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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Studi sebelumnya menyimpulkan bahwa mitral valve gradient (MVG) merupakan parameter selain area katup mitral (AKM) yang berhubungan dengan perbaikan gejala pasca komisurotomi mitral transkateter perkutan (KMTP). Oleh karena itu, studi diperlukan untuk menjelaskan hubungan MVG terhadap perbaikan gejala secara objektif, dalam bentuk kapasitas fungsional. Tujuan: Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi hubungan MVG terhadap perubahan kapasitas fungsional pasca KMTP. Bahan dan Metode: Studi quasi experimental dengan one group pre-post design terhadap 78 subjek. Pemeriksaan ekokardiografi dan treadmill Bruce termodifikasi dilakukan 1-2 hari sebelum dan 1-2 minggu setelah KMTP. Data sebelum dan setelah KMTP dianalisis untuk mencari hubungan variabel terhadap perbaikan kapasitas fungsional pasca KMTP. Perbaikan kapasitas fungsional didefinisikan sebagai perubahan lama latihan > 180 detik pasca KMTP. Hasil: Rerata usia adalah 42 tahun, mayoritas perempuan (3,6:1) dengan rerata IMT 22,27 kg/m2. Sebesar 5,1% pasien merokok dengan komorbid stroke sebesar 14,1%. Sebelum KMTP, 53% memiliki irama sinus dengan mayoritas memiliki fungsi ventrikel kiri yang baik (rerata ejeksi fraksi 62%) dan fungsi ventrikal kanan yang baik (median tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) 20 mm). Sebesar 97% pasien datang dengan kelas NYHA II sebelum KMTP dan mengalami perbaikan signifikan kapasitas fungsional pasca KMTP berupa perbaikan median lama latihan (241(18-1080) ke 603(30-1900) detik, p < 0,001) dan perbaikan median nilai VO2max estimasi (18,8(10,2-51,4) ke 32,8(10,6-83,2) mlO2/kg/menit, p<0,001). Dari uji korelasi, didapatkan variabel usia (r -0,23, adjusted R2=4,1%), pre-MVG (r 0,23, adjusted R2=4,2%), Δ MVG (r 0,31, adjusted R2= 9,0%) , dan pre-TR Vmax (r 0,3, adjusted R2=1,3%) berkorelasi terhadap perubahan kapasitas fungsional. Perbaikan kapasitas fungsional segera pasca KMTP tidak berhubungan dengan AKM pasca KMTP ≥ 1,5 cm2 (p= 0,14) dan perubahan AKM ≥ 200% pasca KMTP (p= 0,18). Penurunan MVG > 50 % pasca KMTP (OR 2,89, IK 95% 1,06-7,92; p = 0,038) dan TR Vmax sebelum KMTP > 3,4 m/s (OR 3,42, IK 95% 1,19-9,83; p = 0,023) merupakan prediktor perbaikan kapasitas fungsional segera pasca KMTP. Kesimpulan: Penurunan MVG lebih dari 50% pasca KMTP berhubungan dengan perbaikan kapasitas fungsional segera pasca KMTP.

