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Abstrak :
The present work covers the essential technologies for creating sub 25 nm features lithographically, depositing layers with nanometer control, and etching patterns and structures at the nanoscale. A distinguishing feature of this book is a focus not on extension of microelectronics fabrication, but rather on techniques applicable for building NEMS, biosensors, nanomaterials, photonic crystals, and other novel devices and structures that will revolutionize society in the coming years.

Abstrak :
This book gives a broad and coherent overview of the complete production and value chain from nanoparticle formation to integration into products and devices. The book offers a deep insight into the fabrication, characterization and application of nanoparticles from the gasphase. The first part of the book, “Formation”, covers chemical and growth kinetics, in-situ diagnostics, numerical simulation, process development and material deposition. In the second section, the reader is introduced to the structure and dynamics that lead to functional nanoscale systems and materials. The third section, “Properties and Applications”, provides a detailed discussion of the optical, electronic, magnetic and chemical characteristics of nanostructures and demonstrates how these can be used in tailored materials and devices.

Abstrak :
This is the third volume in a series of books on selected topics in Nanoscale Science and Technology based on lectures given at the well-known Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) schools of the same name. A tutorial lecture by Motta et al. presents the analysis of the Poly(3-hexylthiophene) self assembly on carbon nanotubes and discusses how the interaction between the two materials forms a new hybrid nanostructure, with potential application to future solar cells technology.

Abstrak :
Crystallization and growth of colloidal nanocrystals provides a current understanding of the mechanisms related to nucleation and growth for use in controlling nanocrystal morphology and physical-chemical properties.

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ABSTRAK
Derivat kromen telah dilaporkan memiliki berbagai aktivitas biologis, seperti antioksidan, antibakteri, antikanker, anti-poliferatif, dan anti-inflammatory. Pendekatan melalui reaksi multikomponen (multi-component reactions, MCR) merupakan suatu strategi yang efektif, karena transformasi dan pembentukan ikatan pada sintesis kimia organik dilakukan dalam satu wadah dan umumnya tidak memerlukan proses pemisahan senyawa intermediet, sehingga dapat mengurangi limbah kimia, mempersingkat waktu reaksi, menghemat energi dan reagen, serta mempermudah aspek praktik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji efektivitas sintesis derivat kromen melalui reaksi multikomponen dengan menggunakan katalis Fe3O4/kampor yang mampu menghasilkan yield memuaskan dan pengujian aktivitas beberapa produk yang diperoleh sebagai antioksidan dan antibakteri. Penelitian dilakukan dalam empat tahap. Tahap pertama adalah sintesis dan pengujian efektivitas aktivitas katalitik nanopartikel magnetik Fe3O4/kampor yang disertai karakterisasi menggunakan FT-IR, XRD, PSA, SEM-EDS, dan TEM. Tahap kedua adalah screening kondisi optimum reaksi dalam mensintesis derivat kromen menggunakan substrat berupa benzaldehida, malononitril, dan dimedon. Reaksi tersebut diamati dengan menggunakan TLC, produk yang terbentuk dikristalisasi, dan dihitung yield produk dengan memvariasikan jenis pelarut, suhu reaksi, dan jumlah katalis. Tahap ketiga adalah menginvestigasi ruang lingkup metode dengan memvariasikan substrat berupa aromatik aldehida (4-hidroksi benzaldehida), metilen aktif (malononitril), dan β-diketon (asam barbiturat dan asam thiobarbiturat). Hasil reaksi dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan melting point, FT-IR, spektrofotometer UV-Vis, dan GC-MS. Tahap keempat adalah pengujian aktivitas derivat kromen sebagai antioksidan dan antibakteri secara in vitro. Kampor dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai katalis dalam bentuk nanopartikel magnetik Fe3O4/kampor setelah melewati karakterisasi menngunakan FT-IR, XRD, PSA, SEM-EDS, dan TEM. Preparasi berpengaruh terhadap ukuran nanopartikel magnetik dan ukuran partikel tersebut berkorelasi negatif dengan yield produk sintesis berupa senyawa derivat kromen 4a. Fe3O4/kampor FC3 merupakan katalis dengan ukuran paling kecil (19,24 nm/XRD; 37,18 nm/PSA; 37,43 nm/SEM) yang mampu menghasilkan yield sebesar 91,70% selama 1 menit dalam kondisi microwave. Kondisi terbaik yang mampu menghasilkan yield paling tinggi adalah dengan menggunakan 4% nanokatalis Fe3O4/kampor FC3 pada suhu 80 ℃ selama 40 menit dalam pelarut etanol:air (4:1) yang mampu menghasilkan yield sebesar 93,15%. Metode sintesis derivat kromen melalui reaksi multikomponen dengan menggunakan katalis Fe3O4/kampor FC3 dapat digunakan pada berbagai substrat berupa aromatik aldehida berupa benzaldehida dan 4-hidroksi benzaldehida; metilen aktif berupa malononitril; dan β-diketon berupa dimedon, asam barbiturat, dan asam thiobarbiturat, menghasilkan produk 4a (93,15%), 4b (88,85%), dan 4c (87,32%). Produk yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan terbaik adalah 4c (IC50: 5,10 ppm). Produk 4a memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang kuat terhadap bakteri Gram-negatif, terutama P. aeruginosa (18,08 mm); sedangkan produk 4c memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang kuat terhadap bakteri Gram-positif terutama, B. cereus (16,90 mm).

