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Abstrak :
Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman lebah terbesar di seluruh Asia, dimana hingga tahun 2018 tercatat terdapat 46 spesies lebah tanpa sengat (stingless bee) yang ditemukan di Indonesia. Profil kimia dari propolis sangat bervariasi tergantung pada sumber vegetasi dan asal geografisnya, hal ini menimbulkan kesulitan untuk standarisasi. Oleh karena itu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan gambaran standarisasi yang dilihat dari rentang kandungan fenolik dan flavonoid totalnya, profil kimia, klasterisasi, dan senyawa yang berpotensi sebagai marker pada propolis Indonesia menggunakan pendekatan metabolomik dengan instrumen KCKUT-SM/SM. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 19 sampel dari wilayah Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara Barat, dan Sulawesi. Hasil analisis KCKUT-SM/SM kemudian dikombinasikan dengan analisis statistik multivariat Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan  terdapat perbedaan profil kimia dari sampel propolis Indonesia, dimana jumlah dan jenis senyawa yang terdeteksi bervariasi antar sampel, tidak terdapat pengelompokkan tertentu pada sampel propolis Indonesia dikarenakan banyaknya variasi kandungan kimia dari seluruh sampel propolis yang digunakan, dan ditemukan 3 senyawa yang berpotensi sebagai penciri, yaitu Choline, DL-Stachydrine, dan Betaine. Standar kandungan fenolik dan flavonoid propolis Indonesia berada pada rentang 7,06+ 2,77 mg GAE/g hingga 120,32+ 13,61 mg GAE/g dan 1,34 + 0,01 mg QE/g hingga 36,45 + 3,55 mg QE/g. ......Indonesia has the largest distribution of bees in all of Asia, until 2018 there were 46 species of stingless bees found in Indonesia. The chemical profile of propolis varies greatly depending on its vegetative source and geographic origin, making the standardization difficult. Therefore the aim of this study was to find a standardization seen from the range of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, chemical profiles, clusterization, and compounds that have the potential as markers in Indonesian propolis using a metabolomics approach with the UHPLC-MS/MS instrument. The study was conducted on 19 samples from Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, West Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi. The results of the UHPLC-MS/MS analysis were then combined with the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) multivariate statistical analysis. The results of this study indicated that there were differences in the chemical profile of the Indonesian propolis samples, where the number and types of compounds detected varied between samples, there were no specific groupings in the Indonesian propolis samples due to the large variation in chemical content of all the propolis samples used, and found 3 different compounds potential as markers, namely Choline, DL-Stachydrine, and Betaine. The standards for Indonesian propolis phenolic and flavonoid content ranges from 7,06 + 2,77 mg GAE/g to 120,32 + 13,61 mg GAE/g and 1,34 + 0,01 mg QE/g up to 36,45 + 3,55 mg QE/g.

Abstrak :
This text explores the intersection of genetics and metabolomics, and points the way to more comprehensive studies of inborn variation of metabolism. All chapters refer to one or more published experimental datasets.

Abstrak :
"While most of the focus in "omics" science over the past decade has been on sequencing the human genome [1] or annotating the human proteome [2], there is another equally important component of the human body that has, until recently, been largely overlooked: the human metabolome. The human metabolome can be thought of as the complete collection of small molecule metabolites found in our bodies. These small molecules include such chemical entities as peptides, amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, vitamins, minerals, food additives, drugs and just about any other chemical (with a molecular weight 1500 Da) that can be used, ingested or synthesized by humans. Metabolites act as the bricks and mortar of our cells. They serve as the building blocks for all of our macromolecules including proteins, RNA, DNA, carbohydrates, membranes and all other biopolymers that give our cells their structure and integrity. Metabolites also act as the fuel for all cellular processes, the buffers to help tolerate environmental insults and the messengers for most intra- and intercellular events. Together with the genome and the proteome, the human metabolome essentially defines who and what we are."-- Provided by publisher