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ABSTRACT
Introduction: Previous studies had shown that mitral valve gradient (MVG) was other parameter than mitral valve area (MVA) which had correlation with symptom improvement post baloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV). However, further study is needed to illuminate the assocation of MVG with clinical improvement objectively, in term of functional capacity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the association between MVG and functional capacity alteration after BMV. Material and Methods: Quasi exsperimental study with one group pre-post design was applied in 78 subjects. Echocardiography and Modified Bruce Protocol assessment were done 1-2 days before and 1-2 weeks after BMV. Pre and post data were analized to obtain association of variables with functional capacity alteration immediately after BMV. Improvement of functional capacity was defined as alteration of exercise time more than 180 seconds after KMTP. Results: The mean age was 42 y.o, female dominant (3,6:1), mean BMI was 22,27 kg/m2. Of 5,1% patient were smoker with most commonly observed comorbidities include stroke (14,1%). Majority 53% had sinus rhythm with dominant good left ventricular function (mean ejection fraction 62%) and good right ventricular function (median tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) 20 mm). Of 97% patients presented with NYHA class II before BMV with significant improvement of functional capacity after BMV such as median exercise time alteration (241(18-1080) to 603(30-1900) s, p < 0,001) and median estimate VO2 max value alteration (18,8(10,2-51,4) to 32,8(10,6-83,2) mlO2/kg/minute, p<0,001). From correlation test, age (r -0,23, adjusted R2=4,1%), pre-MVG (r 0,23, adjusted R2=4,2%), Δ MVG (r 0,31, adjusted R2= 9,0%), and pre-TR Vmax (r 0,3, adjusted R2=1,3%) were corelated with functional capacity alteration. Improvement of functional capacity did not significantly associate with post MVA>1,5 cm2 (p= 0,14) and AKM alteration after BMV ≥ 200% (p= 0,18). Reduction of MVG > 50 % after BMV (OR 2,89, 95% CI 1,06-7,92; p = 0,038) and TR Vmax before BMV > 3,4 m/s (OR 3,42, 95% CI 1,19-9,83; p = 0,023) were predictor of functional capacity improvement immediately after BMV. Conclusions: Reduction of MVG more than 50% had association with immediate improvement of functional capacity post BMV.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Pasien yang menjalani bedah katup mitral cenderung mengalami penurunan fungsi ventrikel kanan Vka pasca pembedahan katup. Disfungsi Vka pasca pembedahan katup dapat menetap ataupun mengalami perbaikan di kemudian hari. Banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi perbaikan fungsi Vka pasca operasi. Namun, belum ada studi yang menilai faktor-faktor yang dapat menjadi prediktor perbaikan fungsi Vka pasca operasi katup mitral dalam suatu studi multivariat. Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor apa saja yang dapat menjadi prediktor perbaikan fungsi Vka pada pasien dengan penyakit katup mitral yang mengalami disfungsi Vka segera setelah pembedahan katup mitral. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif yang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita RSJPDHK . Subjek penelitian adalah pasien yang menjalani operasi katup mitral di RSJPDHK sejak Januari 2016 sampai dengan Februari 2017. Data yang diambil yakni karakteristik dasar, data operasi, data obat-obatan pasca operasi, pemeriksaan ekokardiografi sebelum, segera sebelum lepas rawat, dan enam bulan pasca operasi. Hasil penelitian: Sebanyak 100 subjek yang dinilai pada penelitian ini. Terdapat 68 68 subjek yang mengalami kenaikan fungsi Vka, dan 32 subjek 32 yang tidak. Median TAPSE sebelum lepas rawat meningkat secara signifikan enam bulan pasca operasi dari 1,1 0,6-1,5 menjadi 1,4 0,7-2,8 dengan nilai p ......Background In patients undergoing mitral valve surgery, right ventricular function may decline immediately after the surgical procedure. This condition may sometimes remain, but may also improve later on. Many factors have been proposed to account for this phenomenon. As of yet, there are no studies using multivariate analysis to investigate factors that may be predictors of right ventricular function improvement after mitral surgery. Objective This study aims to identify factors that may be predictors of right ventricular function improvement in patients with right ventricular dysfunction following mitral valve surgery. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study, taking place at National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita NCCHK , Jakarta, Indonesia. Subjects are patients who underwent mitral valve surgery between January 2016 until February 2017. Data taken include basic characteristics, surgical data, drugs prescribed after surgery, and echocardiography data before surgery, predischarge, and six months after surgery. Results There are 100 subjects who fulfilled the criteria to participate in this study. There are 68 68 cases of right ventricular function improvement and 32 32 cases without improvement. The median of predischarge TAPSE increases significantly six months after surgery, from 1,1 0,6 1,5 to 1,4 0,7 2,8 with p value.