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ABSTRACT
Chromene derivatives have been reported showing a wide range of biological activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory. Multi-component reactions (MCRs) method is an effective strategy, since the transformation and the formation of chemical bonds in organic synthesis carried out in one flask without isolation of intermediates. Therefore, those MCRs have generated some benefits such as being effectively reducing chemical waste, shorten reaction time, saving chemical reagents and solvents, as well as simplify pratical aspects. The aim of this research is to examine the effectiveness of the synthesis of chromene derivatives using Fe3O4/camphor as catalyst with satisfactory yield as well as to evaluate the remarkable activity of obtained products as antioxidant and antibacterial agent. This research was carried out in four stages. The first stage was evaluation of the effectiveness of the synthesis and catalytic activity of magnetic nanoparticle Fe3O4/camphor as well as its characterization using FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDS, PSA, and TEM. The second stage was the screening of optimum reaction condition of the synthesis of chromene derivatives using substrates of benzaldehyde, malononitrile, and dimedone, in a condition of different types of solvents, reaction temperature, and the amount of catalyst. The reaction was observed using TLC, the obtained products were recrystallized, and yield products were calculated. The third stage was to investigate the scope of the method by varying the substrate of aromatic aldehyde (4-hydroxy benzaldehyde), active methylene (malononitrile), and β-diketones (barbituric acid and thiobarbiturat acid). The results of reactions were characterized by melting point, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and GC-MS. The fourth stage is to evaluate the activity of the obtained product of chromene derivatives as antioxidant and antibacterial agent by in vitro assays. Camphor can be applied as a catalyst in the form of magnetic nanoparticle Fe3O4/camphor after characterization using FT-IR, XRD, PSA, SEM-EDS, and TEM. The preparation of magnetic nanoparticle affected the size of the nanoparticles and this size is negatively correlated with the yield of synthesized products of compound 4a. Nanoparticle Fe3O4/camphor FC3 is the smallest size catalyst (19.24 nm/XRD; 37.18 nm/PSA; 37.43 nm/SEM) with 91.70% yield for 1 minute using microwave method. The optimum conditions that show the highest yield (93.15%) is to use 4% of nanocatalyst Fe3O4/camphor FC3 at the temperature of 80 ℃ for 40 minutes in ethanol:water (4:1). This method of the synthesis of chromene derivatives through multicomponent reactions using the catalyst Fe3O4/kampor FC3 also applied on wide range of substrates of aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde and 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde; active methylene of malononitrile; and β-diketones such dimedone, barbituric acid, and thiobarbiturat acid, producing poducts of 4a (93.15%), 4b (88.85%), and 4c (87.32%). Compound 4c showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50: 5.10 ppm) compared to 4a, 4b, and the standards. Compound 4a showed a strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, especially P. aeruginosa (18.08 mm); while compound 4c showed a strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly B. cereus (16.90 mm).

Abstrak :
Carbon black (CB) merupakan material penting yang digunakan sebagai pewarna dan material fungsional di dalam toner. Partikel CB dalam ukuran nano meter diharapkan mampu menghasilkan toner dengan pola distribusi dan dispersi yang merata. Sintesis toner dilakukan dengan 3 variasi persentase berat (wt%) nano CB 10, 15 dan 20 % yang diball mill dengan kopolimer stirena/ akrilat (KSA), black oxide (BO) dan air. Serbuk toner yang telah disintesis dikarakterisasi dengan x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) dan scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy(SEM/EDX) serta uji performa toner melalui uji suseptibilitas magnetik, uji adhesi, dan uji kualitas gambar. Hasil karakterisasi SEM menunjukkan bahwa toner 10 wt% CB memiliki ukuran dan distribusi yang paling seragam. Hasil uji suseptibilitas magnetik menunjukkan nilai suseptibilitas magnetik toner hasil sintesis 10, 15 dan 20 wt% CB sebesar 1,02 x 10-4, 0,99 x 10-4, 1,11 x 10-4 m3/kg. Performa terbaik dalam kriteria nilai suseptibilitas, adhesivitas dan kualitas gambar diberikan oleh toner 10 wt% CB dibandingkan toner hasil sintesis lain dan toner komersil. ...... Carbon black(CB) is an important material used as a dye and functional materials in toner. CB particles in nano-meter size is expected to produce a toner with distribution and uniform dispersion. Synthesis of the toner was carried out 3 weight percentage variation of nano CB10, 15 and 20 % in the ball mill with styrene/acrylate copolymer(KSA), blackoxide (BO) and water. The resulted powder has been characterized with the x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersivex-ray spectroscopy (SEM /EDX) and test the performance of toner through the tests of magnetic susceptibility, adhesion, and the quality of image. SEM characterization results indicate that the toner 10 CB has the size and the most uniform distribution. The average of magnetic susceptibility of synthesized toner 10 CB, 15 CB and 20 % CB is 1,02 x 10-4, 0,99 x 10-4, 1,11 x 10-4 m3/kg.The best performance was provided by 10CB toner in comparison to others synthesized and commercial toners.

