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"In this paper, I describe four Indonesian aspect markers, sudah, telah, pernah, and sempat, showing that the main opposition between them relies not only on their aspectual meanings, but also on the various modalities they express. The opposition between the very frequent markers sudah and telah is analysed in detail. The syntactic and semantic survey shows that these two markers are not synonyms in most contexts."

"Disertasi ini membahas strategi positioning multimodalitas iklan sebagai sebuah analisis wacana multimodal iklan jam tangan Bonia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengungkapkan dan mendeskripsikan gambaran interaksi semiosis moda verbal dan visual yang bersifat persuasif dan dikonstruksi pada iklan jam tangan Bonia di media cetak sebagai sebuah strategi positioning. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian gabungan exploratory sequential dengan menggunakan 73 data kualitatif berupa wacana iklan jam tangan Bonia di surat kabar Kompas sepanjang tahun 2009 hingga 2018 sebagai data utama dan 61 data responden pembaca iklan jam tangan Bonia di surat kabar harian Kompas wilayah Jakarta sebagai data kuantitatif, yaitu pedukung data utama. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan 3 realitas hubungan partisipan yang terlibat dalam wacana. Masing-masing realitas mengungkapkan fungsi makna berbeda dalam interaksi semiosis moda verbal dan visual sebagai sebuah kesatuan hubungan. Ketiga hubungan secara dominan memperlihatkan, 1) aktivitas partisipan terlibat dalam proses transitivitas tipe relasional dan mental; 2) peran partisipan berada pada pertukaran memberi informasi dalam interaksi pertukaran bentuk deklaratif; dan 3) konstruksi partisipan menciptakan hubungan kepantasan berbeda pada konstruksi tematisasi topikal dan interdependensi kompleks bermuatan positif sebagai tanda baru (final interpretant). Kesatuan hubungan ketiganya menjadi hasil temuan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu positioning partisipan utama jam tangan pada tataran konotasi ditempatkan sebagai sahabat Bonia dan arloji sebagai kekasih Bonia. Keduanya memiliki ciri dan sasaran berbeda. Jam tangan fokus pada warna dan bahannya dengan sasaran dekat, sementara arloji fokus pada desain dan bagiannya dengan sasaran sangat dekat. Hasil penelitian data kuantitatif mengungkapkan lebih lanjut bahwa jarak jangkauan wacana di tingkat final interpretant belum terjangkau oleh jangkauan keterbacaan pembaca. Hal itu dikarenakan, 1) jangkauan pembaca masih berada pada arah jangkauan impression berupa kualitas moda visual desain dan warna tertampil; dan 2) daya persuasif yang melibatkan partisipan utama jam tangan, arloji, Bonia dalam proses transitivitas sebagai tanda bentuk ikon, indeks, dan simbol hanya menempatkan tanda bentuk indeks untuk tampil paling dominan. Daya persuasif hanya ditujukan untuk menjawab kebutuhan dan keinginan konsumen sesuai dengan nilai kualitas yang diharapkan, yaitu berupa nilai afeksi. Rentang penghargaan yang diberikan konsumen pada jangkauan keterbacaan terhadap produsen adalah berada di nilai tengah kelas interval jangkauan keterbacaan pembacanya. Sehubungan dengan hasil penelitian, maka penulis memberi saran bahwa positioning jam tangan dan arloji perlu melakukan ancangan dengan pendekatan ke arah jangkauan dan fokus perhatian pembaca. Moda pada teks verbal dan visual perlu ditempatkan pada center sebagai pusat perhatian dengan persentase sedikit lebih dominan pada moda dalam teks visual.

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This dissertation discusses the multimodality of positioning strategy on advertising. It is as a Bonia’s watch analysis on advertising multimodal discourse. The purposes of this study is to reveal and describe an overview of the semiotic interaction between verbal and visual modes in persuasive function that constructed to Bonia’s watch advertisement in printed media as a positioning strategy. This research is a combined sequential exploratory study using 73 qualitative data of Bonia’s watch advertising discourse in Kompas daily newspaper from 2009 to 2018 as the main data. It is also supported by 61 data of respondents who read Bonia’s watch ads in Kompas daily newspaper at Jakarta area as quantitative data. The results of this study revealed 3 realities of the relationship between participants that involved in discourse. Each reality expresses a different meaning function in the semiotic interaction of verbal and visual modes as a unified relationship. The three relationships dominantly show, 1) participants’ activities are involved in the transitivity process of relational and mental types; 2) the role of participants is in the exchange of providing information in the interaction’s declarative forms; and 3) construction of participant creates a different appropriateness relationship that constructed to topical thematization and complex interdependence with positive charge as a new sign (final interpretant). The unity of those relationships result the findings in this study as the positioning of the main participants which related to watch as product. There are the connotation level being placed the main participant jam tangan as Bonia’s friend and arloji as a Bonia's lover. Both of them have the different characteristics and purposes. jam tangan focus on colors and materials at the close range, while arloji focus on design and its parts at the close range. The results on quantitative data research revealed that the range of discourse as the final interpretant level has not been reached by the readability of readers. This is because, 1) the direction of readers’ readability are still in the ‘impression’ range which focus on the quality of visual design and the display of colour modes; and 2) persuasive power that involved by main participants jam tangan, arloji, Bonia in the transitivity process have signs’ forms as icons, indexes, and symbols where only index forms appearing the most dominant position. Persuasive power is only intended to answer the customers’ needs that accordance to the expected quality value as ‘affective value’. The customers given awards to the readability range of producers is in the middle value of the readers’ readability range. In connection with the results, the author suggests that the positioning of jam tangan and arloji needs to be designed with a strategy that towards to achieving reaches in focus on the aspects of reader's readability. Modes in verbal and visual texts need to be placed in the center as focusing on attention with a slightly more dominant percentage to modes in visual texts."

"ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan modalitas interpersonal yang ada pada setiap ujaran yang disisipi partikel final ze. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif. Data diambil dari novel Botchan. Data diklasifikasikan atas ujaran kepada petutur superior dan ujaran kepada petutur inferior. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, partikel final ze cenderung digunakan untuk memperlihatkan sikap solidaritas atau kedekatan hubungan dengan petutur. Temuan pada data menunjukan bahwa unsur solidaritas tidak mempengaruhi pilihan ujaran terhadap petutur superior.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to explain interpersonal modality on each speech which attached by sentence final particle ze. The method used by this research is qualitative method with descriptive analytic. Data taken from Novel of Botchan. Data on this research divided by superior audience aim speech and inferior audience aim speech. Based from the study of research indicated that the sentence final particle ze shows solidarity attitude or intimate relationship with audience. The result of data indicates that the solidarity elemental cannot influenced the speech option to superior audience."

"ABSTRAKIklan merupakan wacana persuasif yang disampaikan dengan berbagai cara atau moda. Dewasa ini teknologi membawa masyarakat menjadi lebih dekat dengan iklan. Media sosial menjadi wahana trendi penyampaian pesan, termasuk iklan. Cara-cara beriklan di media sosial disesuaikan dengan karakteristik media sosial itu. Facebook, misalnya, merupakan media sosial yang diperuntukkan untuk penyampaian pesan melalui unsur verbal dan visual.Agar gagasan persuasif dalam iklan disampaikan dengan baik, produsen iklan membuat iklan menjadi menarik. Caranya bermacam-macam, mulai dari menggunakan bahasa yang menarik hingga tampilan visual yang cantik. Kombinasi unsur verbal dan visual itu menjadi multimodalitas sebuah iklan.Budaya dan bahasa dalam suatu masyarakat juga menentukan gagasan iklan. Skripsi ini mengungkapkan bagaimana unsur verbal dan unsur visual dalam iklan bekerja sama menampilkan gagasan, pesan, dan pengalaman bagi konsumen. Data iklan yang dianalisis dengan linguistik fungsional sistemik secara kualitatif adalah iklan Pocari Sweat Indonesia dalam media sosial Facebook.

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ABSTRACTAdvertisement is one of persuasive discources that delivered through several ways and mode. Recently, technology brings society closer to advertisement. Social media has become a trendy way to deliver messages including advertisement. Advertisement means is adjusted according to the its social media characteristic. Facebook, for example, is a social media that aims to deliver message through verbal and visual element.In order to well deliver persuasive message, advertisement should be well presented. The producer should make interesting advertisement. There are many ways to make interesting advertisement, from using interesting language until using interesting visual. The combination of verbal and visual element become multimodality of a advertisement.Culture and language of a society also influence the message behind advertisement. This thesis shows how verbal and visual element work together to deliver message, idea, and experience for consumer. Data that analyze with systemic funtional linguistic with qualitative methodology is Pocari Sweat Advertisement in social media Facebook"

"The realization that signed languages are true languages is one of the great discoveries of the last thirty years of linguistic research. The work of many sign language researchers has revealed deep similarities between signed and spoken languages in their structure, acquisition, and processing, as well asdifferences arising from the differing articulatory and perceptual constraints under which signed languages are used and learned. This book provides a crosslinguistic examination of the properties of many signed languages, including detailed case studies of American, Hong Kong, British, Mexican, and German Sign Languages. The contributions to this volume, by some of the most prominent researchers in the field, focus on a single question: to what extent is linguistic structure influenced by the modality of language? Their answers offer particular insights into the factors that shape the nature of language and contribute to our understanding of why languages are organized as they are."