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Abstrak :
Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa (RANK)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) signaling helps putative cancer stem cells (CSC) to maintain their stemness. Expression of CD44 and RANKL was analyzed in oral squamous cell carcinoma specimen (n = 191). Moreover, RANKL expression was measured in cancer cell lines (BICR3, BICR56) by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Scanned images were digitally analyzed using ImageJ and the immunomembrane plug-in. CD44 and RANKL expression on protein level was correlated with clinical characteristics and impact on survival. RANKL was co-labeled with CD44 in immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence double labeling experiments. Although high CD44+/RANKL+ co-expression was significantly associated with clinicopathological factors and worse survival, multivariate analysis did not demonstrate high CD44+/RANKL+ co-expression as independent prognostic factor. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence double labeling experiments revealed RANKL expression by CD44+ cancer cells. RANKL specificity was confirmed by western blot analysis. For the first time, this study provides evidence that RANKL expression in OSCC might be associated with disease recurrence and a cell compartment measured by CD44+/RANKL+ co-expression within the mucosal epithelial basal layer cells.

Abstrak :
Pemahaman karakteristik sel punca kanker merupakan salah satu cara untuk menemukan terapi yang tepat untuk mengobati penyakit kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pengaruh lingkungan mikro yang dihasilkan oleh sel fibroblas normal dan kanker terhadap pluripotensi sel punca kanker payudara. Sel fibroblas dan sel punca kanker payudara masing-masing dikultur dengan menggunakan medium kultur DMEM high glucose. Kemudian sel punca kanker diko-kultur dengan sel fibroblas, baik sel fibroblas normal maupun kanker. Pengukuran pluripotensi dilakukan dengan 2 cara, yaitu pengukuran ekspresi penanda permukaan CD44+/CD24+ dengan spektrofluorometer dan pengukuran ekspresi SOX2 dengan menggunakan reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa pluripotensi sel punca kanker payudara menurun pada sel punca kanker yang diko-kultur dengan sel fibroblas, baik fibroblas normal maupun kanker, namun, ekspresi penanda permukaan dan SOX2 pada sel punca kanker yang diko-kultur dengan sel fibroblas kanker lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang diko-kultur dengan sel fibroblas normal. Dari hasil ini, kami menyimpulkan bahwa lingkungan mikro yang dihasilkan sel fibroblas normal dan kanker mampu menurunkan tingkat pluripotensi sel punca kanker payudara sehingga lingkungan mikro dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sarana untuk menghilangkan sel punca kanker. ...... Understanding and figuring out the characteristics of cancer stem cells is believed as a way to find a perfect therapy in treating cancer disease. This research aims to find out the effect of the microenvironment provided by either normal fibroblast cells or cancer fibroblast cells toward the pluripotent characteristics of breast cancer stem cells. Both the fibroblast cells and the cancer stem cells were cultured independently using DMEM high glucose. The cancer stem cells were then cocultured into the fibroblast cells, both normal and cancer cells. The pluripotent characteristics were measured using two methods; expression of CD44+/CD24+ cell surface markers using fluorescent spectroscopy and expression of SOX2 using reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that the expression of both CD44+/CD24+ cell surface markers and SOX2 decreased in breast cancer stem cells co-cultured with the fibroblast cells, whereas the expression in the cancer stem cells co-cultured with cancer fibroblast cells were higher than those co-cultured with the normal fibroblast cells. From the results, we suggest that the microenvironment created by either normal fibroblast cells or cancer fibroblast cells could decrease the pluripotent characteristics of breast cancer stem cells, hence microenvironment can be used as a tool to eradicate cancer stem cells.

Abstrak :
Because the concept and discoveries of cancer stem cells are relatively new, scientists and researchers need an introduction to this dynamic area. Cancer Stem Cells presents a consolidated account of the research done to date and recent progresses in the studies of cancer stem cells. Such a presentation facilitates a better understanding of and draws attention to stem cell and cancer biology, two fields that enhance, move, and evolve into each other continuously. It provides an informative study in designing approaches to apply stem cell principles to cancer biology while offering an overview of the challenges in developing combination stem and cancer biology targets for therapeutics.

Abstrak :
In recent years, cancer stem cells have been recognized as important component in carcinogenesis and they seem to form the basis of many (if not all) tumor types. Cancer stem cells or "cancer cell like stem cells" have been isolated from various cancers of different origin (blood, breast, brain, skin, head and neck, thyroid, cervix, lung, retina, colon, pancreas and so on). Cancer stem cells - rare cells with indefinite proliferative potential that drive the formation and growth of tumours- seem to show intriguing relationships with physiological stem cells. Specifically, these cancer cells show significant similarities in the mechanisms that regulate self-renewal of normal stem cells. Moreover, tumour cells might directly arise from normal stem cells. Further, the cellular biology of cancer stem cells show a lot of similarities with normal stem cells.