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ABSTRAK
Senyawa turunan pirimidin telah berhasil disintesis dengan mereaksikan benzaldehida, etil asetoasetat, dan urea melalui reaksi kondensasi Biginelli. Produk yang terbentuk dikarakterisasi menggunakan alat FTIR, UV-Vis, dan GC-MS. Pada sintesis senyawa ini digunakan nanokatalis CuFe2O4 yang berhasil disintesis dengan metode kopresipitasi dan dikonfirmasi dengan FTIR, XRD, TEM dan PSA. Berdasarkan optimasi (senyawa 1) dengan nama IUPAC 5-(ethoxy carbonyl)-4-(phenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin2(1-)one diperoleh kondisi optimum dengan waktu 4 jam reaksi, suhu 70°C, dan 7,5% berat katalis dengan yield sebesar 71,57%, untuk (senyawa 2) 5-(ethoxy carbonyl)-4- (phenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)thione diperoleh kondisi optimum selama waktu 4 jam reaksi, suhu 50°C, dan 7,5% berat katalis dihasilkan yield sebesar 76,84% sedangkan untuk (senyawa 3) pada waktu 4 jam reaksi, suhu 70°C, dan 7,5% berat katalis dengan yield sebesar 73,69% belum berhasil membentuk senyawa 5-(ethoxy carbonyl)-4-(phenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)imine dari reaktan benzaldehida, etil asetoasetat dan guanidin.

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ABSTRACT
Pyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized by reacting benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, urea through Biginelli condensation reaction using CuFe2O4 nanocatalyst . Characterization of the three of product were performed by using FTIR, UV-Vis and GC-MS. In the synthesis of these compounds using CuFe2O4 nanocatalyst were successfully synthesized by coprecipitation method and characterized by FTIR, XRD, PSA, TEM. Optimum conditions for producing (compound 1) 5-(ethoxy carbonyl)-4- (phenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)one were 4 hours reaction, temperature 70° C and 7.5% weight catalyst with yield 71.57% , (compound 2) 5-(ethoxy carbonyl)- 4-(phenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)thione was at 4 hours reaction, 50° C and 7.5% weight catalyst with yield 76.84% and compound 3 were 4 hours reaction, temperature 70° C and 7.5% weight catalyst with yield 73.69% has not succeeded in forming a 5-(ethoxy carbonyl)-4-(phenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)imine.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Sintesis nanopartikel MoO3, Ag2O dan nanomaterial MoO3-Ag2O menggunakan prekursor NH4 6Mo7O24.4H2O dan AgNO3 dengan ekstrak daun sirih merah Piper Crocatum yang berperan sebagai sumber basa telah berhasil dilakukan. Ekstrak daun sirih merah mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder di antaranya flavanoid, alkaloid, polifenol dan saponin. Hasil karakterisasi spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukkan bahwa nanomaterial MoO3-Ag2O memiliki panjang gelombang maksimum 213 nm. Hasil karakterisasi dengan UV-DRS menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel MoO3 memiliki nilai band gap 2.9 eV, nanopartikel Ag2O memiliki nilai band gap 1.2 ev, dan nanomaterial MoO3-Ag2O memiliki nilai energi band gap yang lebih kecil yaitu 2.5 eV. Nanopartikel MoO3, Ag2O dan nanomaterial MoO3-Ag2O diuji aktivitas fotokatalitik degradasinya terhadap metilen biru di bawah sinar tampak menunjukkan adanya penurunan absorbansi pada panjang gelombang maksimum 664 nm dengan persen degradasi berturut-turut adalah 71 , 33 dan 96,6 selama 95 menit. Nanomaterial MoO3-Ag2O memiliki nilai konstanta laju reduksi pada reaksi orde satu sebesar 0.037 menit-1 .Sintesis nanopartikel MoO3, Ag2O dan nanomaterial MoO3-Ag2O menggunakan prekursor NH4 6Mo7O24.4H2O dan AgNO3 dengan ekstrak daun sirih merah Piper Crocatum yang berperan sebagai sumber basa telah berhasil dilakukan. Ekstrak daun sirih merah mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder di antaranya flavanoid, alkaloid, polifenol dan saponin. Hasil karakterisasi spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukkan bahwa nanomaterial MoO3-Ag2O memiliki panjang gelombang maksimum 213 nm. Hasil karakterisasi dengan UV-DRS menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel MoO3 memiliki nilai band gap 2.9 eV, nanopartikel Ag2O memiliki nilai band gap 1.2 ev, dan nanomaterial MoO3-Ag2O memiliki nilai energi band gap yang lebih kecil yaitu 2.5 eV. Nanopartikel MoO3, Ag2O dan nanomaterial MoO3-Ag2O diuji aktivitas fotokatalitik degradasinya terhadap metilen biru di bawah sinar tampak menunjukkan adanya penurunan absorbansi pada panjang gelombang maksimum 664 nm dengan persen degradasi berturut-turut adalah 71 , 33 dan 96,6 selama 95 menit. Nanomaterial MoO3-Ag2O memiliki nilai konstanta laju reduksi pada reaksi orde satu sebesar 0.037 menit-1 .Kata kunci: Green synthesis, nanomaterial, molibdenum oksida, perak oksida, piper crocatum, fotodegradasi, metilen biru.