Abstrak :
Operasi perbaikan regurgitasi mitral konvensional pasien anak dapat menyisakan regurgitasi residual. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, diperlukan suatu teknik untuk mengurangi regurgitasi residual sehingga dirancang teknik elevasi anulus posterior. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menilai efektivitas teknik tersebut dalam mengurangi regurgitasi residual pasca-operasi perbaikan katup mitral pada anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain randomized controlled trial dan dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Nasional Harapan kita, Jakarta, pada bulan Juli 2020 hingga Juni 2022. Subjek adalah pasien anak dengan regurgitasi mitral berusia 1 hari hingga 18 tahun yang menjalani operasi perbaikan katup mitral dibagi dua kelompok yaitu perlakuan yang diberikan teknik elevasi anulus posterior setelah perbaikan katup konvensional dan kelompok kontrol, yang menjalani teknik perbaikan katup konvensional saja. Evaluasi dilakukan pada hari ke-0, ke-5, 2 minggu, dan 3 bulan pasca-operasi. Regurgitasi mitral residual, panjang dan indeks koaptasi diperiksa dengan ekokardiografi. Data luaran klinis diperoleh dari rekam medis berupa waktu ventilator, skor inotropik, lama rawat ICU, lama rawat inap, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE), dan Low Cardiac Output Syndrome (LCOS). Metabolik gagal jantung diukur dengan pemeriksaan NTproBNP dan Laktat darah. Penanda hemolisis diukur dengan pemeriksaan Haptoglobin, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) dan Fragmented Erytrocyte. Sebanyak 64 subjek dengan median usia 12,72 (1,31–18,90) tahun dibagi dua kelompok sama banyak. Kelompok perlakuan menunjukkan penurunan bermakna pada regurgitasi mitral residual dibandingkan kelompok kontrol secara konsisten. Analisis pada 3 bulan pasca-operasi, diperoleh RR= 0,31; CI:0,18–0,54; p < 0,001 menunjukkan teknik elevasi anulus posterior dapat menjadi faktor protektif yang menurunkan kemungkinan regurgitasi residual dibandingkan kontrol. Panjang dan indeks koaptasi juga lebih tinggi bermakna pada kelompok perlakuan (p < 0,001). Luaran klinis, metabolik gagal jantung, dan penanda hemolisis tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antara kedua kelompok. Disimpulkan teknik elevasi anulus posterior efektif mengurangi regurgitasi mitral residual dan memperbaiki area koaptasi serta berpotensi meningkatkan hasil bedah jangka panjang pada anak dengan regurgitasi mitral. ...... The current technique used in severe mitral regurgitation in children can occasionally lead to residual regurgitation. To address this issue, the posterior annulus elevation technique was developed to enhance coaptation and reduce residual lesions. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the posterior annulus elevation technique in reducing residual regurgitation during mitral valve repair in children. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita, Indonesia, from July 2020 to June 2022. Subject was Pediatric mitral regurgitation patients aged 1 day to 18 years undergoing mitral valve repair surgery were included. The patients were divided into two groups: the intervention group, which received the posterior annulus elevation technique after conventional repair, and the control group, which underwent conventional repair techniques only. Various parameters, including residual mitral regurgitation, coaptation length and index, clinical outcomes, and metabolik markers, were measured on day 0, 5, 2 weeks and 3 months after surgery. The study included 64 subjects with median of age of 12,72 (1,31–18,90) years. They were divided into two groups equally. On each time of evaluation, the intervention group showed significant reduction in residual mitral regurgitation compared to the control group consistently. At 3 months after surgery, we found that the use of this technique could be protective factor that reduce the chance of residual regurgitation compared to control (RR = 0,31; CI: 0,18–0,54; p < 0.001). Coaptation length and index were also found to be significantly higher in the intervention group (p < 0.001). Clinical outcomes, metabolik markers, and hemolysis marker did not show any significant differences between the two groups. The posterior annulus elevation technique demonstrated effectiveness in reducing residual mitral regurgitation and improving coaptation area in pediatric mitral valve repair. This technique shows potential for improving the long-term surgical outcomes in children with mitral regurgitation.