasi sulit, khususnya dalam hal pemenuhan kebutuhan nutrisi.Bertolak dari temuan ini, maka saya mengusulkan agar dalam penelitianpenelitian yang berhubungan dengan cara pemenuhan kebutuhan makanan khususnya pada masyarakat kompleks atau setting perkotaan, agar memperhatikan aspek jaringan sosial dalam masyarakat."

"Jendela paling kritis kurang gizi terletak pada usia 6-12 bulan karena air susu ibu (ASI) saja sudah tidak dapat mencukupi kebutuhan gizi bayi. Sehingga diperlukan makanan pelengkap ASI yaitu makanan pendamping ASI (MP-ASI). Praktek pemberian MP-ASI dipengaruhi berbagai faktor antara lain faktor biologi, ekonomi, sosial budaya, teknologi dan pelayanan kesehatan sehingga menimbulkan banyak permasalahan dalam praktek pemberian MP-ASI tersebut. Oleh karena itu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai praktek pemberian MP-ASI dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan praktek pemberian MP-ASI pada bayi 4-11 bulan di Kabupaten Tangerang.Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang / cross sectional pada bayi umur 4-11 bulan di Kabupaten Tangerang Provinsi Banten, di mana pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2002. Sebagai sampel adalah ibu yang mempunyai bayi berusia 4-11 bulan yang diambil sesuai dengan metode survei cepat (Ariawan, 1996), menggunakan rancangan cluster dengan cara probability proportional to size (pps), sehingga didapat jumlah sampel sebesar 300 responden, dan pada waktu pelaksanaan ternyata 1 responden sudah pindah sehingga akhirnya diperoleh data dari 299 orang ibu yang mempunyai bayi 4-11 bulan.Pengumpulan data dilakukan oleh 6 orang alumni Akademi Gizi Jakarta yang telah dilatih lebih dahulu. Variabel dependen yaitu praktek pemberian MP-ASI dan variabel independen adalah umur ibu, pendidikan ibu, pekerjaan ibu, pengetahuan gizi ibu, jumlah anggota keluarga, pendapatan keluarga dan peran petugas kesehatan. Untuk melengkapi data pada variabel praktek pemberian MP-ASI, juga dilaksanakan diskusi kelompok terarah di 2 desa cluster yang masing-masing dihadiri oleh ± 10 orang tokoh masyarakat, tokoh agama dan kader posyandu. Sedangkan untuk variabel peran petugas kesehatan dilengkapi dengan wawancara langsung terhadap 29 oang pembina desa di lokasi penelitian. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah univariat, bivariat dan multivariat dengan regresi logistik.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi 59,2% praktek pemberian MP-ASI yang baik dan 40,8% dengan praktek pemberian MP-ASI yang kurang balk. Dari hasil analisis bivariat diketahui bahwa variabel yang mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan praktek pemberian MP-ASI adalah pendidikan ibu, pekerjaan ibu, jumlah anggota keluarga, dan peran petugas kesehatan (p < 0,005), sedangkan variabel umur ibu, pengetahuan gizi dan pendapatan keluarga tidak mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan praktek pemberian MP-ASI (p > 0,005). Hasil analisis multivariat regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan praktek pemberian MP-ASI adalah peran petugas kesehatan dengan OR 3,6 yang berarti ibu yang tidak mendapatkan peran petugas kesehatan mempunyai peluang 3,5697 kali untuk praktek pemberian MP-ASI yang kurang baik dibandingkan dengan ibu yang mendapat peran petugas kesehatan yang baik.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa praktek pemberian MP-ASI di Kabupaten Tangerang belum optimal karena masih ada 40,8% dengan praktek pemberian MP-ASI yang kurang baik. Untuk itu disarankan adanya dukungan langsung dari pembuat kebijakan dengan lintas sektor terkait untuk meningkatkan pendidikan, adanya tempat penitipan bayi di sekitar tempat kerja, meningkatkan pemeliharaan ternak di tingkat keluarga. Untuk instansi kesehatan dalam hal ini Dinas Kesehatan , Puskesmas dan Organisasi Profesi didalamnya seperti IDI, IBI agar meningkatkan pengetahuan, keterampilan dan motivasi mengenai praktek pemberian MP-ASI dengan tepat dan benar. Untuk peneliti lain agar dapat dilanjutkan dengan penelitian kohort mengenai faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan fisiologi pengeluaran ASI pada hari-hari pertama yang menyebabkan tingginya pemberian makanan prelakteal.

