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Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Latihan fisik anaerobik yang lama (latihan fisik ketahanan/endurance dengan intensitas berat yang melebihi kapasitas aerobik) mengakibatkan remodeling morfologi dan sistem konduksi listrik jantung. Connexin 43 (Cx43) adalah protein penyusun gap junction pada diskus interkalaris kardiomiosit ventrikel, yang bertanggung jawab atas konduksi listrik jantung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola distribusi dan ekspresi Cx43 kardiomiosit pasca-latihan serta pasca-henti-latih fisik anaerobik. Metode: Identifikasi Cx43 dilakukan dengan cara pulasan imunohistokimia dan analisis kuantitatif luas area ekspresi Cx43 dilakukan pada kelompok kontrol (K4M, K8M, K12M dan K16Minggu) dan perlakuan latihan fisik (AN4M, AN12M) serta henti-latih (AN4MD, AN12MD). Hasil: Analisis data menunjukkan peningkatan luas area ekspresi Cx43 (pixel) pada kelompok pasca-latihan fisik (K4M: 77006±7513 dan AN4M: 116932±5552, p<0,001; K12M: 51727±2209 dan AN12M: 123781±6019, p<0,001), yang disertai oleh peningkatan proporsi lateralisasi ekspresi Cx43 (persentase area lateralisasi: K4M: 11,34±0,8% dan AN4M: 25,11±1%, p<0,001; K12M: 11,32±0,37% dan AN12M: 30,36±2,2%, p<0,001). Kelompok pascahenti-latih menunjukkan regresi luas area ekspresi Cx43 (AN12M: 123781±6019 dan AN12MD: 93908±9348, p<0,005) dan persentase area lateralisasi (AN12M: 30,36±2,2% dan AN12MD: 21,2±1,1%, p<0,001). Kesimpulan: Peningkatan ekspresi Cx43 (yang dipredominansi oleh peningkatan lateralisasi) kardiomiosit ventrikel kiri jantung tikus pasca-latihan fisik anaerobik merupakan suatu proses adaptasi fisiologis dan bersifat sementara.

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Introduction: Long-term non-resistance anaerobic exercise (excessive endurance training that exceed aerobic capacity) causes remodeling of cardiac morphology and conduction system. Major gap junction protein expressed on ventricular cardiomyocyte, connexin 43 (Cx43) is an important determinant of cardiac conduction system. The aims of this study are to analyse Cx43 expression and distribution on cardiomyocyte post-anaerobic exercise and detraining. Methods: Cx43 expression is identified by immunohistochemistry labeling and quantitative analyses on Cx43 areas are conducted on 4 and 12 weeks postanaerobic exercise rats (AN4M, AN12M) along with 4 weeks of detraining groups (AN4MD, AN12MD) and time-matched sedentary control groups (K4M, K8M, K12M dan K16M). Results: Data analyses show an increased Cx43 area expression (pixel) on postanaerobic exercise groups (K4M: 77006±7513 vs. AN4M: 116932±5552, p<0,001 and K12M: 51727±2209 vs. AN12M: 123781±6019, p<0,001), and characterized by marked increased on lateralization (K4M: 11,34±0,8% vs. AN4M: 25,11±1%, p<0,001 and K12M: 11,32±0,37% vs. AN12M: 30,36±2,2%, p<0,001). Detraining groups show regression on Cx43 area expression (AN12M: 123781±6019 vs. AN12MD: 93908±9348, p<0,005) and lateralization (AN12M: 30,36±2,2% vs. AN12MD: 21,2±1,1%, p<0,001). Conclucion: Increased Cx43 expression (predominated by lateralization) of left ventricular cardiomyocyte post-anaerobic exercise is a physiological adaptation and reversible upon detraining.

Abstrak :
This book offers a comprehensive overview on the molecular basis of fragile X syndrome. It covers all models used to investigate fragile X syndrome and includes state-of-of the art approaches like epigenetics.

Abstrak :
Nanomaterials, substances smaller than 100 nanometers in size, have been added in recent years to an increasing numbers of consumer products used in day-to-day life; in food packaging, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, odor-resistant textiles and household appliances. The extensive application of nanomaterials in a wide range of products for human use poses a potential for toxicity risk to human health and the environment. Such adverse effects of nanomaterials on human health have triggered the development of a new scientific discipline known as "nanotoxicity" - the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. Nanotoxicity: From in vivo and in vitro Models to Health Risks provides up-to-date state-of-the-art information presented by recognized experts in this emerging new field in toxicology. It discusses the safety evaluation of nanomaterials in foods, drugs, medical devices, cosmetics and other regulated products and its use in risk analysis for potential regulatory use. Topics covered include: biomarkers for nanotoxicity assessment nanotoxicity assessment by gene expression analysis in vivo and in vitro models for nanotoxicity testing mechanisms of nanotoxicity pharmakokinetics of nanomaterials nanotoxicity of foods including food processing, food packaging and food safety nanotoxicity of drugs including drug development and drug delivery nanotoxicity of cosmetics and consumer products health and environmental impact of nanotoxicity safety evaluation of nanomaterials regulatory impact of nanomaterials.

Abstrak :
Addresses external biofluiddynamics concerning animal locomotion through surrounding fluid media - and internal biofluiddynamics concerning heat and mass transport by fluid flow systems within an animal.