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Operasi maze untuk mengkoreksi fibrilasi atrium atrial fibrillation, AF bersamaan dengan operasi katup mitral sudah cukup diketahui manfaatnya, akan tetapi keberhasilan operasi maze pada kasus reumatik masih diragukan. Beberapa penelitian tidak menyarankan operasi maze pada kasus reumatik, sedangkan etiologi reumatik merupakan penyebab tersering penyakit jantung katup di Indonesia. Kami mencoba melakukan penelitian untuk melihat pengaruh etiologi reumatik terhadap keberhasilan operasi maze di Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita, Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian kohort restrospektif dengan mengambil data 55 pasien yang menjalani operasi katup mitral dan maze pada Januari 2012 sampai Januari 2017 secara consecutive sampling. Etiologi penyakit katup mitral dikelompokkan menjadi reumatik 33 sampel dan degeneratif 22 sampel. Kemudian dicatat irama pada 7 hari, 1 bulan, dan 3 bulan pascaoperasi, serta faktor perancu dan karakteristik dasar sampel. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna angka bebas AF pada kedua grup p>0,05 . Perbedaan bermakna ditemukan antara rerata umur dan jenis kelamin pada kedua grup etiologi. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada variabel lain. Simpulan: Keberhasilan operasi maze sebanding pada kedua etiologi penyakit katup mitral, sehingga dapat diterapkan pada kedua jenis etiologi. ......Backgrounds: The benefits of maze surgery to correct atrial fibrillation AF concomittant with mitral valve surgery is well known, but the outcome of maze surgery in rheumatic cases remains in doubt. Some studies do not recommend maze surgery in rheumatic cases, whereas rheumatic etiology is the most common etiology of valvular heart diseases in Indonesia. We are trying to do a research to see the relationship of rheumatic etiology on the outcome of maze surgery at Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita, Indonesia. Methods: This is a restrospective cohort study. We collected from medical records of 55 patients underwent mitral and maze valve surgery from January 2012 to January 2017 by consecutive sampling. The etiology of mitral valve disease are grouped into 33 rheumatic samples and 22 degenerative samples. Then we recorded the heart rhythm on 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively, as well as confounding factors and basic characteristics of the sample. Results: There was no significant difference in the freedom of AF in both groups p 0.05 . Significant differences were found between mean age and sex in both etiologic groups. There was no significant difference in other variables. Conclusions: The outcome maze surgery is comparable in both the etiology of mitral valve disease, thus it can be applied equally to both etiologies.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Stenosis mitral (SM) berat gradien rendah didefinisikan dengan mitral valve area (MVA) <1.5 cm2 dan gradien transmitral <10 mmHg. Perubahan fungsi atrium kiri merupakan salah satu mekanisme yang mendasari SM berat gradien rendah, dimana dapat dianalisis dengan strain atrium kiri. Komisurotomi Mitral Transkateter Perkutan (KMTP) adalah pilihan utama pasien dengan SM berat tanpa kontraindikasi. Tujuan: Membandingkan perubahan nilai strain atrium kiri dengan Peak Atrial Longitudinal Strain (PALS) antara pasien SM berat gradien rendah dan tinggi pasca KMTP. Metode: Pasien SM berat yang berhasil dilakukan KMTP dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu gradien rendah dan gradien tinggi. Dengan menggunakan ekokardiografi speckle tracking, nilai PALS diukur pada 24-48 jam sebelum KMTP dan 7-14 hari setelah KMTP. Kemudian nilai PALS antara kedua kelompok dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Terdapat 32 pasien (46%) pada kelompok gradien rendah dan 