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The most critical window of malnourished is on age 6-12 months, since the only breast-feeding is not enough to complete the nutrition need of infant. So it is need food complete the breast-feeding, that is food for complementary feeding. The practice in giving complementary feeding is influenced some factors, among others biology, economy, social culture, technology and health service, so raise a lot of problem in practice of giving the complementary feeding. The objective of this study was to obtain the information on the practice in giving complementary feeding and the factors that related to the practice of giving complementary feeding on infant age 4-11 months in Tangerang District.

This study design was cross-sectional on infant age 4-11 months in Tangerang District, Banten Province, where the data was conducted on March 2002. The sample was the mothers having infant age 4-11 months that taken based on rapid survey method (Ariawan, 1996), using cluster design by probability proportional to size (pps), so it obtained the number of sample was 300 respondents. On the implementation, the fact that 1 respondent had moved, so finally it obtained 299 mothers having infant age 4-11 months.

The data was collected by 6 alumnus of Nutrition Academy of Jakarta, which trained in advance. Dependent variable was the practice of giving complementary feeding and independent variable were mother's age, mother's education, mother's occupation, the knowledge of mother's nutrition, the number of family, family income and role of health provider. To complete the date on practice in giving complementary feeding variable, it also conducted the Focus Group Discussion at 2 cluster villages, where in each village attended by ± 10 community leaders, religion leaders and cadre. While for variable on the role of health provider it completed with in-depth interview to 29 village referrals at the study location. The analysis that conducted was univariate, bivariate and multivariate by logistic regression.

The result of this study showed that the proportion was 59.2% having good practice in giving complementary feeding and 40,8% was not good in practice in giving complementary feeding. Based on bivariate analysis known that the variable that having significant relationship with the practice in giving complementary feeding was mother's education, mother's occupation, number of family member, and the role of health worker (p<0.005). While the variable of mother's age, the knowledge on nutrition and family income have not significant relationship with practice in giving complementary feeding (p>0.005). The result of logistic regression multivariate analysis showed that the variable that the most dominant having relationship with practice in giving complementary feeding was the role of health provider with OR 3,5697. It means that the mother who had not get the role of health provider having tendency as 3.5697 times for practice in giving complementary feeding that was not good compared with mother whose obtain the role of good health provider.

Based on this study, it can be concluded that the practice in giving complementary feeding at Tangerang District is not optimal yet, since there is still 40,8% with practice in giving complementary feeding not good. It is recommended the availability of direct role from policy maker by related cross sector to improve education, the availability of day-care for infant at around the working place, and improving animal care at the family level. For health Institution, i.e. Local Health Service, Health Center and profession organization such as Association of Indonesia Medical Doctors, Association of Indonesian Midwives in order to improve their knowledge, skill and motivation on the practice in giving MP-ASI correctly and timely. For other researchers should continue cohort study on the factors that related to physiology breast-feeding expenses on the first day that caused to the high in giving the pre-lactation food."

"The urban population in Indonesia will soon be 50% of its total population. In the past, nutrition improvement programs were addressed to the rural community stressing on underweight. It is presumed that in the urban area both under and overweight are found. However, data on the subject are insufficient. A cross sectional study was done in East Jakarta. The study consisted of 679 households and 3442 peoples were chosen through a multistage random sampling. The analyses of the findings were based on households as well as on individuals.The households were categorized based on the anthropometry of the individual family members. The indicator used, was BMI with a cut off 18.5 and 25 for those aged 17 years and more, and weight-for-age based on NCHS median + 2SD for those aged less then 17-year-old. Four households' categorizations were identified, Normal (all members had normal anthropometric status) 22.2%, Normal-Under (a combination of normal and underweight) 31.6%, Normal-Over (a combination of normal and overweight) 27.1% and Normal-Under-Over (a combination of normal, under and overweight) 17.2%. It covered 98.3% of all households.Within households classified as having any overweight members, there were 37.9% overweight adults vs 2.3% overweight children. Within households classified as having any underweight members, there were 26.9% underweight adults vs 35.8% underweight children. Poorer households and households with children faced the risk for having underweight members, while richer households and households with adults faced the risk for having overweight members. Underweight is not only caused by poor socioeconomic background. There were differences in the food distribution patterns among the household members, and households with over weight members consumed more variety of foods.Among children aged less than 17 years old, 21.4% were stunted (HAZ<-2SD), and 21.2% were underweight (WAZ<-2SD). Children aged less than 11 years 11.4% were wasted (WHZ<-2SD)_ Children aged less than 17 years whose HAZ, WAZ and WHZ were 2SD were less than 3%. Children aged 11 to 17 years old whose BMI was below 5%-tiles were 5.2%, while those whose BMI was above 85%-tiles were 15.2%. Adults aged 17 to 55 years old with BMI <18.5 were 15.6% and those with BMI >25 was 19.6%_ People aged more than 55 years old with BMI <18.5 was 18.7%, while those with BMI of X25 were 20.9%. Thus, underweight was prevalent in all age groups, but overweight was mainly found in adults and elderly. Among the adolescents the older age group showed a tendency of being overweight.It is recommended that, household groupings according to the anthropometric status of the nuclear family members can be used as a screening method which serves the purpose of distinguishing the target population, in administrative, and project design and management terms, and to do an anthropometry assessment at regular intervals for all age groups. Special attention to detect overweight among adolescents should be given. Prevention of overweight in the community requires a multi sectoral approach rather than purely nutrition oriented programs. To continue the existing programs in nutrition and health, to prevent underweight in the community, especially for under fives, school children and adults. Within the poorer households there is positive deviance (as shown in Normal groups), this gives room for intervention."

