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"Latar Belakang: Disfungsi mikrovaskular merupakan salah satu manifestasi cedera reperfusi letal. Ticagrelor diketahui memiliki efek kardioprotektif terhadap cedera reperfusi pada hewan coba. Efeknya pada manusia masih harus dibuktikan terutama terhadap perfusi mikrovaskular koroner. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek ticagrelor terhadap perfusi mikrovaskular koroner pada pasien infark miokard akut dengan elevasi segmen ST IMA-EST yang menjalani intervensi koroner perkutan primer IKPP. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental acak tersamar ganda yang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita pada bulan Agustus 2016 sampai November 2016. Pasien IMA-EST yang akan dilakukan IKPP dirandomisasi ke dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok yang mendapatkan ticagrelor dan yang mendapatkan clopidogrel sebelum IKPP. Dilakukan pemeriksaan myocardial blush kuantitatif dengan menggunakan program Quantitative Blush Evaluator QuBE. Hasil Penelitian: Terdapat total 40 subyek, 20 subyek kelompok ticagrelor dan 20 subyek kelompok clopidogrel. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok ticagrelor dengan clopidogrel terhadap nilai myocardial blush kuantitatif dengan QuBE 18,8 6,6-33,6 vs 18,1 12,4-32,3 , nilai p 0,978. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan nilai myocardial blush kuantitatif pada pemberian ticagrelor sebelum IKPP pada pasien IMA-EST yang menjalani revaskularisasi bila dibandingkan dengan pemberian clopidogrel sebelum IKPP.

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Background: Microvascular dysfunction become one of lethal reperfusion injury manifestation. Ticagrelor known having cardioprotective effect against reperfusion injury in animal trial. It effects in human need further investigation and evidence.

Objective: To determine the effect of ticagrelor on coronary microvascular perfusion in acute ST elevation myocardial infarction STEMI patients underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention PPCI.

Method: This was a double blind randomized clinical trial conducted in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita from August to November 2016. Acute ST elevation myocardial infarction patients underwent PPCI were randomized into two groups, ticagrelor or clopidogrel loading dose before PPCI. Quantitative myocardial blush score was assessed after PPCI using Quantitative Blush Evaluator QuBE program.

Result: There were 40 subjects included in this trial, 20 subjects in ticagrelor group and 20 subjects in clopidogrel group. There was no significant difference between two groups regarding the QuBE score 18,8 6,6 33,6 vs 18,1 12,4 32,3 , nilai p 0,978.

Conclusion: There is no difference on quantitative myocardial blush score in STEMI patient given ticagrelor before PPCI compare to clopidogrel. "

"Latar Belakang: Statin (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) melalui efek pleiotrofiknya telah terbukti menurunkan angka kejadian kardiovaskular mayor (KKM) setelah intervensi perkutan pada pasien angina pektoris stabil maupun pasien sindroma koroner akut. Namun masih banyak perdebatan mengenai manfaat statin segera sebelum dilakukan intervensi perkutan primer (IKPP) pada pasien IMA-EST. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian terapi akut atorvastatin dosis tinggi (80 mg) dan plasebo sebelum IKPP terhadap perfusi mikrovaskular pada pasien IMA-EST yang dinilai dengan teknik IRM (indeks resistensi mikrovaskular). IRM merupakan pemeriksaan mikrovaskular yang spesifik dan bersifat kuantitatif, dapat memberikan nilai prognostik dan prediktor perbaikan fungsi ventrikel kiri setelah dilakukannya IKPP. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental acak yang tersamar ganda. Diberikan atorvastatin dosis 80 mg atau plasebo. Sampel diambil secara consecutive dari populasi terjangkau IMA-EST yang menjalani IKPP dan memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Reperfusi miokardium dinilai dengan parameter IRM dengan menggunakan kawat dengan sensor tekanan dan suhu setelah IKPP selesai dilakukan. Hasil Penelitian: Terdapat 66 sampel yang terbagi dalam 2 kelompok yakni 32 orang mendapatkan atorvastatin 80 mg dan 34 orang mendapatkan plasebo. Tidak didapatkan perbedaan yang signifikan pada kelompok yang mendapatkan atorvastatin 80 mg dan plasebo dalam hal parameter fractional flow reserve (FFR) (0.94 vs. 0.96, p = 0.39), coronary flow reserve (CFR) (1.1 vs. 1.2, p = 0.09) dan IRM (41.54 [12.8-198.2] vs. 41.60 [10.4 ? 200.3], p = 0.61). Kesimpulan: Pemberian terapi atorvastatin dosis tinggi 80 mg sebelum tindakan IKPP pada pasien IMA-EST tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap perfusi mikrovaskular yang dinilai dengan parameter IMR.