39 pasien (54%) pada kelompok gradien tinggi. Subjek dengan SM berat gradien rendah cenderung lebih tua, memiliki irama jantung fibrilasi atrium, memiliki baseline MVA yang lebih besar, dan memiliki nilai net atrioventricular compliance (Cn) yang lebih tinggi. Nilai PALS rendah pada kedua kelompok dan mengalami perbaikan pasca KMTP [8%(2–23) vs. 11%(3–27), p<0.0001]. Tidak terdapat perbedaan antara PALS sebelum KMTP, setelah KMTP, dan perbedaannya (delta) antara kedua kelompok. Analisis subgrup pasien dengan irama jantung sinus menunjukan perbedaan nilai PALS antara kelompok gradien rendah dan tinggi pre KMTP (15±4% vs. 11±5%, p=0.030) dan post KMTP (19±4% vs. 15±4%, p=0.019). Analisis multivariat menemukan bahwa irama jantung merupakan variabel independent terkuat dalam mempengaruhi nilai PALS. Kesimpulan: Fungsi reservoir atrium kiri, yang dinilai dengan PALS mengalami penurunan pada pasien SM berat dan meningkat pasca KMTP, tanpa dipengaruhi oleh baseline MVG. ......Background: Low gradient severe mitral stenosis (LGMS) is defined as mitral valve area (MVA) less than ≤ 1.5 cm2 and mitral valve gradient (MVG) < 10 mmHg. Functional changes in the left atrium (LA) are one of the mechanisms that follow LGMS, which can be assessed using strain analysis. Balloon Mitral Valvotomy (BMV) is the treatment of choice for suitable MS patients without contraindications. Objective: This study compared changes in Peak Atrial Longitudinal Strain (PALS) following BMV between low- and high-gradient severe MS patients. Methods: We included MS patients who underwent a successful BMV and divided into LGMS group and high-gradient mitral stenosis (HGMS) group. Using speckle tracking echocardiography, PALS was assessed 24–48 hours before and 7–14 days after BMV procedure. Then, the PALS values were compared between those two groups using Mann- Whitney. Results: There were 32 patients (46%) in the low-gradient MS group and 39 patients (54%) in the high-gradient MS group. Subjects with LGMS were older, had more atrial fibrillation, had a larger baseline MVA, and had higher net atrioventricular compliance (Cn). The PALS values were low in both groups and improved significantly following BMV [8%(2–23) vs. 11%(3– 27), p<0.0001]. There were no differences in PALS values before, after BMV, and its absolute changes between the groups. Subgroup analysis in subjects with sinus rhythm revealed PALS differences between low and high-gradient MS pre (15±4% vs. 11±5%, p=0.030) and post- BMV (19±4% vs. 15±4%, p=0.019). Multivariate analysis identified heart rhythm as the strongest independent variable for PALS values. Conclusion: Left atrial reservoir function, as assessed by PALS, was reduced in patients with severe MS and was increased following BMV, irrespective of their baseline MVG.

Abstrak :
Questo volume di ecocardiografia si propone di trattare il tema della valvola mitrale nei suoi aspetti normali e patologici, aggiornandone la trattazione in base ai più recenti sviluppi della tecnologia. L’approccio interdisciplinare nella diagnosi e nella scelta dei trattamenti ha caratterizzato il taglio medico-divulgativo dell’opera e il linguaggio chiaro e conciso del testo, rivolto anche ai cardiologi clinici e non ai soli ecocardiografisti. Ampio spazio è dedicato quindi all’eziologia e alla fisiopatologia della valvulopatia mitralica.

Abstrak :
The success of the first edition of Percutaneous treatment of left side cardiac valves has convinced us of the need to update this book in order to keep pace with the continuing rapid and dynamic evolution in the discipline. Once again, this practical guide is designed to provide the reader with complete state of the art information on the techniques and approaches to percutaneous treatment of left side cardiac valve disease. Numerous images will help the reader to understand in detail the steps of each procedure. The potential complications and expected or potential morbidity from each procedure are discussed in depth, and the best ways to manage them are carefully explained. The book is also intended as a reference covering the up-to-date knowledge contained in the literature on the application of transcatheter techniques to cardiac valves.