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ABSTRACT
Synthesis of MoO3, Ag2O nanoparticles and MoO3 Ag2O nanomaterials using precursors NH4 6Mo7O24.4H2O and AgNO3 with red betel leaf extract Piper Crocatum acting as a base source have been successfully performed. Red betel leaf extract contains secondary metabolite compounds including flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols and saponins. The UV Vis spectrophotometer characterization results show that the MoO3 Ag2O nanomaterial has a maximum wavelength of 213 nm. The result of characterization with UV DRS shows that MoO3 nanoparticles have a value of 2.9 eV band gap, Ag2O nanoparticles have a 1.2 g evap band value, and MoO3 Ag2O nanomaterials have a smaller energy band gap value of 2.5 eV. The MoO3, Ag2O and nanomaterial MoO3 Ag2O nanomaterials tested photocatalytic activity of degradation against methylene blue under visible light showed a decrease in absorbance at a maximum wavelength of 664 nm with percentage degradation of 71 , 33 and 96.6 for 95 min . The nanomaterial MoO3 Ag2O has a value of the reduction rate constant at a one order reaction of 0.037 min 1. Keywords Green synthesis, nanomaterial, molybdenum oxide, silver oxide, crocatum piper, photodegradation, methylene blue.

Abstrak :
Air lindi merupakan air yang telah melalui tumpukan sampah sehingga berpotensi untuk merusak lingkungan dan menimbulkan penyakit. Lindi dapat diolah menggunakan teknik Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) berbasis ozon yang digenerasikan dengan Sistem Reaktor Plasma Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Ozon Nanobubble dengan umpan gas oksigen. Ozon dan spesies reaktif lainnya berperan untuk mengoksidasi air lindi sehingga dapat menurunkan konsentrasi Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biology Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), dan nitrat (NO3-), serta menetralisir pH larutan yang akan menjadi parameter penelitian. Penelitian dilakukan dengan lindi yang diambil di TPST Bantar Gebang dan diberi pre-treatment koagulasi menggunakan tawas dan filtrasi menggunakan karbon aktif. Penelitian dilakukan selama 60 menit dengan variasi laju alir, tegangan listrik, dan durasi uji. Hasil terbaik yang didapat dari masing- masing parameter percobaan adalah pH dengan penurunan 21,8%, TSS dengan degradasi 100%, TDS dengan kenaikan 514,4%, COD dengan penurunan 91,7%, nitrat dengan penurunan 78,8%, dan BOD dengan penurunan 75,1%. ......Leachate is water that has gone through a pile of garbage so it has the potential to damage the environment and cause disease. Leachate can be processed using the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) technique with the basis of ozonation generated by the Ozon Nanobubble Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma Reaktor System with oxygen gas feed. Ozon and other reactive species play a role in oxidizing leachate so that it can reduce the concentrations of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), and nitrate (NO3-), as well as neutralize the pH of the solution which will be the research parameter. This research was carried out with leachate taken at the Bantar Gebang TPST and pre-treated with coagulation using alum and filtration using activated carbon. The research was conducted for 60 minutes with variations in flow rate, voltage, and test duration. The best results obtained from each experimental parameter were pH with 21,8% decrease, TSS with 100% degradation, TDS with 514,4% increase, COD with 91,7% decrease, nitrate with 78,8% decrease, and BOD with a decrease of 75.1%.