"ABSTRACT A total of 40 households with pre-scholars belonging to East Jakarta District were surveyed for their intra household food distribution practices using food weighing and 24 h recall method for three consecutive days. It generally aimed to examine the contribution of intra-household food distribution practices to the nutritional status of the households' members. Two groups of 20 households represented the study households, one group with low household income (less than Rp 37,500 or US $ 17/capita/month), the other with higher household income (more or equal to Rp 66,000 or US $ 301capitalmoth). Results revealed that fathers and children of higher income group were better nourished than fathers and children of low-income group, but no difference between the mothers. The energy distributions were more or less equal in both low and higher income group. In low-income group the parents got more protein adequacy (the mothers got 108.7 % and the fathers got 108.4 %) than the children (83.9%). In higher income group, all household members got adequate protein (the fathers got 131.4%; the mothers got 110.4 % and the children got 124.8%). Low-income households assured themselves of sufficient intake of rice; oil; sugar and snacks whereas the higher income households consumed higher intake of milk; meat; egg; fruits & vegetables. Findings seemed to indicate that there were differences in the food distribution patterns between low and higher income group and these patterns closely associated with the nutritional status of household members. "

"Ikan sebagai bahan makanan telah diidentifikasi sebagai pangan yang memiliki keunggulan tertentu. Ikan menyediakan protein hewani yang relatif tinggi, juga memberikan asam-asam lemak tak jenuh yang esensial diperlukan bagi tubuh manusia. Ikan juga merupakan sumber vitamin A yang sangat terkenal, di samping sumber vitamin-vitamin lainnya dan berbagai mineral yang diperlukan bagi tubuh manusia.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Memperoleh Gambarat kebiasaan makan ikan serta hubungannya dengan status gizi anak usia 6-59 bulan pada keluarga nelayan harian di Pulau Tidung Kepulauan Seribu. Variabel yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah berat badan dan tinggi badan anak, karakteristik anak, karaktristik ibu, Kebiasaan makan ikan, penyakit infeksi, berat badan lahir. Pengambilan data penelitian dilakukan dengan pegambilan data langsung di lapangan (data primer). Penelitian ini bersifat cross sectional, diperoleh dengan metode survey dan hasilnya diuraikan secara deskriptif. Sampel yang diperoleh berjumlah orang 42 orang.Berdasarkan indikator BB/U ditemukan sebanyak 2,4% anak mempunyai status gizi buruk, dan 31% anak mempunyai status gizi kurang, berdasarkan indikator TB/U 26,2% anak mempunyai tinggi badan pendek, dan berdasarkan indikator BB/TB anak dengan kategori sangat kurus sebanyak 2,4% dan 26,2% anak termasuk dalam kategori sangat kurus. Ada hubungan antara kelompok umur anak balita dengan status gizi dengan indeks TB/U. Ada hubungan antara pemberian obat cacing dengan status gizi dengan indeks TB/U. Ada hubungan antara pemberian ASI dengan status gizi dengan indeks BB/U.Sebaiknya dilakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan metode yang lebih kuantitiatif dan jumlah sampel yang lebih banyak dan Puskesmas Kelurahan Pulau Tidung perlu adanya peningkatan pemahaman kepada istri nelayan tentang keseimbangan zat gizi dan status gizi dan perlu adanya pelatihan tentang cara pengolahan ikan agar lebih variatif. Untuk Kelurahan Pulau Tidung perlu adanya peningkatan pendidikan nelayan dengan mengadakan program kejar Paket B dan C.

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Fish as food substance has been identified as food with certain benefits. Fish provides high animal protein, and also giving essential unsaturated fatty acid which needs by human being body. Fish is one of Vitamin A source which very famous, instead other vitamins and minerals source that needed by human body.

This research was aimed to obtain the description about eating fish habit and its relation with nutrition status of children age 6-59 months at daily fishermen families in Tidung Island, Seribu Archipelago. The selected variable in this research is weight and height of the children, children and mother`s characteristics, eating fish habit, infection disease, and weight born. Research data were primary data. This is cross sectional research with survey method and the result explained descriptively. The samples obtained were 42 people.