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Background: Statin (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors), given before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was proven to reduce Major Cardiovascular Events (MACE) in patient with stable angina as well as acute coronary syndromes through its pleiotropic effect. Nevertheless, the debate regarding statin administration before primary PCI (PPCI) in STEMI patients is still on the rise. Objective: To establish therapeutic effect of high dose atorvastatin (80 mg) and placebo before primary PCI on microvascular perfusion in STEMI patient using index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR). IMR are specific and quantitative assessment of coronary microvascular dysfunction, reliable on-site predictors of short-term myocardial viability and left ventricle functional recovery of patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI. Methods: This study is a double blind randomized controlled trial. A high loading dose of atorvastatin (80 mg) or placebo was administered before PPCI. Samples were taken from the population of STEMI patients which underwent PPCI and meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The primary end point of this study is IMR. After successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention, IMR was measured using a pressure-temperature sensor-tipped coronary guidewire. Result: Total of 66 patients was divided into 2 groups, atorvastatin group (32 patients) and placebo group (34 patients). There were no significant differences between both groups in regard of fractional flow reserve (FFR) (0.94 vs. 0.96, p = 0.39), coronary flow reserve (CFR) (1.1 vs. 1.2, p = 0.09) and also IMR (41.54 [12.8-198.2] vs. 41.60 [10.4 ? 200.3], p = 0.61). Conclusion: Administration of high loading dose of atorvastatin (80 mg) before primary PCI in STEMI patients didn?t have effect on microvascular perfusion measured by index of microcirculatory resistance."

"Latar belakang. Nekrosis miokardium menginduksi reaksi inflamasi yang hebat dan penempelan netrofil melalui Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM). Hasil studi ARMYDA-CAMS menunjukkan bahwa pemberian Atorvastatin secara kontinyu pra-Intervensi Koroner Perkutan (IKP) dapat menurunkan kadar ICAM pasca-tindakan pada pasien dengan Angina Pektoris Stabil (APS). Hingga saat ini belum ada penelitian yang melihat efek akut pemberian Atorvastatin 80 mg pada pasien Infark Miokardum Akut dengan Elevasi Segmen ST (IMA-ST) yang menjalani Intervensi Koroner Perkutan Primer (IKPP). Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu uji klinis acak tersamar ganda. Evaluasi dilakukan pada 76 pasien IMA-ST yang menjalani IKPP di Pusat Jantung Nasional Harapan Kita dari bulan Februari hingga bulan Agustus 2014. Pasien dibagi secara acak tersamar ganda menjadi dua kelompok (Atorvastatin 80 mg dan Plasebo). Pemeriksaan ICAM diambil dua kali (0 dan 24 jam pasca-IKPP). Dilakukan analisis statistik untuk menilai efek pemberian Atorvastatin yang dinilai dengan delta ICAM. Hasil. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada data dasar kedua kelompok dalam hal klinis, pemeriksaan penunjang, dan angiografik. Nilai delta ICAM menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan, yaitu pada kelompok Atorvastatin 80 mg (-13,0±38,5 ng/mL) dan Plasebo (26,1±67,0 ng/mL, p 0,003). Analisa regresi linear (adjusted analysis; sesuai usia, jenis kelamin, diabetes, dan insufisiensi renal) menunjukkan koefisiensi -31,17 ng/mL dengan p 0,037. Kesimpulan. Pemberian Atorvastatin 80 mg secara akut pada pasien IMA-ST menurunkan respon inflamasi endotelium yang dinilai dengan kadar ICAM.

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Background. Myocardial necrosis triggers complement activation and neutrophyl adhesion which is mediated by Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM). Results from ARMYDA-CAMS, showed that Atorvastatin continuous treatment reduced ICAM value in patients with stable angina pectoris. To date, there are no study yet which investigates the effect of acute Atorvastatin 80 mg treatment in patients with ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) post Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PPCI).

Methods. This is a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. Evaluations were performed on 76 STEMI patients who underwent PPCI at National Cardiac Center Harapan Kita (NCCHK) from February 2014 to August 2014. Patients were randomly classified into two groups (Atorvastatin 80 mg and Placebo). Laboratory data on ICAM were taken twice (0-hour and 24-hour post PPCI) and examined at Prodia?s Laboratorium. Statistical analyses using SPSS were performed to evaluate the effect of Atorvastatin treatment, which was measured by delta ICAM.

Results. There were no difference between two groups (Atorvastatin vs. Placebo) in terms of clinical, supporting data, and angiographic findings. Delta ICAM values showed significant difference between two groups, which are Atorvastatin 80 mg (-13,0±38,5 ng/mL) and Plasebo (26,1±67,0 ng/mL, p 0,003). Linear regression analysis (adjusted analysis; according to age, sex, diabetes, and renal insufficiency) showed coefficient of -31,17 ng/mL with p 0,037.

Conclusion. This study showed that acute Atorvastatin 80 mg treatment pre-PPCI reduces endothelial inflammatory response which was measured by ICAM."

"Disertasi ini membahas algoritme neuromuscular taping terhadap manifestasi klinis gangguan mikrosirkulasi pada kaki dabetik. Tahapan riset meliputi kajian literatur, faktor risiko neuropati kaki diabetik, uji diagnostik, standarisasi perawatan pencegahan neuropati kaki diabetik, standarisasi NMT FANI pada perawatan neuropati kaki diabetik dan pembentukan algoritme. Desain penelitian uji diagnostik dengan cross sectional, sedangkan uji efek NMT FANI terhadap kelembapan, suhu, kapiler lipatan kuku dan nyeri neuropati dengan desain eksperimental. Instrument menggunakan moisture meter skin, thermometer infrared, capiloroscopy, biothesiometer dan LANSS. Hasil uji diagnostik menunjukan moisture meter skin (sensitifitas, spesifisitas dan akurasi 74%); capilaroscopy (sensitifitas, spesifisitas dan akurasi 73%) baik dalam mendeteksi neuropati kaki diabetik. Uji thermograph menunjukan sensitifitas 73.07% dalam mendeteksi kelainan neuropati, spesifisitas 56.42% dan akurasi 59.03%. Uji thermometer gun menunjukan sensitifitas 56.66%, spesifisitas 53.67% dan akurasi 54.21% kurang baik dalam mendeteksi neuropati kaki diabetik. NMT FANI berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kelembapan kulit, kapiler lipatan kulit kuku dan derajat nyeri neuropati pada kaki diabetik (p value < 0.05), sedangkan pada suhu kaki tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan (p value > 0.05). Hasil akhir algoritme tersusun dari pengkajian awal dari hasil anamnesis faktor risiko, pemeriksaan fisik dan diagnostik serta tatalaksana NMT FANI. Indikator kelembapan kulit, perubahan struktur kapiler lipatan kuku kaki dan intervensi NMT FANI perlu dimasukan dalam tatalaksana kaki diabetik.

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This dissertation discusses the neuromuscular taping algorithm against the clinical manifestations of microcirculation disorders in the diabetic foot. The research stages included a review of literature, risk factors for neuropathy of diabetic foot, diagnostic tests, standardization of preventive treatment of diabetic foot neuropathy, standardization of NMT FANI in the treatment of diabetic foot neuropathy, and algorithm formation. The study design was a cross-sectional diagnostic test, while an experimental design was employed for the NMT FANI effect test on skin moisture, temperature, nail fold capillaries, and neuropathic pain. The instruments used were a skin moisture meter, infrared thermometer, capillaroscopy, biothesiometer, and LANSS. The diagnostic test results showed that the SC skin moisture meter (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy 74%) and capillaroscopy (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy 73%) were good at detecting diabetic foot neuropathy. The thermograph test shows a sensitivity of 73.07% in detecting neuropathic disorders, a specificity of 56.42% and an accuracy of 59.03%. The thermometer gun test showed a sensitivity of 56.66%, a specificity of 53.67%, and an accuracy of 54.21% that was not good at detecting diabetic foot neuropathy. NMT FANI had a significant effect on skin moisture, nail fold capillaries, and the degree of neuropathy pain in diabetic foot (p value < 0.05), while foot temperature did not significantly influence (p value > 0.05). The end result of the algorithm is composed of a preliminary assessment of the results of the history of risk factors, physical examination, diagnostic and management of NMT FANI. Indicators of skin moisture, changes in the capillary structure of the nail folds and NMT FANI interventions need to be included in the management of diabetic foot."

"Blood vessels of tumors display many structural and functional abnormalities. Their unusual leakiness, potential for rapid growth and remodeling, and expression of distinctive surface molecules mediate the dissemination of tumor cells in the bloodstream and maintain the tumor microenvironment. Like normal blood vessels, they consist of endothelial cells, mural cells and their enveloping basement membrane. Common features, irrespective of their origin, size and growth pattern, are absent hierarchy, formation of large-caliber sinusoidal vessels, markedly heterogeneous density, increased permeability, decreased and abnormal pericyte-endothelial cell adhesion, irregular basement membrane structure, and the incorporation of bone-marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells in the microvasculature. A number of specific tumor endothelial markers have been identified, as well as chromosomal abnormalities. These markers may be used to deliver drugs specifically and selectively to the tumor microvasculature."