Based on BB/U indicator found as 2,4% child having bad nutrition status and 31 children having lack of nutrient status. Based on TB/U indicator 26,2% children have short height, and based on BB/TB indicator children with very thin category as 2,4% and 26,2% include in thin category. There is relation between groups of baby under five year`s old age with nutrition status by TB/U index. There is relation between anthelmintic given with nutrient status by TB/U index. There is relation between mother`s milk with nutrient status by BB/U index.

It`s recommended for other researcher to doing research with more quantitative method and much more samples. The public health center of Tidung Island needs to improve the fishermen`s wife understanding about nutrient balance and status. The training in fish food producing for more varied is need. Tidung district needs fishermen education improvement by running Packet B and C programs."

"[ABSTRAK Pemenuhan nutrisi pada bayi prematur seringkali menimbulkan masalah yang diakibatkan oleh imaturitas fungsi pencernaannya. Asuhan keperawatan yang tepat dapat mendukung keberhasilan terhadap pemenuhan kebutuhan nutrisi pada bayi prematur. Asuhan keperawatan berbasis Model Konservasi Levine telah digunakan dalam menganalisis pemenuhan nutrisi pada bayi prematur melalui aplikasi praktik residensi pada lima kasus terpilih di Ruang Perinatologi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan Maret-Mei tahun 2015. Analisis aplikasi Model Konservasi Levine melalui tahapan pengkajian, tropokognosis, hipotesis, intervensi, dan evaluasi. Tropikognosis utama terjadi pada konservasi energi yaitu masalah ketidakseimbangan nutrisi kurang dari kebutuhan tubuh. Keberhasilan aplikasi Model Konservasi Levine terjadi pada empat kasus. Masalah nutrisi pada satu kasus lain belum teratasi. Hal ini mungkin ada kaitannya dengan faktor-faktor lain seperti hipomotilitas, tersangka sepsis, dan imaturitas fungsi pencernaan. Keberhasilan penerapan Model Konservasi Levine dicapai melalui kompetensi perawat sebagai pemberi asuhan, edukator, promotor kesehatan, konsultan, inovator, dan peneliti.ABSTRACT Fulfillment of nutritional needs on premature baby occasionally give rise to problems that lead into immaturity digestive system. Nursing care that execute correctly can support to solve this problems. Levine?s Conservation Model is being used to analyze nutrition achievement on preterm baby through nursing practice residency on selected five cases in Perinatology Unit on Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The analysis of Levine?s Conservation Model through stages of assessment, trophicognosis, hypothesis, intervention, and evaluation. The main trophicognosis founded on conservation energy, the imbalance of body needs nutrition. Four of five cases have been succeded using Levine?s Conservation Model. The other one still has nutrition problem. This problem related to another factors, like intestine hypomotility, suspect of sepsis, and the immaturity of intestinal function. The objectives of nursing care can be achieved through nurse?s role as a good caregiver, educator, health supervisor, consultant, innovator, and researcher.;Fulfillment of nutritional needs on premature baby occasionally give rise to problems that lead into immaturity digestive system. Nursing care that execute correctly can support to solve this problems. Levine?s Conservation Model is being used to analyze nutrition achievement on preterm baby through nursing practice residency on selected five cases in Perinatology Unit on Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The analysis of Levine?s Conservation Model through stages of assessment, trophicognosis, hypothesis, intervention, and evaluation. The main trophicognosis founded on conservation energy, the imbalance of body needs nutrition. Four of five cases have been succeded using Levine?s Conservation Model. The other one still has nutrition problem. This problem related to another factors, like intestine hypomotility, suspect of sepsis, and the immaturity of intestinal function. The objectives of nursing care can be achieved through nurse?s role as a good caregiver, educator, health supervisor, consultant, innovator, and researcher., Fulfillment of nutritional needs on premature baby occasionally give rise to problems that lead into immaturity digestive system. Nursing care that execute correctly can support to solve this problems. Levine’s Conservation Model is being used to analyze nutrition achievement on preterm baby through nursing practice residency on selected five cases in Perinatology Unit on Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The analysis of Levine’s Conservation Model through stages of assessment, trophicognosis, hypothesis, intervention, and evaluation. The main trophicognosis founded on conservation energy, the imbalance of body needs nutrition. Four of five cases have been succeded using Levine’s Conservation Model. The other one still has nutrition problem. This problem related to another factors, like intestine hypomotility, suspect of sepsis, and the immaturity of intestinal function. The objectives of nursing care can be achieved through nurse’s role as a good caregiver, educator, health supervisor, consultant, innovator, and researcher.]"